in the middle of the inner city 1895 became a French colony. 1May, 958, became an "autonomous republic" within "France * * * isomorphism". 1April, 959, and Senegal formed the Federation of Mali. 1960 On September 22nd, Modibo Keta was elected as the first president. 10, Moussa Traoré came to power through a coup. 1991March social unrest broke out, and Amadou Toumani Toure staged a coup and established a military transitional regime. 1992 65438+ 10, the new constitution was adopted by referendum. In April, a national election was held, and arfa omar Konare was elected as the candidate of the African Unity and Justice Party (hereinafter referred to as the Justice Party). In June, he was sworn in and the Third Republic was established. 1in may 1997, konare was re-elected as president. In May 2002, Toure, the leader of the former military regime, was elected president as an independent candidate. Version 2 Mali was originally a small country in Kangaba (now south of Bamako) on the upper reaches of Niger River in southern Ghana. Its residents are mainly Marince people who believe in Islam (a branch of Hemandingo). 1 1 century ago, it belonged to Ghana. After the decline of Ghana, Sosos was once strong, and Mali was conquered by Sosos. /kloc-In the 3rd century, Mali became powerful. 1235, with the support of the people, the prince of Mali, Soundiata, defeated the Suosuo people, and then conquered Ghana, making its capital Gnagni (near Kangaba), which is the Kingdom of Mali. Soundiata pays attention to developing production, cutting down forests, expanding cultivated land, planting grain and cotton, and agriculture, handicrafts and commerce have all developed. Mali is self-sufficient in grain, cotton products are sold abroad, and gold is shipped to North Africa in large quantities. With the development of production and economic prosperity, Mali is becoming stronger and stronger. During the reign of Mansa Musa (1307- 1332 or 13 12- 1337), Mali reached its peak. The territory starts from the Atlantic Ocean in the west, reaches Gao in the east, goes deep into the Sahara in the north, occupies the famous Taudeni salt-producing area, and reaches the edge of equatorial tropical forest in the south, occupying the gold-producing area that Ghana has never occupied. Mali has frequent trade with North African countries, importing high-grade textiles, clothing and horses from the north; Export salt, gold and slaves. Mali controls the gold and salt trade in Sudan, Morocco and southern Algeria. According to ibn battuta, a traveler who arrived in Mali in the middle of14th century, Mali has regular caravans to Cairo every year, and the number of camels in the caravan is as high as 12000. Arab caravans from Egypt and the Maghreb also came to Mali. With the development of large-scale trade, some prosperous cities appeared in the Mali Empire, such as Timbuktu, Varata, Dion and Gao. In Timbuktu, there is a special foreign residence with a large area, occupying a whole block. Mali empire, economic prosperity, national prosperity. From 1324 to 1326, Mansa Musa led a huge team to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. There are 500 slaves in front of the team holding gold to clear the way, and there are 80 camels behind the team, full of gold, which is huge. Mansa Musa gave alms along the way, being generous and spending money like water. When passing through Cairo, the gold he gave to Egyptian officials actually caused the price of gold in Cairo to plummet, which shows that the gold he gave was huge. Since then, Mali's reputation for prosperity has spread widely in Europe. Mansa Musa cares about and encourages cultural and educational undertakings. He invited many Muslim scholars from abroad, Mali.
The construction of palaces and mosques and the establishment of schools have promoted the further development of Mali's economy and culture. Sankoh Mosque in Timbuktu is a famous academic center. There are thousands of students in Sankoh University, many of whom are white European students. Scholars from Egypt and Morocco were invited to give lectures. The library has a large collection of books, documents and materials. The monarch of Mali respects scholars and gives high courtesy to judges, doctors, poets, professors and architects. The influence of Soehili, a famous poet and architect in Granada, on Mali is obvious. His architectural design has completely renewed Mali's architectural art and initiated a new period of Maghreb style. The king of Mali is not only rich, but also enjoys great authority. He has an army of 65,438+10,000 people, including 65,438+10,000 cavalry, and a water army on the Niger River. The monarch of Mali is committed to centralized rule. He personally sent administrative personnel to the local area, while traditional tribal leaders were in charge of rural areas. All local governors must be loyal to him and pay tribute to him. Therefore, the monarch of Mali has the title of "Mansa" (meaning "King of Kings"). Mali has a large number of slaves. In the conquest war, many prisoners of war became slaves, and the slave trade was also very popular. Both the royal family and big noble owned many slaves, such as gold mines, hard labor and domestic service. Slave labor is widely used, and slaves are also used in exile. Conquered tribes often collectively become "slave tribes". Slave tribes must pay tribute to the king and accept the supervision of officials sent by the king. Its actual status is similar to that of dependent serfs. This shows that there has always been a feudal exploitation relationship in Mali. The Mali Empire was mainly the result of military conquest. There are many tribes, groups, races and classes that have nothing to do with each other or have conflicts of interest. Social relations are complex and there are many contradictions. After 14, the ruling class in Mali began a long-term scuffle for the throne. The oppressed tribal people took the opportunity to stand on their own feet, foreign invasions occurred frequently, and the national situation declined day by day. 1546, Song Hai, who had surrendered to Mali, captured the capital of Mali, and Mali was forced to become a small country in a peaceful corner and barely maintained its rule. /kloc-In the middle of the 7th century, it was finally conquered by Bambara. The Mali Empire in its heyday finally perished. Version 3 Early History As early as the Stone Age, there were primitive inhabitants in Mali. In the Iron Age, tribes rose and gradually established a centralized country. There are mainly Ghana Kingdom in the west of Mali and Mali Empire in the upper reaches of Niger River. Mali, formerly known as Sudan, was once the center of Ghana, Mali and the Sanghai Empire in history. 159 1 year, Moroccan troops invaded across the Sahara desert, wiped out the Sanghai Empire and established rule in the Niger River basin. In the struggle against the Moroccan Governor's rule, the people of Bambara rose up and became the masters of central Mali. From 65438 to 0852, Haji Omar, the leader of the Tidjani Sect of Islam and the caliph of the West Sultan, gradually conquered senegal river and the upper reaches of the Niger River and established a powerful Tukelo empire. Colonial invasion 65438+ French colonists began to invade in the 1950s. In the 1980s, Haji Omar and Ahmedou Segou led the people of Mali in the anti-French war and attacked the French colonial army that invaded the inland along senegal river. In the 1990s, the French colonial army successively captured Bamako (1883), Segou (1890), Jenin (1893), Timbuktu and other places. At the beginning of the 20th century, the whole territory of Mali was occupied by the French army, but the anti-French struggle in the north continued until 19 16. During the colonial rule, Mali was called Sudan, which was once a part of French Upper Senegal-Niger territory and French West Africa Federation. In 1930s, in order to make Mali a supplier of raw materials, France set up Niger Bureau to promote cotton and peanut cultivation. After World War II, the national liberation movement in French West Africa rose. 1946 10 10 In October, African members of the French National Assembly met in Bamako and decided to establish an African Democratic Alliance to fight for political, economic and social rights within the French Federation. Its branch, the Sudan Union Party, became the leading force of the Malian people in their struggle for independence and liberation. From 65438 to 0947, Modibo Keta was appointed General Secretary of the Party. 195 1 representatives of trade unions in French African territories met in Bamako and decided to fight for democratic labor legislation. From 65438 to 0957, the African Democratic Union held its third congress in Bamako, demanding independence. 1958 In September, Mali became an autonomous republic within French territory. 1959 in April, Sudan and Senegal formed the Federation of Mali, and L.S. senghor was elected president of the Federation and M. Keita became prime minister of the Federation. 1June, 960, Mali became independent in France. Due to the differences between the two countries on social reform, economic ties and other issues, the Federation broke down in August 1960. On September 22nd, the special congress of the Sudan Alliance Party officially declared Sudan's independence and named it the Republic of Mali. Keita became the head of state. During his administration after independence, Mariqueta pursued a policy of active neutrality and non-alignment, maintained African unity, opposed imperialism and colonialism, and withdrew from the West African Monetary Union. 1960 65438+February, formed the African Union with Guinea and Ghana. Join casablanca group. In terms of economic policy, it announced the implementation of socialism, nationalized foreign capital, developed the state-owned economy, monopolized foreign trade, and promoted the industrialization plan and the agricultural cooperative movement. Due to long-term colonial rule and plunder, Mali's economic foundation is very weak. Hasty development plans and radical social changes have led to serious economic and financial difficulties, especially the lack of food supply, which has caused mass dissatisfaction and political turmoil. 1968165438+1October19 A group of young officers staged a coup to overthrow the government of Keita and set up the National Military Liberation Committee, with M Traore as the head of state. During the military government, the CMC announced the abolition of the Constitution and stopped the activities of political parties. At the same time, economically, it emphasizes the development of a planned and independent national economy, allows state-owned, private and public-private partnerships to coexist, relaxes restrictions on foreign investment and private capital, and puts forward slogans such as national reconciliation and economic revival. 1In June 1974, the one-party system and the new constitution proposed by the Military Commission were adopted by referendum. 1979 In March, the People's Democratic Alliance of Mali was established. In June, presidential and legislative assembly elections were held, and Traore was elected president. Since 1980, the government has made great efforts to adjust its economic policies, giving priority to the development of agriculture, rectifying state-owned enterprises, and implementing the economic policy of opening to the outside world and liberalization. 1on June 9, 985, Traore was re-elected as president. 1960 65438+1On October 25th, Mali established diplomatic relations with China. On March 20 12 and 2 1 day, a military coup took place in Bamako, the capital of Mali. The coup soldiers successively occupied the national television station and the presidential palace, announcing that President Toure's regime had ended and that state power would be handed over to the future democratically elected government. The Embassy of China in Mali confirmed that three bars run by local overseas Chinese were robbed and destroyed by coup soldiers, and the guards of the Embassy of China in Mali were deterred and taken away by the soldiers.