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An overview of the basic knowledge of Chinese grammar: sentence elements

A sentence has six components: subject, predicate, object, complement, attribute and adverbial.

Subject and predicate: the subject is the object to be stated in the sentence, and the predicate is used to state the subject. Generally speaking, the subject comes first and the predicate comes last.

(1) Everybody broke up (split up)

(2) The trees are full of pale yellow flowers, which are not outstanding (litchi honey)

What I can't forget most is his back.

(4) Using phenology knowledge to study agricultural production has developed into a science (natural language).

(5) The magnificent colonnade, elegant colors, and various levels of building facades around it constitute a solemn and gorgeous picture (Great Hall of the People).

The subjects of these sentences are "Everyone", "Flowers full of light yellow trees", "What I can't forget the most", "Studying agricultural production with phenology knowledge", "Magnificent colonnade, elegant colors and building facades at various levels around", and the predicates of these sentences are "All scattered", "Not prominent" and "His back has developed into a science"

You can also use the head word as the subject and predicate, such as:

(6) A simple big bamboo bed covered with thick straw (pear flowers on the post road)

(7) In fact, this microform technology was used as early as the Franco-Prussian War in the19th century (from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to the microform library).

We can think that "bamboo bed" and "technology" are subjects, and "laying" and "using" are predicates.

Object and complement: Object often indicates the object dominated by action, and always follows the verb. Complement is a supplementary component after verb adjectives, such as:

(1) There is a person standing at the foot of the bridge, but it is our mother (Lu Xun's social drama)

What I can't forget most is his back.

(3) Captain Xiao said that the advanced should lead the backward (divide the horses).

(4) Leninism holds that the proletariat in capitalist countries should support the liberation struggle of colonial and semi-colonial people, and the proletariat in colonial and semi-colonial countries should support the liberation struggle of the proletariat in capitalist countries, so that the world revolution can win (in memory of Bethune).

All connected objects under this word are objects, and there is another object called "double object", such as:

(5) Now people call it the Forbidden City (Palace Museum).

I gave her a book.

"It" and "She" are near objects (indirect objects), while "The Forbidden City" and "A Book" are far objects (direct objects).

(7) It's ridiculous to say. When I was a child, I went up a tree to pick begonia flowers, and I didn't want to be stung by bees. I almost fell down in pain. Litchi honey)

(8) I wander alone (Digging shepherd's purse)

There are many litchi trees in Conghua. In the flowering season, bees are buzzing in the fields and are very busy. "I can't forget the morning and evening", sometimes taking advantage of the moonlight to pick flowers and make honey ("litchi honey")

(10) I was really smart ("back")

(1 1) People older than me often do this, and I have also met them (From Baicaoyuan to Santan Yinyue).

Angle brackets are complements, which complement the previous verbs and adjectives.

Attributive and adverbial: Attributive is the modifier of noun words, and adverbial is the modifier of verb and adjective words.

(1) At this moment, I saw (his) back, and (my) tears were coming down (back).

(2) But I always miss shepherd's purse (wild), just like I miss my old friend who shared weal and woe with me (digging shepherd's purse).

(3) See the glittering national emblem (inlaid at the top of the main entrance) from a distance ("the magnificent Great Hall of the People")

(4) Li Siguang [in my life] [never] had such a comfortable and pleasant conversation (geological light).

(5) They [only] know money, and it's only [white] to trust them! And at my age, can I take care of myself? (Zhu Ziqing's "Back")

(6) At this point, the two of us [in unison] stood up and walked to the "North Sea" [along the cobblestone path next to the lawn] (Xiao Gan's jujube stone)

The attribute is in brackets and the adverbial is in square brackets.

Knowledge of Chinese grammar

1. Part of speech: there are two categories: content words and function words.

(1) notional words: express the true meaning, which can be used as a component of a phrase or sentence, and can be independently made into a sentence.

Function words: Generally speaking, they do not express true meaning and are not used as components of phrases or sentences (except adverbs). Their basic purpose is to express grammatical relations.

A. Nouns: words indicating names of people and things, such as comrades and writers; Represents concrete things, rivers and mountains; Represents abstract things, such as politics and science; Represents the time name, morning and summer; Name of designated place: Shanghai, China; Names indicating orientation: up and down (abbreviated as orientation words)

Grammatical features of nouns: ① Nouns indicating people can be followed by "men" to indicate that most locative words often follow other nouns to form locative phrases indicating places, ranges or times; Nouns are generally not modified by adverbs.

B. verbs: words that express actions, development and changes, psychological activities, etc.

Express actions and behaviors: sit and listen; Stands for existence, disappearance or development: existence and occurrence; Expressing psychological activities: love and hate; Instructions: call and let; Express possibility and will (will verb): can and will; Express the trend (trend verb): come and go; Express judgment (judgment word): Yes.

Grammatical features of verbs: ① Verbs are generally modified by adverb "bu"; ② Verbs can be followed by "zhe, le, guo", indicating that some verbs can overlap, indicating that time is short or trying; ④ The word "yes" is mainly used to connect the subject and object of a sentence; ⑤ Possible verbs are not followed by nouns; Verbs can be used as predicate centers together with the following verbs, or they can be used as predicate centers alone; ⑤ Directional verbs can be used as predicate heads alone.

C adjectives: words that express the shape, nature and state of things.

Represents the shape of things: height and height; Represents the essence of things: beautiful and strong; Express the state of things: fast and slow;

Grammatical features of adjectives: ① Some adjectives can be enhanced by overlapping forms; ② Most adjectives can be modified by adverb "hen".

D. Numbers: words representing numbers.

Table number (indicating fraction, integer, multiple); Table estimation: several, many; Table ordinal number: first and third; Grammatical features of numerals: ① The increase of numbers can be expressed by fractions or multiples; ② The reduction of numbers can only be expressed by fractions, not multiples.

E. Quantifiers: words that represent things, actions and behavioral units. Quantifiers that represent things units are called quantifiers that represent actions, and quantifiers that represent behavior units are called momentum words that represent things units: individual, only; Unit of action and behavior: times, times, and sometimes some nouns are borrowed, such as feet and years;

Grammatical features of quantifiers: ① quantifiers are often used with numerals to form quantitative phrases, also known as initial quantifiers; (2) Quantifiers indicating quantity are often used before nouns; Quantifiers expressing momentum are often used after verbs.

F. Pronouns: words used as substitutes or indicators.

Pronouns are divided into personal pronouns, interrogative pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. The grammatical features are as follows: ① The honorific title "you" in the second person is not plural, but "you guys" and "you guys" when necessary. ② The third person plural pronoun "they" can refer to both men and women, and "they" can refer to women. ③ Pay attention to the usage of "we" and "we". "We" must include the speaker and the listener. ④ The demonstrative pronoun "na" is used for the far finger and "this" is used for the near finger. ⑤ Improper use of pronouns and unclear references may cause ill sentences.

G. Adverbs: generally used before verbs and adjectives, indicating behavior, action or nature, degree, scope, time, frequency, situation, mood, etc.

Expression range: all, all; Express your feelings: yes, but no; Denial: no, no; Express delivery time: just right; Degree of expression: very, very; Expression: As if, gradually.

Grammatical features of adverbs: ① Adverbs are mainly used to modify and restrict verbs or adjectives, and are used as adverbials before verbs and adjectives; Adverbs are sometimes used after adjectives to supplement the degree and result; ③ Adverbs cannot modify nouns and pronouns as complements.

H conjunctions: general conjunctions used for conjunctions, phrases or sentences: and, and, and, or, and; Related words: mainly used to connect clauses in complex sentences or sentence groups, not only but also, although.

Grammatical features: ① The front and back parts of general conjunctions can be interchanged, but the basic meaning remains unchanged; ② Conjunctions are mainly used in complex sentences.

1. Prepositions: Prepositions are often used in front of nouns and pronouns. Together with these words, they mean beginning and end, direction, place, time, object, way, reason, purpose, comparison, etc. Actions, behaviors and qualities.

Common Prepositions and Their Usage (Phrases)

From, from, to, when, for, according to,

Because, for, for, or for.

And, and, and, than, in, about.

Except, same, right, direction, direction, direction. ...

When used before nouns and pronouns, remember to modify and supplement "verbs" and "shapes" after forming object-object phrases.

J. auxiliary words: auxiliary words attached to content words, phrases or sentences can be divided into three categories: structural auxiliary words, dynamic auxiliary words and modal auxiliary words: de and de; Dynamic auxiliary words: zhe, le and Guo; Modal auxiliary words: de, le, mo, ba, you, etc.

K. exclamatory sentences: words that express exclamations, calls, responses, etc., such as ah, um and other grammatical features: generally, they are independent sentences separated by commas or exclamation marks.

L, onomatopoeia: it is a lexical feature that imitates the sound of people or things: equivalent to adjectives in sentences.

(2) Identification of part of speech:

① Distinguish nouns from non-nouns, and do not add "no" and "very" before nouns; ② Distinguish adjectives from verbs. Adjectives can be modified by "hen", but verbs can't be modified by "hen" (except verbs expressing psychological activities); ③ Distinguish adjectives from adverbs. Adjectives can modify nouns and can be preceded by "hen"; Adverbs can't modify nouns, and "hen" can't be added before them to distinguish conjunctions from prepositions. Conjunction can be interchanged before and after, and preposition cannot be interchanged before and after. Only verbs can be used as predicate centers. Prepositions that modify and supplement verbs and adjectives are prepositions. Modal auxiliary words are generally used at the end of sentences, and exclamatory sentences are often made into separate sentences. Generally, prepositions and adverbs are distinguished at the beginning of a sentence, and prepositions follow nouns.

2. Phrases are linguistic units composed of words and words.

(1) coordinate phrase: a phrase composed of two or more nouns, verbs or adjectives juxtaposed. Its basic structure is nouns, nouns, verbs, forms and quantities: ① the parts of speech before and after coordinate phrases are consistent (except nouns and pronouns); ② There is an equal relationship between the two parts of the coordinate phrase, without modification or restriction; (3) The words in coordinate phrases are generally upside down, with the same meaning; ④.

(2) For the definition, please refer to the basic structure of the textbook: ① When the head word is a noun, the modifier is an attribute, () indicates that it has the following structure: morphological name, quantitative name, noun name and pronoun; ② When the head word is a verb or an adjective, the modifier is an adverbial, and [] indicates that it has the following structure: verb, verb and adverbial.

(3) Verb-object phrase: A verb is followed by a word dominated by a verb to form a phrase. This phrase is called verb-object phrase. Its basic structure: the characteristics of verb-noun and verb-generation: ① the verb in front of the verb-object phrase directly dominates the noun and pronoun behind it, and the noun and pronoun behind it are dominated by the verb in front, and there is a connection between them; ② Nouns and pronouns dominated by verbs in verb-object phrases are objects; The object is usually followed by the verb.

(4) Supplementary phrases: including verb-complement phrases and form-complement phrases: ① Complement is a component that plays a supplementary and explanatory role after verbs and adjectives, and < > is used to indicate that the head of such phrases comes first, and the relationship between the two parts is supplementary and supplementary; ③ Complement is used after verb or adjective to explain how, how long and how much; ④ Some complements are often preceded by the structural auxiliary word "de".

(5) Subject-predicate phrase: see the basic structure of the textbook for the definition: noun (verb), noun (verb) form, noun (verb) interrogative pronoun and special name: noun, such as today's Monday; The number of names, such as the three characteristics of the paper: ① the words in front of the subject-predicate phrase mean "who" or "what", and the words behind it mean "how", "what" or "what". ② Subject-predicate phrases with mood and punctuation used in writing are simple sentences, and the meaning expressed is complete.

(6) Preposition phrase: the basic structure of a phrase consisting of a preposition and its object: prepositional nouns and prepositional pronouns. Grammatical features: ① Preposition phrases act as sentence components in the whole sentence; ② Preposition phrases are adverbials before the subject and complements after the predicate; (3) Preposition phrases sometimes act as attributes and must be followed by a "de".

(7) The word "de" phrase: The basic structure consists of verbs, adjectives and verb-object phrases plus "de": The characteristics of verbs, adjectives and verb-object phrases: ① The word "de" phrase is equivalent to a noun ② The word "de" phrase is usually used as the subject and object.

3. Single sentence:

(1) Single sentence classification: it is divided into subject-predicate sentences and non-subject-predicate sentences according to sentence structure; According to the purpose or tone of a sentence, it can be divided into declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences.

(2) The composition of a single sentence: subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial and complement.

(3) Analysis steps: the first step is to understand that the meaning of a sentence is divided into subject and predicate. Firstly, the sentence is divided into two parts, that is, the subject comes first and the predicate comes last; The second step is to find the object, some sentences have it and some don't, and the object dominated by verbs is the object; The third step is to compress the sentence to find the head language, which is the main component that modifies, supplements or dominates the object; The fourth step is to find the attributive of the attributive, adverbial and complement in front of the subject head and the object head. Adverbial is in front of the predicate head and complement is behind the predicate head. See the textbook for common symbols for analyzing single sentence components.

(4) Sentence stem: the remaining part after the specified words, adverbials and complements are compressed, namely, the center of the subject, the center of the predicate and the center of the object. When extracting the sentence trunk, there is a negative word (no, no, no) before the predicate head, and the negative word should be placed in the trunk; When the head word is a coordinate phrase, the whole coordinate structure should be selected.

4. Complex sentence: A complex sentence is a sentence composed of two or more single sentence forms that are related in meaning but not included in structure.

(1) How to distinguish between a simple sentence and a complex sentence: ① The clauses of a complex sentence do not constitute each other, which is the most important point to distinguish between a simple sentence and a complex sentence. The clauses of complex sentences do not contain each other, that is, they do not constitute components, and there is no structural relationship between sentence components. This is the essential feature of complex sentences and the most fundamental difference between complex sentences and simple sentences. As long as there is a comma or semicolon in the middle to indicate a pause and they do not constitute each other, it is a complex sentence. Some related words can be used in different clauses of complex sentences or in single sentences, for example, only those who love work can love life (single sentence).

(2) Types of complex sentences: there are several types to judge the relationship of complex sentences, such as juxtaposition, progression, choice, turning, causality, hypothesis and condition. Related words are very important, and there are jingles to sort out the difficult and confusing. Please remember.

"No" and "But" are juxtaposed, "No" and "Yes" are choices,

"Return" and "Geng" are progressive, while "though" and "return" are turning points.

"Since" and "Jiu" are causal, "Lian" and "Ye" are hypotheses.

It doesn't matter, unless it doesn't matter, only if we talk about conditions.

(3) Double complex sentences: There are three main types of complex sentences in structure: single complex sentences, complex sentences and compound sentence. Division steps: first look at how many clauses there are, and then press the key to see how many subject-predicate structures there are; Correctly find the first layer of a sentence (the way to find it: ① find the related words that command the whole sentence, and look at the scope of the related words and the places covered by the related words; ② From the elastic relationship between clauses, looseness is the first layer; (3) the place with a semicolon in a complex sentence is often the first layer). In short, it is necessary to analyze that all clauses are single sentences.

5, modify the sick sentence:

(1) Incomplete sentence components: a sentence lacks necessary components, which affects the expression of meaning and becomes a sick sentence with incomplete structure. Common component defects usually include incomplete subject and incomplete attribute.

(2) Incorrect collocation of sentence components: the collocation of subject and predicate should pay attention to whether the predicate can correctly state the subject; When collocating verbs with objects, we should pay attention to whether the actions indicated by verbs can dominate the things indicated by objects. When modifiers are collocated with head words, we should pay attention to the appropriateness of modifying the head words.

(3) Unreasonable word order: The order of various sentence components in Chinese is relatively fixed, such as subject before predicate, object and complement after verb and adjective, attribute and adverbial before head, and several incremental attributes and adverbials also have a certain order.

(4) Mixed sentence patterns: Different sentence patterns can express the same meaning, but only one sentence pattern can be used to mix two statements at a time, which often leads to structural confusion.

(5) Inconsistent expression: unreasonable, inconsistent or inconsistent expression can easily lead to ill sentences, which can be roughly divided into two types; One is that words are inconsistent, and two words with opposite meanings are used in the same sentence. The other is the expression of the situation before and after, which is contradictory.

(6) Other situations: unclear reference, misuse of parts of speech, repetition, abuse of negative words, improper use of words.

6. Rhetoric:

(1) Common rhetorical methods: simile (simile, metaphor, metonymy), personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical question (ask without doubt, ask yourself and answer yourself) and rhetorical question.

(2) Transformation and selection of sentence patterns:

Sentences can be divided into declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences according to their uses. A question is to ask someone something; Imperative sentences are sentences used to ask others to do or not do something; An exclamatory sentence is a sentence used to express some strong feelings.

(2) Sentence transformation: the transformation of active sentences and passive sentences, and the transformation of affirmative sentences and negative sentences. Problems that should be paid attention to in sentence transformation: a, sentence transformation is only a change of expression and sentence pattern, and does not change the original intention of the sentence; B, positive sentences become negative sentences. One way is to find an antonym and add "no", or you can change it into a double negative.

Ancient Chinese grammar in senior high school

Pronoun preposition object in negative sentences

This prepositional object must meet two conditions: first, the object must be a pronoun; Second, it must be a negative sentence, expressed by negative words such as "no", "no" and "mo". In this case, pronoun objects should be placed before verbs and after negative words.

For example, Shuo Shuo: "When I was three years old, I would like to take care of you" and "I would like to take care of you" should be understood as "I don't want to take care of me"

Pronoun preposition object in interrogative sentences

In classical Chinese, interrogative pronouns such as Who, He, Xi and An are often used before verbs.

For example, "The Hongmen Banquet": "Liang asked,' What is your majesty doing here?" ""fuck "should be understood as" fuck "

Preposition preposition object

In modern Chinese, prepositions are followed by objects to form an object-object structure, which is used to modify verb predicates. In classical Chinese, the preposition object is often placed before the preposition, forming the phenomenon of inverted sentences.

For example: "Yueyang Tower": "Guess! Who is Weiss? " "To whom" should be understood as "to whom"

Common prepositional object

In general, prepositional objects, everyone should pay attention to language sense.

Preposition object

In classical Chinese, the object of a verb or preposition is usually placed after the verb or preposition, but under certain conditions, the object will precede it. The conditions are as follows: 1. In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are used as objects, and in sentences similar to prepositional objects, prepositional objects are also prepositions, such as "Pei Gongan is here?" The key of this kind of sentence is interrogative pronouns (such as who, he, Li, Hu, evil, An, Yan, etc. It is worth noting that the object of the preposition "one" is more active, even if it is not an interrogative pronoun, it can be brought in front: "So remember it to observe the wind of people." Second, when pronouns are used as objects, such as "People don't keep their promises" (Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang by Chen Shou), the normal word order should be "People don't keep their promises". Third, use "zhi" or "Shi" with verbs in advance to emphasize that the "zhi" of the object at this time is only the symbol of the preposition object and has no substantive meaning, such as "I don't know the sentence, but I am confused. "Wei's moves ... history (surname) ..." are "mercenary" and "obedient" respectively. Fourthly, in addition to the first case, there is another case, that is, when locative words and time words are used as objects, prepositional prepositional objects are sometimes prepositioned. For example, "Ye Wen sits south" (Historical Records of Xiang Yu) means "Ye Wen sits south"

Preposition objects are very common. There are several situations. First, pronouns are used as objects in negative sentences, prepositional object.

In ancient times, people did not deceive others (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Ji)

The weather is cold, the inkstone is hard, the fingers can't bend and stretch, and they are lazy (lazy) (Song Lian's "Nine Prefaces to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang")

A, the pronoun in the question as the object of the verb or preposition, prepositional object, for example:

What is the king doing here? (Fuck) (Sima Qian's The Hongmen Banquet)

Pei Hongan is here? (In Ann) (ditto)

Why do children rely on it? (Stone Crane) (Peng Duanshu's "Learning")

Wes, who are we going home with? (With whom) (Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower)

Why else would this book be here? (Why) (Sima Qian's The Hongmen Banquet)

One is to put the object in front and use "zhi" or "yes", for example:

If you don't know what to read, you will be confused (if you don't know what to read, you will not be confused) (Han Yu's Shi Shuo)

Profit-seeking (profit)

Preposition structure is an object-object phrase. In classical Chinese, object-object phrases composed of "one" and "Yu" are very common. There are several situations when it is used as an adverbial:

⑴ The preposition "Yu" is often used as a complement in classical Chinese. When translated into modern Chinese, most of them should be moved to the front of verbs as adverbials, except for a few that are still used as complements.

Example 23 Green is taken from blue, and green is blue (Xun Zi's Persuasion)

Analyze the position of the subject-object phrase "Yulan" in this sentence, and the former should be moved to the front of "Qu" as an adverbial; The latter object phrase "Yulan" should be moved to the front of "Qing" as an adverbial, which translates to "Bi Lan Qing".

The preposition "one" is usually used as an adverbial in today's translation.

Example 24 Sue to things (Records of the Historian Xiang Yu Biography)

This paper analyzes the adverbial of "discussing things by things", that is, "discussing things by things" and "discussing things by things"

There is also a preposition "Hu" in the complement position, which can be determined according to the situation when translating.

Exodus 25 Before I was born, his knowledge of Tao was solid before me (on Teacher Han Yu).

An analysis of the preposition "Yu" in Born Before Me: "Before me" should be moved to the front of "life" as an adverbial.

elliptical sentence

Ellipsis is common in classical Chinese. Grasping the ellipsis helps to fully understand the meaning of the sentence. Ellipsis in classical Chinese usually includes:

1. Omit the topic

(1) Inherit the previous provinces, such as: "There are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, (different snakes) black and white."

(2) After the province, such as: "Pei Gong said:" (Gong) I will join the army and enter the public. "

(3) Self-reporting provinces, such as: "(Giving) love is a stream, and (giving) is particularly unique."

(4) The dialogue is as follows: "(Mencius) said,' Who is happier when one is with others?' (The king) said,' If you are not with others' "

2. Omit predicates such as: "One drum, then (drum) will decline, and three (drums) will be exhausted."

3. Omit the object, such as: "You can burn it and leave."

4. Omit prepositional objects, such as: "After public reading, the mink will be rescued and the collector will be saved."

5. Omit the preposition "Yu" such as: "Today, Zhong Qing puts water, although the wind and rain can't be heard" Subject: The subject of a sentence.

Predicate: Generally speaking, verbs act as

Object; Represents the object on which the operation occurred.

For example: I eat.

I am the subject, eating is the predicate and rice is the object.

Attribute: General adjectives act as modifying subjects and objects.

Adverbial: a supplementary component indicating time, place, state, orientation, etc.

Complement: supplementary object (I think so, I can't remember clearly)

I had a big meal in the restaurant last night.

Last night in the restaurant was an adverbial, I was the subject, eating was the predicate, a hearty meal was the attribute and dinner was the object.

The most important thing in classical Chinese sentence patterns is to understand the meaning of the sentence, and then see what is different from what we are saying now, and judge whether it is attribute postposition, prepositional object postposition or prepositional phrase postposition.

For example, "Don't be uncertain"

Literally, it means "Zou Ji doesn't believe in himself", but in modern words, it means "Zou Ji doesn't believe in himself", so it is called prepositional object and belongs to inverted sentence.

"Earthworms have no advantage over their minions."

Literally, it means "Earthworms don't have claws and sharp teeth", but in modern terms, it means "Earthworms don't have claws and sharp teeth", so putting the attribute behind is also inverted.

"This so-called victory over the imperial court"

Literally, it means "defeating other countries in court", but in modern terms, it means "defeating other countries in court". Therefore, in the old saying, prepositional phrases, that is, adverbials, are put behind, so they are called prepositional phrases, adverbials and inverted sentences.

"Teacher, so the preacher is also very confused."

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

"Han Jin Jun Mausoleum"

Literally, it means "Jin Jun is stationed in the Han Mausoleum (place name)", but actually it should be "... in the Han Mausoleum", omitting the preposition "zai", so it is an ellipsis.