During the staking period in the early Qing Dynasty, Dorset, the Regent of Shunzhi period, and Gu Ming, the Minister in the early Kangxi period, got the most land.
The method is; Ride as far as you want. 1644, shortly after the Manchu defeated Li Zicheng, 1645 (the second year of Shunzhi), officially issued an enclosure order, distributed the occupied land to the soldiers of the Eight Banners from the east, and began a large-scale staking movement, occupying the land originally belonging to Han farmers and distributing it to the Eight Banners nobles. In order to make a living, farmers who lost their land were in turn forced to farm for the nobles of the Eight Banners in Manchu Dynasty. The Qing government changed its management mode and organized farms. The manor is divided into big manor (420-720 mu) and semi-manor (240-360 mu). The land is allocated to the Eight Banners (such as the Eight Banners), the people and the imperial clan, which is under the unified management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the land rent collected is allocated to the imperial clan. Guanzhuang adopted a tenancy system for farmers, which changed the past management mode with paint as the main labor force. Guanzhuang has a village head, who directly manages farmers and collects land rent. Zhuangtou is a second landlord and a bully. It is the artistic image of Wu Zhuangtou written in A Dream of Red Mansions that basically reflects the management mode of Guanzhuang.
Horse racing is a land grab, which divides the land once ridden by horses into its own fiefs and expands its sphere of influence. Britain's new bourgeoisie and new noble drove farmers away from their land by violence, seized farmers' land and public land, deprived farmers of their land use rights and ownership, restricted or abolished their original farmland rights and animal husbandry rights, occupied occupied land circles and turned them into private ranches and farms. This is the "enclosure movement" in British history. In other words, due to the rapid development of wool textile industry in handicraft workshops, the demand for wool in Britain is increasing, the price of wool is rising, and raising sheep has become a profitable business, which has made some urban and rural rich households and nobles turn their land into pastures, seize the land of communes, and even turn the land used by farmers into pastures. Some nobles often destroy farmers' houses and the whole village to make the land contiguous, and then enclose the land transformed into pasture with fences, ditches and fences to prohibit farmers from using it. They hand over the enclosed land to farmers or herders for management, get high rents from it, or directly manage a large number of sheep themselves. This process is the enclosure movement.
In the eyes of the British, "enclosure" refers to the process of dividing or merging public fields, grasslands, pastures and other cultivated land in Western Europe into modern farm cultivated land, which has detailed demarcation, personal ownership and personal management. Before enclosure, many agricultural lands were scattered in strips, which were controlled by individual farmers only in the crop growth and harvest season of one year. From then on, until the next growing season, the land will be disposed of by the community and can be used for grazing and other things in the village. Fencing is to erect a fence around an open-air land to prevent public grazing or other violations. Through enclosure movement, farm manor can be used for perennial pasture, and at the same time, it also improves the efficiency of agriculture. Through the enclosure movement, the public cultivated land in Europe-the most terrible obstacle to modern agriculture-basically disappeared. "(Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume VI)
origin
From a historical point of view, sometimes, some major discoveries or the formation of market demand may lead to large-scale redistribution of production factors. The "enclosure movement" we are concerned about is the discovery of the "new route"-the vast world market and the relatively developed textile industry in Britain, which have contributed to this discovery.
/kloc-Before 0/5th century, the production in Britain was mainly based on agriculture, and the textile industry was still a humble industry in people's lives. After the opening of the new air route, the economic and cultural exchanges between various regions and nationalities in the world have been expanded. Britain is located in the center line of Atlantic shipping, and its foreign trade has expanded sharply, which further stimulated the development of British wool export industry and wool industry and promoted the development of sheep industry. With the discovery of new air routes and the expansion of international trade, the wool textile industry in Flanders, the northwest corner of the European continent, suddenly flourished, and nearby Britain was also driven. With the rapid development of wool textile industry, the demand for wool has gradually increased, and the price of wool in the market has begun to soar. Britain was originally a traditional sheep country. At this time, in addition to meeting domestic demand, it is also necessary to meet foreign wool demand. Therefore, compared with agriculture, sheep industry has become more and more profitable.
At this time, some wealthy nobles began to invest in sheep industry. Raising sheep requires a large area of land. The nobles drove away the farmers who had rented their land, and even demolished their houses to occupy the land where sheep could be raised. For a time, grass cut into pieces by wooden fences, fences, ditches and fences can be seen everywhere in Britain. The peasants who were driven out of their homes became homeless vagrants.
Thomas Moore, a famous writer at that time, wrote in a book called Utopia: "Sheep used to be docile and didn't want much, but now they have become greedy and fierce, and even want to eat people. They want to level our fields, houses and cities. "
Of course, the support of the government is also an important factor, and the government generally supports the enclosure movement. For example, in 1593, Congress abolished the anti-enclosure law, which led to enclosure frenzy. 1640 after the bourgeois revolution broke out, the bourgeoisie no longer opposed enclosure. Since 1688, the government has publicly supported enclosure. The upstarts and the ruling bourgeoisie not only failed to meet the urgent needs of farmers for land, but accelerated the process of depriving farmers of land after the revolution. For example, in the century and a half from 1700 to 1844, the parliament promulgated 4 09 1 enclosure decree, and the enclosure reached 6042579 mu.
path
The enclosure movement in Britain can be roughly divided into two stages:16th century's "sheep eating people" stage and18th century's parliamentary enclosure stage. The former mainly changed from cultivated land to pasture, while the latter mainly changed from pasture to cultivated land, developing wasteland and woodland. The former has not brought technological progress, and it is still an extensive management, while the latter has promoted the leap of agricultural management and technical level; The former is notorious for reducing the rural population, while the latter keeps pace with the unprecedented rapid population growth in rural areas.
The enclosure movement began with the deprivation of farmers' public land. In Britain, although land has long been owned, there is no fixed owner for public land such as forests, grasslands, swamps and wasteland. Some nobles used their power to expand their flocks here and forcibly occupy these public lands. When the land could not meet the growing demand of the nobles for sheep, they began to use various methods to drive the farmers who had rented their land for generations out of their homes, and even circled the whole village and nearby land into a pasture for raising sheep.
Once, a group of farmers wrote in an appeal against a Lord named John Pomil: "This powerful and powerful John Pomil used deception and violence to occupy your suffering subject-our pasture, which belongs to our generation. He enclosed these pastures and other land for himself. Later, this John Mipol forcibly seized our house, fields, furniture and orchards. Some houses were sued for destruction, others were even set on fire by him, and we were forcibly evicted. If anyone doesn't want to, Pomil will lead a mob to surround his home. Armed with swords and clubs, these men rushed into and violently broke his door, regardless of the cries of his wife and children. In order to occupy our land, John Pomil did not hesitate to put us in prison, beat us, maim us and even kill us. Now we can hardly save our lives. " In this compulsory enclosure movement, the land leased by farmers in various forms before, whether it is land leased for life or land renewed every year, was forcibly occupied by nobles. These nobles who became ranchers kept up with each other and made their farms bigger and bigger.
On the other hand, the result of "enclosure movement" is to drive farmers into cities. The transfer of rural labor force in Britain first began in 1 1- 12 century, which is the first wave of continuous transfer of rural population to cities in the world. During this period, the object of migration was mainly the poor, and the main purpose of migration was to survive, and the distance was relatively long. 16-17th century, the second wave of rapid labor transfer to cities appeared in Britain. During this period, the migration targets were mainly businessmen, craftsmen and young women. The purpose of immigration is to have a better future and get rich means of subsistence, and the distance of immigration is shorter. However, the most stable and largest period of labor mobility in Britain began with the industrial revolution in the second half of the18th century. Because in the first two stages, although the scale of labor transfer was relatively large, the agricultural population in Britain still accounted for more than 80% of the total population in the 1960s before the industrial revolution, and by the middle of the19th century after the industrial revolution, the agricultural population in Britain had dropped sharply to 25% of the total population. In order to let the expelled farmers settle down quickly, the king of England promulgated laws to restrict enclosure, and at the same time restricted vagrants, in order to let those farmers who were driven out of their homes accept low-paid jobs. Any vagrant who has the ability to work and fails to find a job within the specified time will be brought to justice. Usually, for those wandering farmers, once caught, they will be whipped and sent back to their places of origin. If you find him wandering again, you'll have to cut off half his ear. If he is found wandering for the third time, he will be sentenced to death. Later, the British Parliament issued a decree stipulating that anyone who has been wandering for a month without finding a job will be sold as a slave once reported, and the owner can drive him to engage in any labor. If such slaves escape, they will be sentenced to hard labor for life if they are caught back. The third escape: I will be sentenced to death. Everyone has the right to use street children as apprentices and hard labor. During the reign of Henry VIII and King Elizabeth, a large number of wandering farmers were executed. As a result of enclosure, there are fewer and fewer farmers in Britain, and farmers who have lost their land have to enter cities and become urban proletarians. In order to survive, they have to enter handicraft workshops that produce wool products and handicraft workshops that produce other products, and become cheap labor for capitalists. In this handicraft workshop, the wages of workers are very low, but they have to work for more than ten hours every day.
affect
The British enclosure movement completely reversed the dual social structure of urban and rural areas, and urbanization became the main body of social structure. The enclosure movement and the strengthening of private ownership of land laid the foundation for Britain's long-term economic growth. It provided a prerequisite for the industrial revolution. It provides free labor for the development of capitalism. After the enclosure movement is completed, a large number of farmers have become an important source of labor for urban secondary and tertiary industries. The enclosure movement has separated farmers from land, making farmers less and less. Some farmers who lost their land became hired workers on farms and flowed into cities, preparing a large number of free workers for the development of British capitalism. At the same time, the enclosure movement also destroyed the cottage industry and expanded the domestic market for the industry, which greatly promoted the industrial development of Britain and made Britain a leader in European commerce in the 17 and 18 centuries.
Completed the capitalist transformation of agriculture. The enclosure movement destroyed the small-scale peasant economy and established large-scale agriculture. After the land was fenced off, agricultural capitalists set up farms or pastures and hired farmers deprived of land for production. Those nobles who rented land to capitalists got no longer feudal land rent, but profits. Nobles become capitalists and small farmers become agricultural workers. At this point, agriculture has completed the capitalist transformation.
○ Urbanization is accelerating. A large number of landless peasants moved to cities, which greatly increased the number of towns in Britain. For example, after the enclosure movement began, the proportion of urban residents living in Britain with more than 6.5438 million people rose from 3.654.38+0% to 8.8%.
○ Pave the way for the industrial revolution. The formation of free labor force and the completion of primitive accumulation of capital, as well as the formation of a broader market, prepared conditions for the industrial revolution.
The enclosure movement is undoubtedly a disaster for farmers. In the enclosure movement, countless farmers lost their money and were displaced. And the government issued a bloody decree not to allow these people who lost their land to wander. From this perspective, the enclosure movement is an obvious "sheep eat people" movement.
In a word, the enclosure movement sacrificed the interests of farmers, accumulated original capital, provided cheap hired labor and domestic market for capitalism, and laid the foundation for Britain to develop into a capitalist power.
evaluate
Marx believed that the enclosure movement was "written in the history of mankind with words of blood and fire". Some people say that this is an extremely violent and bloody action, expelling farmers from their land and homes. Others say that this movement has accelerated the primitive accumulation of British capital and provided an important economic foundation for the bourgeois revolution. Enclosure movement is not accidental, it is the inevitable result of the development of British commodity economy. Due to the development of commodity economy, profound changes have taken place in rural society. Most farmers are engaged in wool spinning, providing wool for wool spinning industry at home and abroad in exchange for paying land rent. The landlord class demanded more money to meet the requirements of luxury life, so they changed the way of land management and exploitation in rural areas. Once the enclosure movement appeared and developed, it had a positive and far-reaching impact. It increases the capital and free labor needed for the development of capitalism, makes the capitalist relations of production penetrate into the countryside, creates conditions for the development of capitalism in the countryside, and provides a broad and unified domestic market. Therefore, the enclosure movement not only caused the agricultural revolution, but also promoted the development of industrial capitalism.