1789 to 1794 was the largest and most thorough bourgeois revolution in the history of the world. It not only overthrew the feudal autocracy in France and established the capitalist system, but also shocked the feudal system in Europe and inspired the national independence movement in Latin America. 1792 On September 22nd, the birth of the French Republic and the establishment of gironde's rule were important events and stages in this great revolution, and also the inevitable outcome of the deepening and development of the French Revolution.
1792 After the anti-French war began in April, the French army was losing ground. The French took urgent action, and teams of volunteers were set up everywhere to go to the front. 10 In August, the people of Paris revolted again, rushed into the palace, imprisoned the king and overthrew the monarchy, ending the three-year rule of constitutional monarchy. On September 20th, the French army repelled the Prussian army's attack twice near Verdun, and won the first victory of France against foreign armed intervention. A few days later, the French army began to counterattack and finally drove the enemy out of French territory, and the French Revolution was saved.
On September 2 1, the National Assembly elected in the national elections opened in Paris. In the National Association, gironde has the advantage because of the most votes. Since then, France has begun bourgeois rule and guitar performances. The National Assembly passed the abolition of the monarchy. On September 22nd, the decision to establish a republic was adopted. This Republic is called the "First Republic of France". The National Association also announced the revolutionary calendar, with September 22nd as the beginning of a new era and 1792 as * * * and the first year.
1804, Napoléon Bonaparte proclaimed himself emperor, and the First Republic of France was replaced by the First Empire of France.
Second Republic of France
1848 The bourgeois republic established by the February Revolution in France. From 1792 to 1804, France established the * * * Republic, which was called the first * * * Republic in history, so it was called the second * * Republic, which was established in 1848. 1848 February Revolution overthrew the July Dynasty and established an interim government. On February 25th, the Republic of China was proclaimed. On April 23rd, the Constituent Assembly was elected, which was directly elected by male citizens in French history, with moderates and moderates in the majority. On 9 May, an executive committee was established to replace the interim government. On June 22nd, the executive committee ordered the dissolution of the national workshops, which caused workers' dissatisfaction. On June 23rd, the workers revolted. On 24th, General Louis Eugene Cavaignac was granted dictatorship and brutally suppressed the uprising. Louis Eugene Cavaignac took office as the Chief Executive of People's Republic of China (PRC) on 28th.
1 1 In June, the Constitutional Assembly formulated the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC), which established the principle of separation of legislation and administration. The Legislative Assembly consists of 750 members with a three-year term. The term of office of the President is four years. He is in charge of the executive power, appoints and dismisses ministers, promulgates laws and controls the armed forces, but he does not personally command the armed forces and has no right to dissolve or extend the parliament. The Parliament and the President are directly elected by universal suffrage by male citizens. The Senate is appointed by Parliament. It pre-examines government bills and supervises administrative agencies. 10 February 10, Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (see Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte) was elected president. In May 1849 and 13, the Legislative Assembly was elected, and the Order Party with royalists and Catholic priests as the core won a majority of seats. The constitution stipulates that the president cannot be re-elected. Bonaparte asked to amend the Constitution, but most members of the Legislative Assembly opposed it. Bonaparte staged a coup on185165438+February 2, dissolving the parliament and establishing a dictatorship. 12 Bonaparte announced the establishment of an empire and was made emperor, known as Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte. The Second Republic is over.
The Third Republic of France (1870 ~ 1940)
Third Republic of France
1On September 4th, 870, the Paris Revolution overthrew the Second Empire of France and established the Republic of China. Historically known as the Third Republic. At the beginning of the establishment of the new regime, the national defense government was composed of the bourgeoisie and the royalists. On June 28th, the national defense government signed an armistice agreement with the German Reich 187 1. In February, the royalists elected the National Assembly, and L.-A. thiers was elected as the head of government and later the president. Signed the Frankfurt Treaty with Germany and joined hands with Germany to suppress the Paris Commune uprising.
Thiers tried to establish a conservative republic, but it was opposed by royalists and royalists. 1873 in may, thiers was forced to resign, and ultra-royalist MP Mike Mahon was elected president. The right-wing forces are growing and establishing a "moral order" in line with Catholic norms. The orthodox faction and the Orlean faction stepped up their collusion in an attempt to restore the dynasty system, and the * * * faction headed by L. Gambida waged a long and fierce struggle to establish a * * * peace system. The National Assembly finally adopted the 1875 Constitution, which affirmed the * * * peace system in the form of law. In the House of Representatives election of 1876 and the Senate election of 1879, the * * peace faction won a stable majority. With the support of the people, Gambida forced Mike Mahone to resign.
* * * Pacifists are divided into moderates and radicals. From Grevi's election to the end of 19, moderates were in power. They carried out a series of reforms: secular compulsory free education, freedom of the press and trade unions, and amnesty for the staff of the Paris Commune. After the Franco-Prussian War, France's economic development was relatively slow, and its industrial output value ranked fourth in the world, but its financial capital grew rapidly. In 1980s, France continued its colonial expansion and launched wars of aggression in Africa, Indian zhina, China and other places, including the Sino-French war of 1883 ~ 1885 and Eight-Nation Alliance plundering land and resources of 1900. By 1899, France had become the second colonial empire after Britain. In 1980s and 1990s, boulanger incident and Panamanian scandals and Dreyfus case appeared one after another in France, and the moderates lost their prestige and were forced to step down.
1899 ~ 19 14 was the period when the radicals were in power. French capitalism has entered the stage of imperialism, with the rapid development of monopoly organizations and high concentration of financial capital. 19 14 years ago, France's capital export was second only to Britain, ranking second in the world. Its capital export is mainly in the form of usury, which V·I· Lenin called usury imperialism.
Radicals opposed the church's interference in politics, 1905 passed the Law on Separation of Church and State. Radicals repeatedly suppressed the labor movement. Continue foreign aggression and expansion, prepare for war, and form an alliance with Russia and Britain successively, and form an alliance of France, Britain and Russia against Germany, Italy, Austria and triple alliance. After Nungaray was elected president, he continued to expand his army and prepare for war in an attempt to carve up the world again. On August 3, 2004, Germany declared war on France, and France participated in the First World War.
After the war, France became the main battlefield of the western front. 19171kloc-0/radical Kerry Duhamel Du Monceau came to power again and mobilized all forces to participate in the war. 1965438+in September 2008, F. Fauci led the allied forces to launch a general attack on Germany. 165438+1October 1 1, the two sides signed an armistice agreement at Redong Station near Compiè ne. 19191~ In June, the Paris Peace Conference was held and the Treaty of Versailles was signed.
After the war, the reactionary policies of the Duhamel Du Monceau government and the right-wing cabinet of the National League aroused the indignation and resistance of the broad masses of the people. In the mid-1920s, the Socialist Party formed the left-wing coalition cabinet and carried out the democratic reform policy. Later, Nungaray reorganized the cabinet of the League of Nations, rectified its finances and stabilized the value of the franc, which led to rapid economic development and gradual political stability. However, France fell into a serious economic crisis at the end of 1930, and the fascist forces took the opportunity to rise. 1On February 6th, 934, right-wingers and fascist organization Fire Cross launched a riot in Paris, surrounded the Bourbon Palace and attempted to overthrow the Parliament. 1936, the people's front is composed of * * * production party, socialist party and radical socialist party. In June of the same year, L. Bloom formed the first People's Front Government, signed the Matignon Agreement and implemented a series of social reforms. 1937 In February, Bloom announced the "suspension" of the implementation of the People's Front Plan. 1938, the people's front collapsed due to the withdrawal of the radical socialist party. Since then, the Daladier administration has implemented a reactionary policy at home, relied on Britain externally, pursued a policy of appeasement that condoned German aggression, and signed the Munich Agreement.
On September 1939, the Germans invaded Poland. On the 3rd, France declared war on Germany. In fact, it is a declaration of war without fighting, which is called strange war in history. On May 1940 and 10, the Germans launched an all-out attack on the western front, breaking through the Sedang defense line, and the French army retreated one after another, and soon Paris fell. On June 22nd, the armistice agreement was signed, France surrendered, Vichy government was established, and the Third Republic came to an end.