Ming dynasty novels. There are different records about its author in Ming Dynasty. Lang Ying's "Seven Manuscripts" said: "The Three Kingdoms and Song Jiang, Hangzhou Robben official editor. Give meaning to the old, there must be books, so it is called compilation. " Sung River is also included in Shi Naian's book "Hundred Rivers Record" by Gao Ru in Qiantang: "Hundred Volumes of Loyalty and Justice". Luo Guanzhong edited Qiantang Shi Naian Ben. "When Li Zhi mentioned the author in" The Water Margin of Loyalty and Righteousness ",he said it was" Stone and Luo Gong ". In addition, Tian Rucheng's Notes on Visiting the West Lake and Wang Qi's Historical Records both record Luo Guanzhong's works. Hu Yinglin's "Shao's Mountain House Pen Collection" is said to be "edited by Wu Linshi" and "passed down from generation to generation in the name of Naian". To sum up, there are three viewpoints in Ming Dynasty: the theory of "Zhi", the theory of Luo Guanzhong and the theory of history, and the theory of Romania's cooperation. Now, most academic circles think that Shi Naian wrote.

It is generally believed that Shi Naian was a native of the late Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty. Wu Mei's Gu Qu Tan records that Shi Naian was a favorite of the playwright at the end of Yuan Dynasty, which is not very reliable. Since the 1920s, some materials have been found in Xinghua, Jiangsu Province, such as epitaph, biography in Shi's genealogy, Shi's genealogy and the Continued Records of Xinghua County. However, there are many contradictions between these materials, which are obviously not credible. Therefore, the academic circles have different opinions on the authenticity of these materials, and most researchers are skeptical and need further study. Shi Naian's portrait "Water Margin" is based on the story of Sung River Uprising in the late Northern Song Dynasty. According to the biography of Hou Meng, "Thirty-six people run amok in the river, and tens of thousands of loyal ministers in JD.COM dare not resist." According to "History of Song Dynasty Hui Zong": "Song Jiang, a thief from Huainan, and others committed the Huai Yang Army, and sent them to beg for arrest, commit crimes, and enter the border between Chu and Haizhou, so that the state can recruit them." Zhang Shuye Biography of the History of the Song Dynasty: "Sung River started in Xinhe and turned to ten counties, so the loyalists dared not take it. When the word came, the uncle sent an envoy to the sea at night, and the thief approached the sea, robbed more than ten giant boats and carried them. So he set up a thousand troops, set an ambush near the city and fought a battle to lure light soldiers from the sea. First, he hid by the sea, waited for the soldiers to meet, and then set fire to his boat. Hearing this, the thief lost his will to fight, so he ambushed him and caught his assistant thief. Jiang Nai surrendered. " In addition, Li's Outline of Ten Dynasties, Chen Jun's Chronology of Song and Nine Dynasties, and Xu's Compilation of Three Dynasties and Northern Alliance also have similar records. There are also records that Song Jiang took part in the battle of Fang La after he surrendered. From these records, we can know that this rebel army, with a small number (but never more than 36 people), has strong combat effectiveness and great influence among the masses, which once posed a certain threat to the Song Dynasty. Sung Jiang and other uprisings took place in the first year of Xuanhe (119) to the third year of Xuanhe (1 12 1), more than three years before and after. The story of 36 people, including Song Jiang, which flourished in the Song Dynasty and spread among the people, was quickly adopted by storytellers as the material for writing stories. The titles of the novels recorded in the Southern Song Dynasty are Green Beast, Flower Monk and Warrior, which should be the stories of Yang Zhi, Lu and Lu. In addition, "Shi Sun Li" is also possible. This is the earliest record of the script of Water Margin. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, there was Gong Kai's "Thirty-six people praised Song Jiangxu": "The story of Song Jiang can be seen in the street." He also said that before Gong Kai, there was an art academy to write to Song Li, and he painted portraits of Song Jiang and others. But Gong Kai's praise didn't tell a story. At present, the earliest work to write the story of Water Margin is the posthumous work of Xuanhe in the Song Dynasty (see the posthumous work of Xuanhe), which was either written by Yuan people or benefited from writing for Song people. Some researchers think it is a basic book for storytellers. The synopsis of the story of the Water Margin recorded in it, from Yang Zhi selling knives to killing people, after outwitting the birth outline, Song Jiang killed Xi, and Xuan Nv granted a sealed book for nine days, until it was stopped by Zhao An's Fang Wax, basically the same as the water margin now. At this time, the water margin story has developed from many scattered and independent single articles into a systematic and coherent whole. Yuan Zaju was popular, and a large number of Water Margin plays appeared. The names of the characters in the Water Margin recorded in Yuan Zaju and the posthumous works of Xuan He in the Great Song Dynasty are almost the same, but the locations of gathering righteousness are different. Zaju is about Liang Shanbo, and the heritage is about Taihang Mountain. There are already "108 leaders" in the zaju, and only posthumous title, 36 generals, is mentioned in Heritage. Among the heritages, Li Kui jy ranked 14, Yan Qing ranked 28th, Li Kui jy ranked 13, and Yan Qing ranked 15 in zaju. All these can be seen that before the publication of Water Margin, there were considerable similarities and differences in the content and details of the Water Margin stories. This may also be related to the spread in different regions. It is these stories that spread in different regions that were collected by Shi Naian, selected, processed and recreated, and this excellent classic "Water Margin" was written.

The ideological content of Water Margin The Water Margin reveals some essential aspects of the occurrence, development and failure of peasant uprising in China feudal society by its excellent artistic description means. The social significance of Water Margin first reveals the darkness and decay of feudal society and the evil of the ruling class, indicating that the root cause of the peasant uprising is "officials forcing the people to rebel". At the beginning of the work, I wrote a Gao Qiu, a black sheep who has been rejected by people. He is favored by Duan Wang for playing football. Later, Duan Wang became emperor (Hui Zong), and Gao Qiu was promoted to commander in chief of the temple army. The emperor is just a wandering dude who knows how to escape. His cronies include Cai Jing, Tong Guan and Yang Jian, forming a supreme ruling group. Cai and senior people take their relatives and followers as their confidants, such as, the prefect of Cai Jiuzhi, the magistrate of Murong, and He Taishou. Below them, there are some corrupt officials and local tyrants. From top to bottom, they are in a mess, hurting loyalty and deceiving goodness. "Water Margin" tells the story of Gao Qiu's persecution of Wang Jin when he exposed the crimes of these corrupt officials and local tyrants, because Wang Jin's father knocked over Gao Qiu with a stick in his early years, and Gao Qiu retaliated against the official on the first day after he became the palace master, and punished Wang Jin endlessly, causing Wang Jin to escape overnight under the service of his mother. The author also wrote that Gao Qiu tried every means to murder Lin Chong in order to let his son occupy his wife. As one of the representatives of the ruling group, Gao Qiu embodies the vicious and insidious characteristics of power, and also embodies the ugly and decadent nature of the feudal ruling class. In addition, "Water Margin" also wrote about the evil deeds of landlords and bullies, such as Zheng Tu occupying Jin Cuilian, Ximen Qing killing Wu Da, Taigong colluding with the government to frame Orion Jie Zhen and Jerbo. In a word, Water Margin describes the oppression of the people by the feudal ruling class from top to bottom. There are upright elites among the oppressed, such as Chai Jin and Yang Zhi. Where there is oppression, there is resistance. It is of typical significance to write "Water Margin" in which Lin Chong is caught up with Liangshan, which shows the truth of "top-down insurrection". The ill-gotten wealth left by Chao Gai and others in Liang Shijie in Water Margin is also typical, which shows the people's resistance and attack on the exploitation of corrupt officials. Relying on this kind of resistance, Classical and others also embarked on the road of rebellion. Bai Sheng sang a folk song in "Taking People with Wisdom": "The sun burns like fire, Noda rice is half burnt, the farmer is like soup, and the son Wang Sun shakes the fan." It also sang the injustice of the oppressed people in past dynasties and reflected the sharp contradiction between classes.

Heroes in the Water Margin took to the road of resistance, each with its own reasons and circumstances, but many people are * * * at this point. For example, Ruan Sanxia rebelled because he could not live. Dissatisfied with the government's exploitation, they actively participated in the action of robbing the "family planning" and took to Liangshan from the upper level. Jie Zhen and Jebel rebelled because they were plundered and persecuted by landlords. Lu is an officer. He hates evil and opposes injustice, which leads to the contradiction with the government. As a result, he was forced to go up the mountain and become an outlaw. Born in a poor city, Song Wu was repeatedly framed to avenge his brother's death, and finally rose up and bravely attacked the ruling class. He woke up from the lesson of blood. Lin Chongyuan was the head coach of the 800,000 imperial army in Tokyo. He is a man of status, family background and official life. He is content and enjoys himself, but after all, he was caught up with Liangshan. This shows that in the case of sharp and complicated class contradictions and extremely dark politics, the ruling class will inevitably split. Some of them fought back because they were rejected by the establishment, and they will also join the torrent of peasant uprisings. Angry Killing Ximen Qing is selected from the engraving Water Margin of Chongzhen Yuan in Ming Dynasty. Wu Yongzhi's "Outline of Birth" is selected from the Ming Dynasty's Chongzhen block-printed "Legend of Heroes". The illustration "Water Margin" reflects the law of the occurrence and development of peasant uprising, which is step by step, step by step, and finally launched in an all-round way. Heroic uprisings grew from small to large, from individual resistance to collective action, from unorganized to organized, from small hills to big hills, and finally gathered into a mighty uprising. Struggle activities of Shandong, Japan and other countries. At first, most of them were forced, or fought against injustice, or out of personal retaliatory resistance. Later, they became an outlaw in Erlong Mountain, and then took part in Liangshan Uprising. At first, it was an organized rebellion, but after Chao Gai and others came to Liangshan, they rebelled against the government on a larger scale. The armed forces of the uprising also developed from small stocks to large stocks, and finally they all gathered on the huge water margin. Shi Naian, the author of Water Margin, fully affirmed and enthusiastically eulogized these heroes, praising their rebellious spirit and just action, as well as their superb martial arts and noble character. Some heroes from the lower classes, such as Li Kui jy, San Ruan, Song Wu, Shi Xiu, etc. The exploitation and oppression of the ruling class have the deepest feelings, so once they rebel, their resistance is also the strongest. The laws and regulations of the ruling class have no constraints on them, like Li Kui jy, even the emperor doesn't care. They went through fire and water for the just cause of the uprising, and the author's praise for these heroes is completely heartfelt love. The work eulogizes such a group of robbers who are regarded by the ruling class as so-called "murder and arson", the rebellion of the imperial court, and some so-called "unforgivable" sinners. It is so incisive, pious and lovely that the author's courage and righteous feelings can be seen. On the contrary, the author describes the figures of the ruling class as ugly, in sharp contrast with Liangshan heroes. Thereby inspiring people's love and hate. Jin Shengtan commented that "Water Margin" "No beauty does not return to the green forest, and no evil does not return to the court." Regardless of Jin Shengtan's subjective motivation, this sentence really illustrates Shi Naian's ideological tendency and the profound social significance of Water Margin.

Countless peasant uprisings have taken place in the history of China, and farmers in China have rich traditions and experiences in armed struggle. The only one that eulogizes the peasant war in the form of literature and vividly reproduces the art in an all-round way is Water Margin. The Water Margin pays more attention to the summary of war experience when describing and praising the armed struggle of the rebel army. The rebels defeated the enemy not only by courage, but also by wisdom. There are many examples in Outlaws of the Marsh, among which Three Beats in Home Village is a prominent example. Mao Zedong once praised "Three Beats in Home Village" as the best case in line with dialectics. In this campaign, the Liangshan Rebel Army was able to pay attention to investigation and study, divide and disintegrate the enemy, and adopt a combat mode from the inside out, and finally won the war. The description of war in Water Margin is comparable to that in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Liu Luan's "Five Stones" in the Qing Dynasty said: Zhang of the peasant uprising army in the late Ming Dynasty "made people say every day that any ambush or attack was effective." Although the political views of the insurgents described in Water Margin are not very clear, we can see that they all have the ideal of "four directions, one family with different surnames", and no matter what their origins, they are called "brothers and sisters, regardless of their seniority". Linked with their action of "killing the rich and helping the poor", it shows that the people oppose the disparity between the rich and the poor in feudal economy and the polarization between the rich and the poor in politics, and oppose class exploitation and political oppression in feudal society. This is a declaration of war against the ruling ideology of the feudal landlord class and reflects the will of the oppressed people. The ideological basis of organizing and uniting the masses in Water Margin is "loyalty". The righteousness mentioned here has injected the thoughts, feelings and moral concepts of the oppressed class to some extent, which is realized by some landlords and intellectuals. Lang Ying, an Amin, once said: "I didn't expect that there was an indecent gift at that time. Ginger must have a sense of injustice." This actually means that the meaning in the Water Margin is not exactly the same as that of the ruling class. In the feudal society of China, the lower classes often gave lectures. In order to protect their own interests and avoid being bullied by violence, they naturally have the desire to unite against aggression. This desire is especially reflected in some vagrants who are forced by life to live in different places. What they care about most is the friendship between friends. Seeing the bumpy road, drawing a sword to help each other, and then "helping the poor" and "killing the rich to help the poor" are all manifestations of "righteousness." Therefore, the meaning written in Water Margin is anti-feudalism and anti-oppression under certain circumstances, which is different from the "righteousness" in Confucian ethics. But "the thought of the ruling class is the dominant thought of every era." Therefore, the "righteousness" in Water Margin can't replace the position and function of the old ethics. The "loyalty" in Water Margin has the content of being loyal to Liangshan, but it also has the idea of being loyal to the monarch. On many occasions, the feudal ethical festival of "loyalty and filial piety" was put in the first place, and "righteousness" was put in a secondary position. This is a manifestation that the loyalty of the rivers and lakes has not broken through feudal morality. Some of Liang Shanbo's most combative and revolutionary figures will eventually accept it with Song Jiang under loyal conditions. The author of "Water Margin" praises Liangshan Rebel Army, but opposes Fang La Uprising, which actually shows that he sympathizes with and praises an incomplete peasant uprising, that is, an uprising that does not overthrow the feudal dynasty and "claim the king". Therefore, the slogan of "doing good for heaven" appeared in Water Margin. "Doing Heaven for Heaven" has its rebellious significance, but it can't break through the concept of the monarch because it obeys the destiny, because in feudal society, it is the ruling class that deceives the people with the destiny, and the so-called "relying on heaven to return to the destiny", emperors have always ruled the people with the destiny. In the Water Margin, "doing justice for heaven" means that these heroes will do justice for heaven when the imperial court has no choice, and the reason why the imperial court is dark is that "I blinded the saints", so their rebellion is only aimed at corrupt officials, not at the emperor, so they finally have to surrender to the emperor's feet, and the banner of "doing justice for heaven" is finally changed to "doing justice for heaven", which is one of the reasons why the heroes of the Water Margin finally ended up in a tragic fate. In the description of Water Margin, we can see that Song Jiang, as the owner of Liangshan Lake, his thoughts and actions are related to the rise and fall of the whole Liangshan cause. Song Jiang was born in a small landlord family. He studied Confucian classics since childhood and cultivated the concept of "loyalty and filial piety". Later, he became an escort in the county. He is "proficient in knife and pencil, proficient in official road" and is very familiar with official business and government affairs in yamen. Although he is a middleman in the imperial court, he likes to make friends with heroes in the rivers and lakes, and he is also merciful to the lower classes. He enjoys the reputation of "timely rain" in the Jianghu. This special experience formed two sides of his thought and character. On the one hand, he wants to be a loyal minister and dutiful son; On the other hand, in his contacts with Jianghu people, he learned more about the sufferings and aspirations of the lower classes and became a figure who helped the poor and sympathized with the working people against the government. In a word, before Song Jiang went to Liangshan, he just sympathized with the people to rebel, or in some cases gave a little limited support in action. In his mind, he didn't want to join the rebellion, and his later going to Liangshan was caused by many reasons. He is a very strategic person, and will never be satisfied with being ranked second for a long time. He had hoped that he could "contribute to the country" and make a career in the future by relying on his own talents. "Win the shadow of a wife" so as to "go down in history" in the future. At that time, it was dark and I was in power, and some talented people could not display their ambitions. At this moment, Song Jiang committed murder again and was sent to Jiangzhou. After being drunk, he wrote an anti-poem. He was arrested by Jiangzhou magistrate and demanded to be executed. Only when Liangshan hero is rescued can he save his life. Song Jiangcai went to Liangshan. Song Jiang is methodical and good at uniting people. Coupled with his reputation in the Jianghu, a large number of heroes followed him up the mountain, which strengthened the strength of the cottage and brought a prosperous atmosphere to the cause of the cottage. Under his leadership and command, Liangshan Rebel Army won many victories in succession, severely cracked down and punished some corrupt officials, which shocked the court. These victories are inseparable from the credit of Song Jiang. However, due to his deep-rooted concept of loyalty and filial piety, this concept has not changed despite its emergence, which laid an opportunity for him to accept the future. After he went to Liangshan, he kept saying that the emperor was "holy and wise", but "I am in power and have exclusive rights." He repeatedly declared: "How dare Xiao Jiang shoulder the heavy responsibility of the imperial court?" "Only corrupt officials have to do it." Therefore, he "has the right to take refuge in Shui Bo" and "waits for the court to woo him". In the confrontation with the loyalist, he has been thinking about how to reserve a position for future recruitment. In this way, the stronger the Liangshan Rebel Army is, the more prosperous Liangshan's career will be, and the more it will be able to accumulate capital for Song Jiang's acceptance. In the end, after two victories in Tong Guan and three defeats in Gao Qiu, and the imperial army was defeated, Liangshan Uprising was destroyed. After Song Jiang surrendered, he was ordered by the imperial court to suppress the Fang La Uprising Army. As Lu Xun said, "The robber who bid farewell to the country-the robber who doesn't' do justice for heaven' has gone." This is the sharpest criticism of the Water Margin, and it also reveals the serious limitations of the author's thought. "Burning Grassland" is selected from the illustrations of Water Margin in Yuan Dynasty during Chongzhen period of Ming Dynasty.

The book Water Margin can be divided into two parts. In the first half, all Lu Yinghao went up the mountain to gather righteousness, fought against the loyalist and was acclaimed. The second half consists of five parts, namely, levying Liao, Ping, Ping Wangqing, Fang La and the ending. Its two parts, Tiger Nakata and Wang Qing, were added later, and the earlier white-gray edition we saw today is square wax after Liao Dynasty. However, some researchers believe that it may also be a supplement to Liao Zheng, because, firstly, Liao Zheng is different from the peaceful Fang La in Zhao 'an, and there is no trace in history. Secondly, peace, the Qing army in Rainbow, in Liangshan, central Liaoning, recruited one hundred single eight people, and none of them died. This view is still controversial. In terms of ideological content, the first half of Water Margin is that people oppose the government, reflecting the hierarchical contradiction, while the second half is that loyal ministers oppose ministers, reflecting the contradiction between loyal ministers within the ruling class. The author writes that Song Jiang's acceptance of peace shows serious ideological limitations, but it also reflects national patriotism. Lu Xun said: "The concept of acceptance was from the end of Song Dynasty to the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, because at that time, social unrest, officers and men suppressed civilians, peaceful people endured, and those who were not peaceful separated and stole ... But when foreign soldiers came in and officers and men could not resist, people wanted to use it better than others, because they hated foreigners. This statement is well founded. The age when the story of the Water Margin spread was the age when ethnic contradictions were sharp. In the second half of the Water Margin, it was written that Song Jiang and others were hugged, which was related to this background. The appearance of Liao Dynasty is the continuation and development of this thought. As for loyal ministers, it is also related to this idea. At the end of the novel, it is written that "the historian has two poems mourning the death of the Tang Dynasty", and Song Jiang and other Liangshan figures, among which, it is said: "There is no need to seek the original, but to talk about loyalty and goodness. "The author of" Water Margin "described Song Jiang as a loyal minister. In the eighty-fifth time, Ouyang, assistant minister of Liao country, recruited Song Jiang, and Wu Yong offered a plan to Song Jiang: to be rich, surrender to Liao country; Be loyal and serve the Song Dynasty. Song Jiang said, "We should serve our country faithfully until death do us part. "The' loyalty to the country' here is actually the national position under a specific historical article. After Song Jiang surrendered, the hero of Water Margin has been pushed out, beaten and framed by ministers, and finally Song Jiang and others were killed by ministers. Such a tragic ending is also of positive significance for exposing the evil of the ruler and warning the author to the welcomed people. In a word, the phenomenon of "officials forcing the people to rebel" in the artistic image of Water Margin profoundly reflects the true colors of history, and the vigorous uprising of Liang Shanbo's heroes has strongly impacted the rule of the feudal landlord class, which is rare in the history of literature. It describes that the Liangshan Rebel Army, despite its loyalty, fighting against foreign enemies and quelling civil strife, still ended in a tragic ending, and also profoundly conveyed a historical lesson.

The artistic features of Water Margin The author of Water Margin tells many fascinating stories and creates many lovely and distinctive heroic images with his superb artistic expression and vivid literary language. The Water Margin inherits and develops the traditional features of China's ancient novels and stories. The story is legendary, with ups and downs. The climax of each story is close to the reader's heartstrings. For example, The Boxing Town of Kansai, The Outline of Taking a Birth by Intelligence, Song Jiang Killing Xi, Song Wu Killing Tiger, Blood Splashing in Yuanyang Building, Jiangzhou Snatching the Court, Sandajia Village, etc. have been well-known for hundreds of years. However, Water Margin does not cater to the public simply for pursuing the strangeness of the story, but closely revolves around the idea of "officials forcing the people to rebel" and integrates the story with the characters. Song Wu, Lin Chong and Lu Junyi all have strong martial arts and are the first-class heroes of Liangshan. All three were framed by the government and enlisted in the army, while Song Wu, Lin Chong and Lu Junyi had different performances. Lin Chong and Lu Junyi were at the mercy of policemen on their way to exile, and sometimes they begged for mercy from policemen. Both of them were cheated, tied to a tree and bowed their heads and died. On the other hand, Song Wu expelled Manjusri for the first time, but two policemen served him along the way. The second banishment of Zhou En, two policemen who sent him were bribed, together with two apprentices of Jiang Menshen, conspired to kill him on the way, and four murderers with knives used cangue to deal with a prisoner, all of which were easily cleaned up by him. He doesn't feel avenged. He rushed back to Mengzhou in one breath and killed Zhang Dujian, Ying and others. Only then did he work out the demon. Neither Lin Chong nor Lu Junyi is bad at martial arts. The reason is that one of them is the richest man in Beijing and the other is the 800,000 imperial coach in Tokyo. They are people with status and status, and they all have their own families. Unfortunately, they were wronged. They just want to serve their sentences and regain their prestige. They are people who know the law but have fantasies. They are angry in public and bear a sigh of relief. However, Song Wu has been wandering for a long time and has developed a strong character, with no scruples and no fear. In addition, he has been bullied, falsely accused, and constantly countered by others, so he is vengeful and ruthless. The performances of Lin Chong, Lu Junyi and Song Wu are completely different, but there are also some differences. Lin Chong's resistance is stronger than Lu Junyi's. Another example is Lu and jy, who are upright and upright, good at fighting against injustice, not afraid of violence and not avoiding danger; However, they all have their own characteristics. Lu is an official who has profound experience, a sense of justice and hates social injustice. Although he is impatient and reckless, he is sometimes careful and witty in the struggle. I punched Kansai, but I didn't expect to kill him with three punches. It immediately occurred to him that he would go to jail for it. He is single, so he pretends to be angry when no one delivers food. "Pointing at Zheng Tu's body, he said,' You faked your death, and you will pay attention slowly.' A scolding, a striding away. "So he ran away. In the vegetable field of Jokhang Temple, a local ruffian tried to plot against him, kneeling on the edge of the cesspit on purpose, which aroused his suspicion. They walked to the front and kicked their heads into the cesspit without waiting for the local ruffians to get up. All these show that he is a man with a little detail. Song Wu is strong-willed, good at defeating people who don't know the truth, and he is not afraid of death. Sometimes he behaves rudely and arrogantly, as if he were deliberately stirring up trouble, such as Happy Forest versus Jiang Menshen; Sometimes it is pretending to confuse and paralyze opponents, such as the cross slope of Sun Erniang. In order to avenge his brother, he thought very carefully, from investigating the situation to killing his sister-in-law to extorting a confession, killing Ximen Qing and surrendering to the county government, step by step according to his arrangement. This shows that he is very calculating. On the other hand, jy in Li Kui is very different from the two sessions of the National People's Congress. He is unswerving, strong, careless and bold, and he is extremely loyal to the cause of Liangshan and has the strongest resistance. He began to fight, shirtless and brave. He is an out-and-out clown, blind and reckless, and a little naive, nosy and often makes trouble. In Jiangzhou, he was cheated into the water by Zhang Shun for taking fish and Zhang Shun, and his eyes turned white. Go to Jizhou to get Gongsun Sheng, steal wine and meat on the way, and be punished by Dai Zong; The axe chopped Luo Zhenren and was punished by reality to suffer in Jizhou prison; Killed Yin Tianxi, put Chai Jin in jail, and almost killed him. The author has a very accurate and meticulous grasp of this character's personality. The description of the personality characteristics of these heroes in Water Margin is true and intact, which further strengthens the touching power of these images. Song Wu's drunken beating of Jiang Menshen comes from the illustration in Rongyutang's engraving "The Legend of Loyalty and Water Margin" in Wanli Period of Ming Dynasty.

Shuihu language is a literary language based on spoken language and created by processing and refining. Its language features are distinct, refined, accurate and vivid. No matter the description language of the author or the language of the characters in the works, many places are vivid and full of life. Writing about landscapes, objects, narratives and expressions is extremely clever and vivid. Shuihu's narrative is good at sketching, concise and lively, without dull narrative and tedious scenery description. Occasionally writing landscape words is extremely wonderful. For example, Song Wu didn't listen to the hotel's advice, went up the mountain drunk and read the notice on the temple gate, only to know that there really was a tiger. He hesitated a little, but he went to the post anyway. Here, the author only used two sentences to contrast the atmosphere and mood at this time: "Looking back on that day, it gradually fell" and Song Wu "stumbled straight to the chaotic forest", which not only wrote the time of tiger activities, but also wrote the environment where tigers haunted. Two sentences tell the whole story in a horrible and sad atmosphere and mood, which makes people feel that a live tiger will suddenly jump out here and now. The narrative of Water Margin should be simple, just right and vivid. Song Wu Da Hu is a good article that has been praised all the time. Very vivid, describing the tiger's ability to win people with a jump, a lift and a chop, and the roar of shaking the mountain. A live real tiger jumped on the paper. After several struggles, the tiger's prestige gradually decreased. Finally, how to be restrained by Song Wu, how to struggle and how to be killed by Song Wu are all vividly written. Through these descriptions, the heroic image of Song Wu has been better highlighted. The description of characters' language in Water Margin has reached a high level. Through the characters' language, not only the characters' personality characteristics are expressed, but sometimes their origins, status and cultural habits are accurately expressed. The so-called "people have their own temperament. ..... everyone has his own voice. " For example, when Li Kui jy first met Song Jiang, he asked Mr. Dai, "Brother, who is this man in black?" Dai Zong accused him of rudeness, but he refused. When Mr. Dai introduced the situation to him, he also said, "It's raining in Shandong!" He says what he thinks in his heart. He's a clown. When he sees people who don't know manners and social intercourse, he is not bound by etiquette. As soon as he went to Liangshan, he boasted: "If he rebelled, he was afraid that somehow, Brother Chao Gai would become the Emperor of the Song Dynasty, and Brother Song Jiang would become the Emperor of the Song Dynasty ... and kill Tokyo and seize the bird seat." Only Li Kui jy can say such words as Emperor Da Song and Emperor Xiao Song, which is a highly personalized language. Others, such as Ruan's frankness, Wu Yong's resourcefulness and Song Jiang's humble servant, all heard it through their conversations. Mr. Lu Xun once pointed out: "There are some places in The Water Margin and A Dream of Red Mansions that enable readers to see people from their words."

The version of Water Margin The version of Water Margin is more complicated, which can be roughly divided into simplified Chinese version and traditional Chinese version. The simplified version has fewer words and fewer details. Many books are detailed, vivid and literary. As far as content is concerned, the simplified edition includes Da Juyi, Zhao An, Zheng Liao, Ping, Ping Wangqing and Fang La until Song Jiang was killed. There is no peace in many books. The story of tian hu Heping Wang Qing. There have been different opinions about the sequence of simplified Chinese version and traditional Chinese version, either simplified Chinese version comes first or traditional Chinese version comes first, and simplified Chinese version is abridged from traditional Chinese version, so far there is no conclusion. The known and existing early versions of Water Margin are Ming editions. Li Kaixian, a scholar between Zheng De and Jiajing, included twenty volumes of Water Margin in Ci Hai. Some researchers believe that "20 volumes" means "20 volumes". Generally speaking, Guo Xun's Outlaws of the Marsh published during Jiajing period is close to the original, but the original version of Guo Xun has disappeared. Some researchers think that there are five existing Jiajing books in Water Margin as the National Book, and thus think that the National Book is 20 volumes. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Gao Ru's "Hundred Rivers, Loyalty and Water Margin" totaled more than 65,438,000 volumes. Today, the earlier and more complete 65,438+000 volumes are Preface to Foreign Ministers in Heaven, and the preface was written by Wan Chou (65,438+0589). Preface to Foreign Ministers in Heaven was published in Guoben, but the number of volumes was different. Guo Ben (20 volumes) 100 times, and Preface to Foreign Ministers in Heaven 100 volumes 100 times. This book accepts courtship and arranges seats immediately after collecting Liao Heping Fang wax, but there is no story of Heping Wang Qing. During the Wanli period, Yang 120 manuscripts appeared again, mainly based on 100 manuscripts, adding the stories of Ping Ping and Wang Qing (the characters are different from the traditional manuscripts, or the simplified manuscripts have been polished). In the late Ming Dynasty, Jin Shengtan (see Jin) deleted the part after ranking and added a nightmare of Lu Junyi as the ending, in which 100 people were all killed. The original one was changed into a wedge for the first time and 70 copies were made. This book has been the most popular since the Qing Dynasty. Today, there are two short editions of Ming Dynasty, namely, the new edition of Biography of Jing Ben Zeng Wang Yishui and the Ming edition of Biography of Zhong Yishui, but both of them are incomplete. Qing version 10 volume 1 15 Huizhong Shuihu is a relatively complete simplified version. After the founding of New China, 70 volumes, 120, 100, 100, photocopied 100, and printed several volumes. I also photocopied the short version of Water Margin.

philology

Fu Xihua, editor. Outlaws of the Marsh (the first episode), Shanghai Classical Literature Publishing House, Shanghai, 1957.

Historical Materials of China's Novels, edited by Kong Youjing, Shanghai Classical Literature Publishing House, Shanghai, 1957.