This is an important turning point in the development of China's commercial economy. Due to the development of production, the urban population has increased sharply, and the whip method has been implemented economically, which has converted land tax, silver difference, power difference, various local taxes and corvees into silver, forcing producers to sell some agricultural products to obtain currency tax payment, greatly promoting the commercialization of agricultural production, and gradually transforming the self-sufficient economy of agriculture into a commodity economy. The accelerated development of commodity economy has brought about the change of ideas. During the Jiajing period, he reformed the economic system and put forward negative opinions on the traditional policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce. He said: "If business is not allowed to benefit agriculture, agriculture will be sick; Farmers can't do business only by capital, so their business is sick. Therefore, the situation of businessmen and farmers is often weighed. " He clearly put forward the idea that "the development of the province will benefit farmers with thick farmers, and the city will be closed lightly with thick businesses", and put business development on the same footing as agriculture. Huang Zongxi, a famous thinker, further put forward the slogan "Industry and commerce are the foundation". He said: "Confucian scholars don't observe the world, take industry and commerce as the end and discuss at will." Those who strive to consolidate the Lord's wishes and merchants make them willing to debut will be covered. " Under the influence of this era condition and progressive thought, the development of business is self-evident. & gt& gt Huizhou merchants came into being under such times. & gt& gt Huizhou merchants rose during Chenghua and Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty, and after more than 300 years of glory, they became the miracle of China business circles. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, the social economy developed greatly, and many important trading towns appeared in the southeast. In addition to selling local products such as bamboo, wood, porcelain clay, raw lacquer and tea, Huizhou merchants also promoted the development of trade with products such as inkstone, Hui ink, Tang paper and Wang Boli pen. At that time, the output of salt was not high and it became the most scarce commodity. There are more and more people engaged in salt industry in Huizhou merchants, until the Shanxi-Shaanxi merchant group, which has been focusing on salt industry, was defeated. At that time, Huizhou salt merchants in Yangzhou were either market merchants (buying salt from kitchen households) or transporters, each with its own way of making money. Wang Fuguang, a native of Xiuning, sells salt between Jianghuai and owns thousands of ships. At this time, Huguang is the best-selling port of Huai salt, and the salt sold accounts for more than half of Huai salt. & gt& gt Huizhou merchants completed the primitive accumulation of capital through salt merchants, and their activities ranged from Huainan in the east, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guanlong in the west, Youyan and Liaodong in the north and Fujian and Guangdong in the south. Huizhou merchants have traveled as far as Japan, Siam, Southeast Asian countries, Portugal and other places, ranking first among all merchant groups in China in terms of the number of employees, business scale and capital scale. The>& gt pawnshop has existed since ancient times. Compared with other industries, the risk is small and the profit is stable. Therefore, Huizhou merchants entered the pawnbroking industry in a big way after the salt industry. According to historical records, there are 500 pawn shops in Jinling, most of which are owned by Huizhou merchants. Later, they set the code name as a line in a rural town, and since then, the proverb "no code name, no emblem" has spread in society. Even the shopkeepers of pawn shops are called "Chao Feng", which also comes from the saying of Huizhou merchants. Huizhou dialect has become a common jargon of pawn shops, and the relevant contents reflected in novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties such as Ancient and Modern Novels and Surprised Anger are mostly drawn from Huizhou merchants. & gt& gt With the further commercialization of cotton cloth in the south of the Yangtze River, Huizhou cloth merchants soon spread all over the towns and cities producing cotton cloth in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the fabric woven by Madame Ting in Qianmentang, Jiading County was very good. A Huizhou merchant rented a house in the hutong where she lived, bought this kind of cloth and sold it all over the country. So towns like Waigang and Qianmentang imitated Madame Ting's weaving method one after another, and the woven cloth was called Qianmentang cloth, which became a best seller in the hands of Huizhou merchants. & gt& gt rice merchants are also an important branch of Huizhou merchants. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, known as the "Land of Fish and Rice", could not meet their own needs in food because of the increase of urban population. So the Hui people quickly expanded their business and became the main commercial group engaged in grain trade between Wu Chu. & gt& gt Huizhou mountain area is rich in famous teas, especially Luosong tea produced in Xiuning and Shexian. Therefore, tea trade has gradually become one of the main industries operated by Huizhou merchants. In Hankou, Jiujiang, Suzhou, Shanghai and other cities in the Yangtze River valley, there are activities of Huizhou tea merchants almost everywhere. In the heyday of the development of Huizhou merchants, the rise and fall of towns in the south of the Yangtze River depended entirely on the management of Huizhou merchants. According to Wanli's "Jiading County Records", Luodian Town, Jiading County, "Huizhou merchants gather and trade is prosperous, counting south." & gt& gt China has attached importance to court education since ancient times. There were many little emperors in the Ming Dynasty, especially the education of little emperors. Zhang Yizhi's reputation as a teacher and a minister of life is eager to become a generation of saints, educate teenagers, and personally write "Learn from the Emperor" for the little emperor; He is more concerned about Zongshen's daily life and behavior, and teaches him through persuasion. With such close feelings between teachers and students and ten years of friendly cooperation, who would have thought that Zhang's bones were not cold, suddenly changed his mind, and he was almost dug out and whipped, and ten years of hard work was destroyed! Why did it end in such a chilling ending? & gt& gt Excellent culture >> Feel the wisdom of the Millennium >> Most outstanding reformers in the past dynasties had no good end, died unexpectedly and were lucky, but people gave him different comments. Although Zhang, a famous minister of Zhongxing in the Ming Dynasty, was not killed, after his death, those who had admired him and listened to his words threatened to "cut the coffin for an autopsy". His family members suffered on his behalf, and suffered a catastrophe in which their property was seized and exiled, which made contemporary and later historians deeply moved and lost in thought. Why was Zhang liquidated by Emperor Wanli? & gt& gt The crux of Zhang's image problem probably lies in Zhang's "authoritarianism shakes the Lord, and disasters sprout". & gt& gt Lu> Chronological history books compiled by officials in Ming Dynasty recorded the historical facts from Ming Taizu to Emperor Xizong in the 15th generation, and were the basic historical materials for studying the history of Ming Dynasty. It contains 596 volumes of Ming Shenzong Records. "Record" pointed out that during the ten years of Zhang's monopolization, "the country was cleared, four clothes were salty, Taicang millet could last for several years, and the temple accumulated more than 400 yuan. Cheng Junde, suppression of close relatives, strict examination, comprehensive reputation, clear postal biography, nuclear land, economic talent "; On the other hand, he also pointed out his own faults, which did not cover up his achievements, but were enough to make him fall into an unavoidable dilemma: "When he is extremely jealous, he is easy to make profits for trivial matters, clamp down on officials and rely on trust, and his roots are broken." Authoritarianism shakes the Lord, and disasters sprout and multiply. No wonder he died a few days ago, and the humiliation followed. This passage points out that the reason for Zhang's disaster lies in the following eight words: "Authoritarianism shakes the Lord, and disasters sprout and multiply." & gt& gt Zhang gives the impression that he is arbitrary, which is an important reason for his future troubles. At that time, his choice was largely forced by the situation: the reform of official administration touched on political chronic diseases, and it was difficult to be effective without considerable strength. Whether passing the exam or clearing the field, it is all kinds of obstacles to promote the effective whipping method in Jiangnan to the whole country, and the voice of opposition is getting higher and higher. If there is no resolute style, I'm afraid I can't accomplish anything. Zhang is too strict and too eager to fuck, which will inevitably lead to many criticisms. However, the New Deal achieved remarkable results, and it was difficult for officials to grasp the handle, so they began to attack Zhang's personal conduct and alienate his relationship with the emperor. For example, Yu Maoxue, Henan Road imperial envoys Fu Yingzhen and Liu Tai visited Liaodong imperial envoys in succession. Without the full support of the emperor and empress dowager, as well as the support of eunuchs, Zhang may find it difficult to implement his reform measures. & gt& gt Catch love >