Major events during the old democratic revolution:
I. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement
"Without poor peasants, there would be no revolution." The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement with Hong Xiuquan as the core is a planned and organized revolutionary war with poor peasants and poor middle peasants as the main body and aimed at opposing feudalism and aggression. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was divided into two stages. The "Tianjing Rebellion" was the turning point of this movement. In the early stage, it developed rapidly, from a small village in Guiping County, Guangxi (Jintian Village) to Yong 'an (now mengshan county, Guangxi), and initially established political power. 1in the spring of 853, the regime against the Qing government was formally established in Nanjing, and the "celestial system" was officially promulgated as a revolutionary program in the early days of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. This program not only fully exposes the narrow realism of small producers, bears the heavy shadow of the old times, but also shines with historical foresight and shows a high degree of complete revolution. But it turns out that this is just a "paradise", an unattainable ideal kingdom. After the capital was Tianjing, in order to establish a "heaven" with national significance, the Taiping Army began the Northern Expedition, the Western Expedition and the Eastern Expedition. In particular, the victory of the Western Expedition and the Eastern Expedition marked the military prosperity of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Due to the class limitations that farmers themselves could not overcome, the Tianjing Uprising took place. This kind of internecine strife and division within the supreme leadership group made the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom lose its previous charm. Later, despite the efforts of Hong Xiuquan, Hong Rengan, Chen Yucheng, Li Xiucheng and others, a plan aimed at developing capitalism-"Senior Minister's New Chapter" was promulgated, but the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom lost its golden age and eventually failed under the joint strangulation of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces.
Second, the Westernization Movement
After the Second Opium War, it faced many crises of internal and external troubles. The Westernization School set off a Westernization Movement called "Learning from foreigners to strengthen ourselves". The so-called "Westernization", also known as "Westernization", generally refers to everything related to foreign countries at that time. The Westernization School has carried out practice and arduous exploration in the past 30 years. The feudal modern military industry with capitalist factors and the capitalist modern civil industry with strong feudal factors have been established successively, which opened the economic modernization of China. Strengthening coastal defense forces and building a navy have opened up China's military modernization. Among them, the most far-sighted measure is to cultivate "practical" talents, which has opened the modernization of education in China. Although these westernization factions flaunt themselves as "the new policy of self-improvement", they have no intention of learning the capitalist political and economic system at all. They only advocate learning western technology and strongly oppose any form of feudal thought and system reform. They just wandered around the barriers of the feudal kingdom thinking that they had made new innovations and were complacent, so they finally failed to show "self-improvement" and "revival" in front of foreign invaders. On the contrary, under the attack of foreign powers' aggressive forces, the "meritorious service" held by feudal ideological defenders soon failed. [ 1]
Third, the Reform Movement of 1898.
With the initial development of Chinese national capitalism, the national bourgeoisie, as a new political force, began to step onto the historical stage, and scholars began to rebel and acted as spokesmen for the people of China at that time. With his courage and extraordinary wisdom, Kang Youwei naturally became the standard-bearer of this fleet and the leader of the political movement. At that time, this kind of reform thought of "saving the nation from extinction" really made the world find everything new and fresh, which enlightened the society, broke the situation that feudal culture monopolized cultural positions for more than 2,000 years, promoted the awakening of the people in China, and contributed to the first ideological emancipation trend in modern China. Kang Youwei once tried to transcend the barriers of traditional Confucianism. However, due to the insufficient development of the national capitalist economy at that time, the national bourgeoisie was weak and compromised. He and his companions can only combine capitalist political theory with traditional Confucianism, publicize his reform theory, and try their best to weave his romantic ideal blueprint of "one country under the sun", among which Tan Sitong, the most radical, and Yan Fu, who knows western knowledge best.
Fourth, the Boxer Movement.
Peasant anti-imperialist patriotic movement
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/898, Sanduo Zhao erected the banner of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries" in guanxian, Shandong Province, which kicked off the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the Boxer Rebellion. Then all the way north, attacking the city and plundering the land, the forces developed into Beijing and Tianjin, which shocked the reactionary forces at home and abroad. The slogan "Help the Qing Dynasty to Destroy the Foreign Countries" is highly patriotic, reflecting that the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation at that time has become the most important contradiction in China society. The Boxers' commitment to "exterminating the foreign countries" shows China people's incomparable hatred for imperialism, which is conducive to winning over officers and soldiers and mobilizing the masses to participate in the anti-imperialist struggle. However, due to the class status and narrow vision of farmers and small producers, they can't objectively analyze and understand feudalism and imperialism from the class essence, which makes this slogan very vague and easy for the masses to relax their vigilance against the Qing government. They didn't organically combine this task with the task of fighting against feudalism and striving for national progress, and were seriously poisoned by feudalism and blind xenophobia, so they were controlled and used by the Qing government and finally suppressed by Qing Eight-Nation Alliance.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Xinhai Revolution
The Revolution of 1911 refers to a national revolution that took place in the year of China Lunar New Year (the third year of Xuan Tong's reign in Qing Dynasty), that is, from 19 1 912 years, aiming at overthrowing the autocratic monarchy system in Qing Dynasty and establishing a * * * regime. In a narrow sense, the Revolution of 1911 refers to the revolutionary events that took place in China from the outbreak of Wuchang Uprising on the night of19110 (the 19th day of the eighth lunar month) to 19 12, when Sun Wen became the interim president of the Republic of China. Broadly speaking, the Revolution of 1911 refers to a series from the end of 19 (generally from the establishment of Zhong Xing League in 1894, but some scholars believe that it was from the establishment of 1905) to the end of1/kloc-0.
/kloc-At the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, China was a troubled country, and at the same time it was pregnant with great people. They don't want the "improvement" of Kang and Liang kneeling, but they want to carry out a "revolution" standing, determined to "expel the Tatars, restore China, establish the Republic of China, and share power equally". The alliance was founded in Tokyo on 1905, and then spread all over China, gradually forming a single spark and starting a prairie fire. They crawled forward under the banner of the "Three People's Principles". Even though the Republic of China was founded in Nanjing in June +09 12 10+1 year in 5438, they did not relax the pace of revolution. It is this strong determination and courage that enabled them to overthrow the "foreign court", dealt a heavy blow to the imperialist forces of aggression in China, created favorable conditions for the development of capitalism in China, and removed some obstacles, which became one of the main reasons for the "golden age" of the development of Chinese national capitalism. At the same time, it greatly cooperated with the liberation movement of oppressed peoples in modern Asian countries and became an important part of the "Asian awakening".
But it seems that this revolution relying solely on "scholar rebellion", or relying on the struggle of one warlord to overthrow another warlord, or indulging in personal assassination, can not support the building of the Republic of China. They didn't and don't intend to do hard mobilization and organization work among farmers and workers. In the "three people's principles" of "equal land rights", they simply ignored the long-standing revolutionary demand of the broad masses of farmers in China for equal land distribution.
Six, the new culture movement
19 15 Youth magazine (renamed as New Youth when the first issue of Volume II was published in September 2006) awakened the sleeping people, bravely stood on the side of justice, and held high the banner of democracy and science with the firm stance of the defenders of the Revolution of 1911 "to save them politically, morally, academically and ideologically."
After careful study, Chen Duxiu, the main leader of the New Culture Movement, attributed the repeated battles and defeats of the China Revolution to the poison of feudal culture for thousands of years. Therefore, the way to save the country is to overthrow feudalism in China and replace it with western civilization. Lu Xun, known as the standard-bearer of the New Culture Movement, profoundly exposed the cannibalism of feudal ethics with a sharp pen. Cai Yuanpei, president of Peking University, warmly encouraged the advocates of new culture to occupy the position of feudal culture. In the later period of the New Culture Movement, with the news of the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, these advocates of new culture became more excited, especially Mr. Li Dazhao, who devoted great enthusiasm to promoting the October Revolution and Marxism. He optimistically pointed out that the Russian revolution "is a revolution based on socialism" and "is a new dawn for all mankind in the world", which indicates the arrival of the era of socialist revolution. Due to the class limitations and ideological limitations of the leaders of the New Culture Movement at that time (in the early stage), there was an absolute positive and negative bias towards the eastern and western cultures. While thoroughly criticizing feudal Confucianism and promoting people's ideological emancipation, they also completely denied the essence of Confucianism and had negative consequences. At the same time, no practical anti-imperialist and anti-feudal political plan was put forward. Therefore, it is impossible to point out the real way out for the people of China, and it lacks a complete mass base.