? The Battle of Qin State Attacking Six Countries
? 1. Destroy North Korea
? The first target that Qin attacked was Zhao. Because Zhao's strength is the strongest among the six countries, it is the biggest obstacle to Qin's reunification. Therefore, Zhao has not reached the point of being vulnerable. Qin Jun attacked Zhao many times, but was repelled by Zhao. While attacking Zhao with the main force, Qin adopted the strategy of fostering pro-Qin forces and gradually dismembered South Korea. 23 1 year BC, Nanyang county, Korea? False defense? (that is, acting county magistrate) Teng gave Qin the territory under his jurisdiction. Teng was appointed as a literature and history by Qin, and was later sent to lead an army to attack South Korea. Teng knew Korea like the back of his hand, so it went smoothly. In 230 BC (the seventeenth year of the Qin Dynasty), Wang Han 'an fell and South Korea perished.
? 2. destroy Zhao.
? In 229 BC, Qin took advantage of the earthquake and famine in Zhao, and sent Wang Jian to attack Zhao. Zhao sent Li Mu and Sima Shang to resist, and the two sides remained at loggerheads for a year. In a crisis, Qin used a killer? Divergence plan Wang Jian bribed Guo Kai, the courtier of Zhao Wang, with a large sum of money to spread rumors that Li Mu and Sima Shang were conspiring against each other. Zhao Wangxin believed it and sent someone to replace Li Mu. Under the current enemy situation, Li Mu refused to give up the relieving. Zhao secretly sent someone to capture Li Mu and kill him, and at the same time killed Sima Shang. Killing Li Mu undoubtedly cleared the way for killing Zhao. From then on, like nobody's business, attack the city and attack Zhao. In 228 BC (the 19th year of Qin), Qin Jun attacked Handan, and this famous city fell into the hands of Qin. Soon, the fugitive Zhao was forced to give the map of Zhao to Qin. Zhao actually perished. But Gong Zijia fled to Daixian County (now Yuxian County, Hebei Province) with a group of people and became king on his own. In 222 BC, after Qin Jun destroyed Yan State, it occupied Yan State. At this point, Qin unified the north.
? 3. Destroy Yan State
? In the process of destroying Zhao, the army of Qin reached the border of Yan. The prince is in a state of panic. Seeing that Qin destroyed Sanjin, he wanted to commit suicide, but there was nothing he could do. Yan Taizi Dan finally came up with a desperate assassination, that is, the famous Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin in history, which was in 227 BC. The assassination failed, but the king of Qin almost died under Jing Ke's dagger. He hated Yan deeply and immediately sent more troops to attack. In 226 BC, Qin Jun captured Yan Dou thistle (now Beijing), and Yan and Taizi Dan fled to Liaodong County. Li Xin, the general of Qin Dynasty, led thousands of people to pursue Taizi Dan to Yanshui in Qin Jun. Prince Taizi Dan survived because he was lurking in the water. Later, after weighing the interests, Wang Xi of Yan sent someone to kill Taizi Dan and dedicate his head to Qin, hoping to get a truce and keep Yan. After Prince Xi fled to Liaodong, Qin Jun's main force was transferred to the downtown to attack Chu. In 222 BC (twenty-five years of the King of Qin), Wang Ben was ordered to attack the remnants of Yan State in Liaodong, capture the Ledu of Rebecca, and Yan State was completely destroyed.
? 4. Destroy the State of Wei
? In 23 1 year BC, under the powerful influence of Qin State, King Wei Jingcong presented Li Yi to Qin State to slow down the troops. At this time, the king of Qin was mobilizing troops to launch a general attack on Zhao. He didn't want to disperse his troops to attack Wei, so he accepted the land proposal. This enabled Wei to maintain the endgame for several years. In 225 BC (twenty-two years of Qin Dynasty), just as the main force was going south to attack Chu, Wang Ben, a general of Qin Dynasty, led an army to besiege the girder (now Kaifeng, Henan). Wei Jun shut the gate, don't hold on. Because the girder Yugoslav capital has been built for many years and is extremely strong, Qin Jun cannot storm it. Wang Ben came up with a way to attack by water. A large number of foot soldiers in Qin Jun were arranged to dig ditches, take water from the Yellow River and canyons and pour it into girders. Three months later, the wall barriers of the girders all collapsed, and Wei had to surrender. The state of Wei perished.
? 5. Destroy Chu State
? Chu, a big country in the south, has a vast territory, dense forests and rich products, and is known as a million soldiers. However, the internal affairs of Chu have been sluggish, and the nobles always struggle for power and profit, which is particularly serious at the end of the Warring States Period. In 228 BC, Chu Youwang died and the ruling group split. Wang You's half-brother Jude ascended the throne and became king of mourning, but only two months later, he was killed by his half-brother's humble disciples. I became the king of Chu. The Chu royal family is even more divided. In 226 BC, civil strife broke out in Chu, and the King of Qin lost no time in transferring Qin Jun from the front line of cutting Yan in the north to attack Chu in the south, and successively captured several cities in Chu 10. In 224 BC, the decisive battle of Qin Chu was about to begin. Li Xin, the young general of the King of Qin, led 200,000 Qin Jun to attack the State of Chu and was defeated by the Chu army. Then he sent general Wang Jian to lead 600,000 Qin Jun to attack Chu. After Wang Jian entered Chu, he did not immediately launch an offensive. He summed up the lesson that Li Xin underestimated the enemy's aggressiveness, and adopted the strategy of stationing troops to practice martial arts, guarding the city wall, paralyzing the enemy and waiting for death. In this way, after more than a year, Qin Jun basically adapted to the situation of Chu, with high morale and abundant physical strength. At the same time, the Chu army, which was called to fight against Qin Jun, gradually slackened its fighting spirit. Because of the lack of food and grass, they were ready to return to the East. When Chu Jun retreated, Wang Jian seized the opportunity and ordered the whole army to attack. Qin Jun defeated the main force of Chu army in one fell swoop, marched into the mainland and killed Xiang Yan, commander-in-chief of Chu army. Then, Qin Jun captured Shouchun (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province), the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu. In 223 BC (the 24th year of Qin Dynasty), Chu was destroyed. In 222 BC (twenty-five years of King Qin), the army that just destroyed Chu in the south conquered the Vietnamese army and established Huiji County. As a result, all the Yangtze River basins were incorporated into the territory of Qin State.
? 6. Destroy Qi State
? In 22 1 year BC (the 26th year of Qin dynasty), the Qin dynasty ordered Wang Ben to go south and attack the last Qi state in the six eastern countries. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the mid-Warring States Period, Qi was one of the most powerful countries in Shandong. However, in 284 BC, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei and Chu successively conquered Qi, especially Yan's sweeping, which almost destroyed Qi. Since then, Qi has been devastated. Moreover, at this time, Qi is an incompetent person. He relied on his mother when she was alive; Before his mother died, he stubbornly asked her to write down the names of ministers who could help him. In 249 BC (the 16th year of Qi Dynasty), the unyielding king died and became prime minister. The state of Qin soon launched a campaign to buy off insiders and gave a large number of gold and jade articles to Housheng. After gaining the benefits of Qin, they sent a large number of guests to Qin one after another. Qin also bribed them, gave them money and treasure, and sent them back to Qi to be spies. After returning from the state of Qin, these people actively created pro-Qin public opinion. They said that Qi Wang Jian should go to the western Qin Dynasty to show his submission. He also said that Chyi Chin was in-laws, so he didn't need to prepare for the war against Qin, nor should he help Sanjin and Yanchu attack Qin. It is in this case that Wang Ben went south to cut Qi, hardly meeting any resistance. Wang Ben led the army into Linzi, and Qi and Hou Sheng surrendered without fighting. The state of Qi perished.
? At this point, the state of Qin completed the last journey of wiping out the heroes and unifying the six countries.
? Battle of Baiyue
? After the imperial army of Daqin wiped out the six eastern countries, the talented Qin Shihuang turned his unified eyes to the land of Baiyue in the south and launched a war against Baiyue. The land of Baiyue is also commonly called Lingnan, which is now Guangdong and Guangxi. In the war between Qin and Baiyue, * * * happened three times. The first time was in 2 19 BC. Qin Shihuang ordered Tu Youyou to lead 500,000 troops south to attack Baiyue. The second time was in 2 14 BC, when Qin Jun, led by Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo, attacked Baiyue, razed Baiyue's land, unified Lingnan and established Nanhai, Guilin and Xiang Jun counties. The third time was in 2 10 BC, when Zhao Tuo, a general of the State of Qin, attacked Luo Ou. Historians generally say that this time is only a continuation of the Second War. In short, these three times are collectively called? Qin Shihuang's Three Signs of Lingnan? . Among the three wars between Qin Jun and the indigenous armies of Guangdong and Guangxi, this paper focuses on the most important and tragic first war.
? The first war between Qin and Baiyue in history was also called? Qin-Europe War? However, there are few historical records, and only a few books such as Huainanzi have relevant records. I think the main reason is that Zhao Tuo fell to Baiyue in 2 14 BC and left the Qin Dynasty soon after. At the end of the Qin Dynasty, he refused to send his Qin Jun army to the north to fight against the rebels against the Qin Dynasty, blocked the connection between Guangdong and Guangxi and the Central Plains, and established Nanyue State after the demise of the Qin Dynasty. According to the present statement, South Vietnam belongs to the local separatist regime. Today, historians know little about the history of local governments, so it is precisely for this reason that our understanding of this war is limited to a small amount of historical records. But from these historical materials, we can see that it was also a very cruel war, and we can also see from one side that the price paid by Qin Jun for reunifying China is quite amazing.
? Why is it also called this war in history? Qin-Europe War? The main reason is that the original leader of Baiyue indigenous army was Yi, the leader of Ou country (Xi Ou country is located in present-day Guangxi). In fact, Baiyue army not only participated in the war, but also other indigenous armed forces such as Vietnam in Baiyue area participated in the war, but the commander in chief was Yi, the leader of Ou country, and the main force was Ou army. Translate Vae? Many historians believe that this name is the name of the leader of Baiyue indigenous army, but there are also different views, saying? Translate Vae? These three words are probably the password shouted by the general commander of Baiyue Army on the battlefield, because? Translate Vae? Are these three words different from Zhuang language and Cantonese in Guangdong and Guangxi? One, two and three are very similar. Qin Jun is an outsider. Qin Jun didn't go deep into the hinterland of Guangdong and Guangxi in this war, so he shouldn't know much about the details of the Xi 'ou Army, so it is possible to take the slogan shouted by the commander of Baiyue indigenous army on the battlefield as the name of the commander. But what is certain is that the leader of the Baiyue Army in this war is indeed the leader of Xi 'ou State. As for the leader, is his name Yi? If not, what was the name of the leader of Ou in the war? Why did Xi Oujun shout on the battlefield? One, two, three, none of these can be confirmed.
? In history, Qin Jun's opponents were generally called Ou Army, but in order to take into account other Vietnamese troops in Guangdong and Guangxi at that time, they were collectively called? Hundreds of Vietnamese troops? In fact, it's mainly ou's army. (From the present geographical position, it is mainly the troops from Guangxi who are fighting Qin Jun. )
? Qin Jun's strength and composition in this war, in almost all the history books, it is said that Qin Jun mobilized 500,000 troops to attack Baiyue under the leadership of Tu Youyou, and in "Huainanzi? It is recorded in "Human Training":? In the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19 BC), the commander-in-chief of Weitu Sui ordered 500,000 soldiers, one army led the city, the other army kept nine suspects, one army was stationed in Panyu, the capital city, the other army kept the border, and the other army was in low water. But there are also problems here. Did Qin Jun attack at the same time? According to the local chronicles of Guangdong and Guangxi, Qin Jun first attacked from Tusui Road and Zhao Tuo Road with 200,000 troops. But when did the remaining 300,000 people start to join the war? According to the history books, the remaining 300,000 people should be the frontline troops trapped in the quagmire of war, that is, they were dispatched before Tu Youyou wrote the war report of the lack of food for the troops to Qin Shihuang, because they mentioned their own in Tu Youyou's letter? 500 thousand troops suffered heavy casualties? Moreover, according to textual research, Qin Jun started to attack the eastern Ou-Fujian-Vietnam area (mainly in present-day Fujian), and this road, Qin Jun, was also the latest of the five roads to join the battlefield of Guangdong and Guangxi. Qin Jun's 500,000-strong army is controlled by soldiers there? According to our local chronicles in Hunan and other places, the troops used in this Qin Jun War are still mainly the troops that destroyed Chu in those days, but in order to adapt to southern operations, there are no less than 6.5438+10,000 original Chu troops among the 500,000 troops in Qin Jun.
? The strength of the Baiyue Army in this war is almost not recorded in any historical books. Only from some archaeological data, the number of Baiyue troops was far less than that of Qin Jun, and Baiyue in Lingnan was basically a wild place with inconvenient transportation, dense virgin forests and harsh natural environment, so the total population of Guangdong and Guangxi at that time was estimated by archaeologists to be less than 500,000, and the young people of school age who were able to fight at that time were about 50,000, which was similar in many unofficial history? Baiyue's indigenous army is only one-tenth that of Qin Jun? Statement. But in any case, Qin Jun's power is absolutely dominant, and Qin Jun will win the war at all costs.
? With regard to the progress of the war, Qin Jun's 500,000 troops have an absolute advantage in terms of strength and equipment, but they also far surpass Baiyue Tribal Army. However, the process of the war made Qin Jun feel the hardships and pressures that had never been seen before the war. Before the war, Qin Jun considered the possible problems of grain and grass, and the hot climate in the south was not suitable for most Qin Jun soldiers born in the north. However, it was only after Qin Jun arrived in Guangdong and Guangxi that he discovered that the harsh battlefield environment and the unusually fierce and tenacious enemy were unexpected before. The history books recorded the tenacious resistance of Baiyue Army with Xi Ou Army as the main force and Baiyue Army as the leader. Translate Vae? Under the leadership of Qin Jun, a fierce battle was fought. Qin Jun is struggling and frustrated step by step, unable to enter the territory where the Vietnamese live. In the war, 100,000 Vietnamese troops were leaders? Translate Vae? Immediately after his death, he chose a new leader and retreated into the mountains and forests to continue fighting Qin Jun. Hundreds of Vietnamese troops even accompanied wild animals and never surrendered to Qin Jun until their death. They constantly attacked Qin Jun's army, cut off Qin Jun's route for providing foodstuff, and forced Qin General Tu Youyou to write to Qin Shihuang to report the shortage of food and grass in Qin Jun. Qin Shihuang was forced to order a large number of migrant workers to dig canals to connect Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River systems and ensure the transportation of grain and grass in Qin Jun. In addition, Qin Jun has one of its biggest enemies-the hot climate. Qin Jun's soldiers are mostly northerners, most of whom come from Shaanxi, Shaanxi, Henan and other places. They couldn't adapt to the hot climate in the south, and the plague raged among the soldiers, which directly affected the fighting capacity of Qin Jun. At this time, the Baiyue Army, with the West Ou Army as the main force, led by the new leader Jie Jun, launched a counterattack against Qin Jun around 2 18 BC, and Qin Jun was defeated. According to Huai Nan Zi, Chi? Thousands of bodies are bleeding? Tu Youyou, the commander-in-chief of Qin Jun, was also killed by the night attack troops of the White Vietnamese Army in Guilin, forcing Qin Jun? Old soldiers are useless, so they can't return? Fear can't last all day, so that? Three years later, I can't read crossbows, so that the supervisor can't pay? The two sides have been in a stalemate. According to academic discussions, about 300,000 people were killed in Qin Jun, and the remaining 200,000 people all retreated to the northern border of Guangdong and Guangxi. However, the casualties of the Baiyue Army are also very heavy, and there is no strength to continue attacking. The two sides formed a confrontation situation, and a confrontation lasted for three or four years.
? It was not until 2 14 BC that the grain lanes in the mausoleum area were fully opened that Qin Shihuang began to collect grain and grass. The smell of the dead, the smell of mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, are all soldiers in Jiafu? (Probably businessmen and prisoners) Nearly 65,438+10,000 plus the original remaining 200,000 Qin Jun troops, Qin Jun once again concentrated 300,000 troops to launch a final assault on the Baiyue Army. At this time, according to many records in unofficial history, there were only a few thousand troops. It can also be seen from here that in the previous three or four years of counter-offensive operations and armed confrontation, Baiyue's few tens of thousands of troops had already been exhausted, and finally Qin Jun hardly met a big one.
? In a narrow sense, the Qin-Ou War is a war between the Qin Dynasty and Ou, who is entrenched in Guangxi, but in fact it should be said that it is a war between the Qin Dynasty and the whole Baiyue nation in the south. This war improved the basic territory of China, and since then, Guangxi and Guangdong have become provinces with China territory. Although Zhao Tuo, the general of Qin Dynasty, established the South Vietnamese State in the late Qin Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty and went to war independently, the South Vietnamese army also repelled the attack of the Han army several times during the reign of Emperor Gaozu and Lv Hou in the early Han Dynasty. However, the South Vietnamese army also consumed a lot. During the reign of Emperor Wendi, the South Vietnamese army withdrew its emperor and made peace with the Han Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, 65438+ Wan Hanjun went south to attack the South Vietnamese army. After the previous anti-Han war, the South Vietnamese army suffered heavy casualties and was unable to resist the powerful Han army. Finally, the king of South Vietnam led more than 400,000 people living in South Vietnam to surrender to the Han Dynasty. Since then, Guangdong and Guangxi have never been separated from China.
? But the war is cruel after all, not to mention that Qin Jun lost more than 300,000 troops before and after the Third World War, and the people of Guangdong and Guangxi also suffered heavy losses. According to historical records, Qin Jun's army remained in Guangdong and Guangxi after the Second World War, and these Qin people merged with the local people and became one of the ancestors of Guangdong and Guangxi people. It left nearly 300,000 Qin Jun soldiers, who left an indelible impression on the development of Guangdong and Guangxi. However, according to historical research, Guangdong and Guangxi were not battlefields during the peasant war and the Chu-Han war in the late Qin Dynasty. At this time, Guangdong and Guangxi were almost independent from the Qin Dynasty. However, according to the book Population of China in Past Dynasties, at the end of the war in the late Qin Dynasty, the population of Guangdong and Guangxi was only over 400,000. If we deduct the nearly 300,000 Qin soldiers left behind, that is to say, the original Baiyue nationality in Guangdong and Guangxi has dropped sharply from 500,000 before the Qin-European War to 65,438+10,000. During this period, there was no literature about the plague epidemic in Guangdong and Guangxi. Of course, it does not rule out that the Qin people did not adapt to the climate in the south after the war, which led to a decline in population, but I think the main reason for the decline in population due to the war should be that at least 400,000 people died or fled to Southeast Asia. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Nanyue State, which had been established in Guangdong and Guangxi, was claimed. Millions of armor? However, according to historians' analysis, when the total population of South Vietnam was the largest (roughly during the reign of Lv Hou after Emperor Gaozu), it would not exceed 800,000, and the number of soldiers was about 6,543,800+10,000. Millions of armor? It is an exaggeration to show national prestige. When it finally surrendered to the Han Dynasty, only over 400,000 people in South Vietnam surrendered on the roster. If those who were not on the roster are counted, it is estimated that it will not exceed 600,000.