1On the afternoon of March 5, 936, Hirota Hiroshi met with the Emperor and accepted the appointment of a cabinet. Hirota Hiroshi's cabinet formation did not go smoothly. The expanding army of fascist right-wing forces, on the condition of recommending Hisaichi Terauchi, who advocated being tough on China, as Lv Xiang's cabinet, put forward four requirements: strengthening national defense, clarifying the state system, stabilizing people's livelihood and innovating diplomacy. Ji Tianmao and other "liberals" joined the cabinet, but they were strongly resisted by the military forces. Hirota Akihiro finally had to give in to the military pressure and excluded Ji Tianmao and other four people from the cabinet. By March 9, all cabinet candidates had been finalized.
After Hirota's cabinet, no prime minister, minister or cabinet member died in a terrorist incident. However, he is not without tragedy. After the war, Hirota was the only civilian sentenced to death as a Class A war criminal. Kawasaki Zhuoji, Minister of Commerce of Hirota Cabinet, died just over a month after joining the Cabinet. 1945 In April, when Gotaro Nana Ogawa, the business successor, resigned as an adviser to the Myanmar government and returned to China, the Apomaru was sunk by an American submarine and was buried in the belly of a fish. At the end of the second year, Kuiyi of Zangxiang Racecourse passed away. Lu Xiangshou was the commander-in-chief of the Southern Army when he was defeated and surrendered, and died in Saigon, Vietnam during his detention. Marine Osami Nagano was tried as a Class A war criminal and died during the trial. Hidjiro Nagata, the pioneer of Nagata, went to the Philippines to serve as the military and political adviser of the army, and died in September 1943.
There are many bureaucrats in Guangtian cabinet, and most of them are from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, accounting for more than half of the cabinet members. There are also five people who have served as second officials. They are Keinosuke, Minister of Commerce and Industry, Takuji Kawasaki, Saburo, Director of Legal Affairs, Saburo Bai, and Saburo Lai. Hidjiro Nagata, a pioneer, and Tomohira Fujinuma, a registrar, served as police chiefs, and resigned due to Humen incident and rice riots respectively. Zangxiang Racecourse and Shannon Teru Shimada Xiong Jun both served as legal officers. This personnel composition reflects that although the administrative principles and policy-making of Guangtian Cabinet are mandatory by the military, the cooperation from bureaucrats is indispensable in the process of policy-making. In this sense, the personnel composition of Guangtian Cabinet can be said to be a cooperative system between the military and bureaucrats. Ji Tianmao, a former registrar in Okada Cabinet, became the director of the Cabinet Investigation Bureau, which brought together outstanding talents from various ministries and agencies. Therefore, we can't push the policy responsibility of Guangtian Cabinet to the military. These policies are also his own inner thoughts. After the "February 26th Incident" was suppressed, there was no change in the movements of young officers compared with those before the incident, and more angry young officers could be seen discussing together everywhere. Being busy with military lessons is to calm your impulsive emotions and not let yourself change. At that time, the military class clearly told these young officers that no matter what the reason or occasion, they were not allowed to take direct military action, and the military department could not interfere in politics except the Minister of the Army. At the same time, he also said that the Secretary of the Army will try to eliminate all kinds of bad events in the cabinet that triggered the uprising of young officers. In order to convince young officers, the military central department must show them practical evidence compared with theory, so they must actively speak and intervene in cabinet personnel, government policies and budgets, and achieve practical results. In order to achieve this goal, the military department requires the implementation of the system of "serving as the military attache of the army and navy".
/kloc-in may, 2008, according to the royal decree, the Ministry of war and the Ministry of navy revised the official system, deleting the word "reserve" from the remarks column of the list of official systems of Lu Haijun ministers, and restoring the system that ministers and second-class officials in Lu Haijun must be military attaché s in active service. The latitude and longitude of this matter is 17. In April, Lv Xiang put forward the draft Regulation on the Full-time System of the Minister of the Army and Navy in Active Service, which was adopted at the Cabinet Meeting on April 24th. After deliberation by the Privy Council, the "full-time system for active generals (generals and lieutenant generals) as Lu Haijun's minister" was promulgated. There are two reasons why the army advocates modifying the official system. First, we should thoroughly rectify the army and eliminate internal factional confrontation. Reserve officers and reserve officers are prone to interest disputes with party politics and secular classes, and it is difficult to stand on a fair and equitable position. Besides, it is very difficult to purge the imperial sects from the army. If they are still allowed to serve as ministers for retired generals, they may have a resurgence. If we don't nip the resurrected imperial sects in the bud, it's hard to expect the army to be completely reorganized. It can't be said that this kind of worry of the inner control faction in the temple is unfounded. In fact, Fumimaro Konoe, who is close to the militants and keeps close contact with them, appointed the wild guards at Tawei Station in Sadao Araki Night of barren hills Tawei station Wild Bodyguard Red Dead Redemption Wild Pursuit Solitary in wilderness Wilderness survival Into The Wild Hunting in wilderness Steppenwolf Brilliant green Royal Prime Minister's Palace Emperor Waltz Hwang Bo Hye Jung The name of Huang Fu Splendid palace Pearls on the Crown Royal Albert Hall Royal Ontario Museum to redeem the wild and chase the murderer, and lived in the wilderness and hunted wild wolves in the wilderness. The emperor of the Royal Prime Minister's Office waltz Hwang Bo Hye Jung's uncle's famous Splendid Palace Pearl crowned the Royal Albert Hall Royal Ontario Museum as his first appearance, and the last letter of the "Fleet School" connected with Taoism was the inner phase; Yanagawa Hiroyuki was appointed as law when he formed a cabinet for the second time. It is true that attacking the Emperor Sect is the real idea of the control faction in the temple and the army, but there is a more important purpose hidden by them, that is, the army wants to realize the comprehensive intervention of the secretary of the army in politics through this system, and at the same time, take this system as a bag and manipulate the cabinet at will. The personnel rights of military attaché s in active service are held by the army and the navy respectively, and even the prime minister cannot directly select candidates from outside the two provinces as ministers. Lu Haijun's provinces can ask Lu Haijun, the current minister, to resign and refuse to appoint a successor. In this way, the military department has mastered the power of life and death of the cabinet. In addition, in the 13th year of Taisho, the Army formulated the internal regulations of "unanimous recommendation by three officials". According to the Regulations on Business Responsibility of the Education Director Department of the Army Provincial General Staff Headquarters and the convention formed by the meeting of the three heads of state, when recommending the next Lu Xiang, in addition to the consultation of the three heads of state, we must also listen to the suggestions of the second mate and the personnel director, and must take care of the hopes and requirements of the military elders (royal family, marshal, military veteran, etc.). ), principal officials and assistants.
It is said that when restoring the system of serving as a military attache as a minister, Hirota wanted to recommend the candidate the Prime Minister wanted through the "unanimous recommendation of the three officials", but the temple monopolized this power. Shortly after the war, when Higashikuni-no-miya Naruhiko joined the cabinet, the army recommended the director of education, Tufei Kenji, as the secretary of the army, but the Prime Minister used the commander of the North Branch Army and settled in the village. When Hirota's successor, Kazushige Ugaki, formed a cabinet, three officers blocked the formation of Yuyuan's cabinet on the grounds that there was no suitable candidate for recommendation. In Mina Gwangju's cabinet, Lu Xiangying, Liu Jun and Minei opposed and resigned, while the Ministry of the Army refused to appoint a successor for the same reason, forcing the cabinet to resign. The above two examples show that it is not an exaggeration to say that the trading agreement between Hirota and the army is a dead letter. Hirota, who was robbed of his land, was in trouble for the rest of his life and lost the spirit of being prime minister.
It is said that the system of military attache as minister of army and navy has been "restored" because there have been precedents before. During the second Yamagata Aritomo Cabinet period (1900), the government revised the official system of Lu Haijun Province, trying to realize the system of serving generals or lieutenant generals as military ministers. The purpose of this official system revision is to prevent people who belong to political parties or associations from serving as ministers in Lu Haijun. There is a saying that the last cabinet (the Cabinet of the Constitutional Party) wanted to select Lu Haijun's minister from political parties at the beginning of its formation, and it was planned that Toyama Man would be the Minister of Land and Resources, and Hiraoka Kotaro would be the Minister of Ocean (both of them were high-level members of Yang Xuan society), so Yamagata Aritomo had a sense of crisis. Reminiscent of Sakahara's help to Xixiang during the Xixiang Rebellion, Hiraoka Toushan's activities in Fukuoka at that time and his contacts with Sakahara in seclusion, and most of the cabinet members were political parties except Lu (and) who stayed in office when forming the cabinet, it is credible for Wei Cabinet to remember that Hiraoka Toushan was used as land respectively. Unlike the army, the successor recommendation in the navy belongs to the exclusive right of ocean affairs. However, since 1932, Gongwang Gongbo was appointed as the Minister of Military Orders, he had to obtain his consent on the issue of candidate selection. In addition, in order to suppress the domestic democratic movement and strengthen the ideological control of the people, the Guangtian Cabinet has also formulated and implemented laws and regulations serving the fascist dictatorship, such as the Law on Prohibiting Unstable Documents, the Law on Secret Protection of General Mobilization, and the Law on Protection and Observation of Ideological Offenders.
1On August 7th, 936, Hirota Hiroshi presided over the "Five-phase Meeting" and formulated the Outline of the National Policy of the Republic of China. The goal of this program is to "seek the consolidation of the country at home and the development of the national movement abroad", and the specific policy to achieve this goal is to "cooperate with diplomacy and national defense to ensure the status of the empire in East Asia and expand to the South China Sea at the same time". In fact, this "national policy benchmark" advocates "going south" instead of "going north" in an attempt to give consideration to both in order to eliminate the long-standing dispute between the army and navy. Under this guidance, the Japanese government began to actively carry out military expansion and preparation activities.
The Army has specially formulated a five-year plan to expand the army, preparing to enrich the equipment and technology of the Air Force and increase the strength of the Kwantung Army, while the Navy has formulated a huge shipbuilding plan to strengthen the naval combat capability. Hirota Hiroshi put forward the slogan of "national defense in a broad sense", and incorporated all aspects such as expanding the arms industry, developing militaristic education and even developing foreign trade into the "national defense" system-the actual war system to prepare for war.
In addition to preparing for the war, Hirota's cabinet has also carried out tremendous reforms to the central institutions. 2 1 In September, 65438, land official Kuichi Temple and marine official Osami Nagano put forward a reform plan of "innovating ordinary government" to Hirota Hong Wen, suggesting that "an organ responsible for investigating important state affairs should be set up, the budget should be controlled and adjusted, and the intelligence committee under the management of the Prime Minister of the Cabinet should be reorganized and strengthened, and incorporated into this organ. The chief executive of the agency can be listed as the cabinet "; "To set up a body responsible for controlling and innovating personnel and administrative affairs, which will be managed by the Prime Minister of the Cabinet"; "Consolidate diplomacy and expand provinces to strengthen and control foreign policy"; And turn the parliament into an auxiliary organ completely, weaken the ability of party politics, and so on. Its essence is to reform the central administrative organization, deny party politics, strengthen the unconstrained power of the prime minister and lay the foundation for dictatorship. At the same time, adjust domestic institutions and strengthen the construction of authoritarian mechanisms. Hirota's cabinet also did not forget to seek "international support" for Japan's foreign aggression and expansion. To this end, Hirota Hiroshi tried to advocate strengthening relations with fascist Germany. 1October 25th, 1936, 165438+ Japan officially signed the International Agreement on Anti-Production with Germany under the guise of "anti-Soviet and anti-* * *", which is an important step for Japan to move towards the evil axis of the international fascist alliance. This is also the only foreign policy formulated by the cabinet during the Hirota cabinet period.
The background of signing the anti-* * agreement between Japan and Germany is that Japan is threatened by the North (Soviet Union) and isolated internationally. Germany is also isolated in western Europe. Major General Oshima, the Japanese military attache in Germany, noticed this situation. 1935, he proposed to ribbentrop, the foreign minister of Nazi regime, the intention of signing a bilateral agreement between Japan and Germany, and the two countries began secret negotiations. Hirota recalled Ueda, who was transferred from the ambassador to Belgium to the ambassador to China, as the foreign minister precisely because Ueda and Oshima had the same idea. After Arita became foreign minister, he ordered Oshima to test Nazi ideas through the ambassador to Germany, Mushakoji. After receiving the reply that Ribbentrov really hoped to realize the cooperation between Japan and Germany, he asked the German side to submit the draft. In July, the German side put forward the Draft Agreement on Defense between Japan and Germany and its subsidiary protocols, the contents of which were agreed by Oshima and Ribbentrov the year before last. After studying the draft, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs convened a joint meeting of military chiefs under the Temple in the residence of the Minister of Foreign Affairs on July 24 to discuss and reach an agreement on the case of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. However, during the discussion, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs held that it was necessary to hold consultations with Britain on the issue of preventing * * * *, which was strongly opposed by the army. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs also strongly pointed out that it is impossible to cooperate with Germany alone without consulting Britain. The army finally gave in. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Army agreed that they should do their utmost to attach importance to it and not over-stimulate the Soviet Union, which did not upset Britain.
The draft agreement has been sent to the Privy Council for consideration. Hirota explained this matter at the first review committee, saying that Soviet military forces exerted pressure on Japan in East Asia, disrupted its work through international production, directly threatened Japan's national defense, and hindered Japan's implementation of the "East Asian stability policy." The main purpose of concluding the agreement is to cooperate with Germany to defend and contain the Soviet Union. At the same time, invite third countries to form a defensive posture as much as possible to prevent the red from expanding. However, the agreement will try its best to avoid the deterioration of developing Japan-Soviet relations, and will continue to delimit the Japan-Manchuria-Soviet border, handle border disputes and continue to improve Japan-Soviet relations. In his explanation, Foreign Minister Arida mentioned the threat posed by the Soviet Union in Europe, pointing out that the Soviet Union is firmly strengthening its international status in Europe by signing non-aggression treaties with neighboring countries one by one, joining the League of Nations and signing mutual assistance treaties with France and Czechoslovakia. Both Hirota and Arita emphasized that Japan and Germany share the same interests in thwarting the Soviet Union's intention to expand aggression in East Asia and Europe and preventing international producers from promoting the Red Revolution in these two regions. On the surface, this agreement was made by Japan and Germany against the * * * producing countries, but the real intention was based on the attack or threat of attack by the Soviet Union.
The international reaction caused by the Japan-Germany defense agreement, in turn, formed a bigger wave to impact Japan. Japan concluded an agreement with the Nazi regime, which caused a gap with the eastern and western countries. Around July, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs informed Ji Tianmao's ambassador to Britain (Yoshida opposed the conclusion of an agreement with Nazi Germany from the beginning) to prepare for the adjustment of relations between the two countries on various issues. However, the Keelung incident occurred on July 7th and 8th of/kloc-0 (several sailors of the British Oriental Fleet and local drivers in Keelung, Taiwan Province reported to the police for price disputes), and the defense agreement between Japan and Germany was announced in 165438 10, and the plan to improve relations between Japan and Britain was postponed indefinitely. Relations with the Soviet Union were also affected by this. The Japan-Soviet Fisheries Agreement, which was deliberated and adopted by the Privy Council and initialled at165438+1kloc-0/0, fell through because the Soviet Union informed Japan on 20th that it refused to sign it. Although the Japan-Germany agreement expresses that countries interested in preventing * * * are very welcome to join the agreement, only Italy expresses * * *. The Nanjing National Government issued a statement to refute that the work of preventing * * * is an internal issue and does not think it necessary to turn to a third country for help. European and American countries also look on coldly, fearing that the establishment of an anti-* * network will lead to the division of the world.
Joseph C. Grew, the American ambassador to Japan, expressed concern that the agreement was not only bad for Japan's relations with the Soviet Union, but also bad for improving relations with democratic countries such as Britain and the United States. Veteran Siangji also severely criticized the signing of the agreement for being used by Germany, pointing out that it is not necessary for Japan to sign an agreement with countries other than Britain, the United States and China, and Hirota and Arita are unaware of the reactions of various countries. This decision is entirely to cater to the military, and Hirota is a capitulator. Kazushige Ugaki also sharply criticized that even as an anti-* * *, he should call on Britain, the United States and France to form a big encirclement network against * * * *, and did not echo the principled position of fascist Germany, saying that he wanted to make a clean break with Hirota. Wakatsuki Reijiro, a senior official, said that the existence of Hirota's cabinet was not good for the country, and the cabinet could not stop the military's arrogance and war ideas.
Carrying out the policy of aggression against China is the focus of previous Japanese cabinets, and Hirota Cabinet is no exception. On August 1936, 1 1, Hirota's Cabinet passed the Outline of the Japanese Government's Second Handling of North China Issue, which stipulated that the purpose of Japan's China policy was to ensure the administrative independence of North China, establish anti-pro-Japanese areas and obtain necessary military supplies, and also put forward specific implementation steps.