The knowledge of the first volume of eighth grade history is 1.
Long March of Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army
First, the reasons for the Long March (strategic shift)
Direct cause: The Red Army failed in its fifth counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression". Source: Bo Gu, Li De and others made "Left" mistakes in military command.
2. Long March route: ★★★ (1934 10 month-1936 10 month)
1, route
Ruijin →→→→→→→ Breaking through the enemy's four blockade lines →→→→→ Forcing crossing Xiangjiang River → Forcing crossing Wujiang River →→→→→ Zunyi Meeting (turning point of life and death) → Forcing crossing Chishui River (disrupting the enemy's pursuit plan) → Skillfully crossing Jinsha River (jumping out of the enemy's encirclement) → Forcing crossing Dadu River → Flying over Luding Bridge → Climbing Snow Mountain → Crossing Grass →→ Meeting with Wuqi.
2. Zunyi Meeting (1935 65438+ 10)-Turning Point
(1) Contents:
(1) Concentrate on correcting the military and organizational "Left" mistakes of Bo Gukai and others.
(4) cancel Bo Gu, read the highest military orders.
(2) Significance:
(2) In an extremely critical moment, it saved the Party, the Red Army and the revolution, which became the turning point of life and death in the history of China * * * Production Party. (3) This meeting marked the maturity of China * * * Production Party from childhood.
3. What difficulties did the Red Army encounter in the Long March? (1) harsh natural environment; (2) the enemy's encirclement and interception; ③ Lack of clothes and food.
4. The spirit of the Long March is not afraid of difficulties and obstacles, the spirit of revolutionary heroism and the spirit of revolutionary optimism that never gives up.
Third, the Red Army successfully joined forces in Shaanxi and Gansu.
1, Wuqi stationed (1935 10) Central Red Army-Northern Shaanxi Red Army.
2. Huining (19361October)-a symbol of the victory of the Long March.
(The Red Second Army, the Red Fourth Army, the Red Army and the Red Army will join forces)
Fourth, the significance of the victory of the Long March.
1, crushed the Kuomintang reactionaries' attempt to destroy the Red Army, preserved the backbone of the Party and the Red Army, and turned the corner of the China revolution.
2. The Red Army's Long March sowed the seeds of revolution, forged the spirit of the Long March, and opened up a new situation of China's revolution.
History knowledge in the second volume of the eighth grade
Northern Expedition (1926- 1927)
First, achieve cooperation between countries.
1 and medium * * * (1923.6)
(a) formally decided to cooperate with the Kuomintang led by Sun Yat-sen to establish a revolutionary United front; (2) * * * party member joined the Kuomintang in his personal capacity (intra-party cooperation); (3) Reorganize the Kuomintang into a revolutionary alliance of workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie.
2. The First National Congress of the Kuomintang (1924+438+0 Guangzhou)
(a) made a new interpretation of the Three People's Principles and developed the old Three People's Principles into the new Three People's Principles; (2) As a matter of fact, the three major policies of alliance with Russia, alliance with * * * and assistance to peasants and workers have been determined.
Significance: It marks the formal establishment of cooperative relations between the two parties (also the beginning of the national revolution).
Note: The New Three People's Principles are basically consistent with some principles of the democratic revolutionary program adopted by the Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and have become the political basis for the cooperation between the two parties. ※.
3. Whampoa Military Academy
Overview:1May, 924, Huangpu, China Kuomintang Army Academy, with equal emphasis on politics and military affairs, and Sun Yat-sen concurrently served as the Prime Minister of the Army Academy; Chiang Kai-shek is the principal; Zhou Enlai served as the director of the political department.
Significance: It trained a large number of military and political talents and prepared for the establishment of the National Revolutionary Army and the subsequent Northern Expedition.
Note: 1925.3. 12 Dr. Sun Yat-sen died of illness in Beijing 1925.7 Guangzhou National Government was established and the army was renamed the National Revolutionary Army. ※
Second, the Northern Expedition marched triumphantly
1. Slogan: Down with the great powers, except warlords.
2. Time: 1926. In July, Guangzhou National Government swore Chiang Kai-shek as commander-in-chief of the Northern Expedition.
3. Purpose: To overthrow the rule of Beiyang warlords such as Sun, Zhang and so on and unify the whole country.
4. Process: the initial main battlefield-the situation of Hunan and Hubei; Important battles-Tingsiqiao Campaign and Heshengqiao Campaign; Vanguard-Ye Ting Fourth Army Independent Regiment "Tiejun"
5. Merits: ① Destroyed the main force of Wu Hesun and basically overthrew the rule of Beiyang warlords; ② From the Pearl River basin to the Yangtze River basin, it shook the whole country.
Note: 1927. 1 National Government moved to Wuhan, Wuhan National Government. ※
6. The development of the revolutionary movement of workers and peasants in various places (the Northern Expedition and the revolutionary movement of workers and peasants promoted each other)
① The number of organizations and members of farmers' associations has increased dramatically; (2) urban trade union organizations and workers' movements have also developed greatly (three armed uprisings of Shanghai workers).
Third, the Kuomintang Rightist Uprising Revolution and the Establishment of Nanjing National Government
1, the failure of the national revolutionary movement
(1) April 12th counter-revolutionary coup: 1927.4 Chiang Kai-shek and Shanghai.
(2) Counter-revolutionary coup in July 15: 1927.7 Wang Jingwei, Wuhan "divided into * * * meetings", "It's better to let one person escape the net than kill thousands of people for nothing".
Consequences: The Kuomintang's right-wing rebel revolution marked the failure of the vigorous national revolution and the first breakdown of ethnic cooperation. (Did not complete the task of anti-imperialism and feudalism)
2. Nanjing National Government:
1927.4. 18 Nanjing, Chiang Kai-shek representing the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie, marked the establishment of the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang.
3. National reunification
(1) Nanjing national government continued its northern expedition: 1928.6 entered Beijing and Tianjin.
(2) Changing the flag in Northeast China:1at the end of 928, Zhang Xueliang. It marks that the Nanjing National Government has nominally unified the whole country.
4. Lessons: ① we must uphold proletarian leadership over the revolution ② we must master revolutionary armed forces and persist in armed struggle. ※.
Note: National Revolution/Great Revolution/First Cooperation Period: 1924- 1927. ※
The first volume of the eighth grade history knowledge 3
May 4th Movement1965438+May 4th 2009
First, the May 4th Movement broke out.
1. background: the dark rule of Beiyang warlords; The development of the working class; The rise of the new culture movement; The influence of the October Revolution
2. The fuse: 19 19 China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference.
3. Time: 19 19.5.4 4. Venue: Beijing 5. Main force: students.
6. Slogans: "Fight for sovereignty from outside, punish traitors from inside" (which best reflects the nature of the May 4th Movement), "Fight to the death, give me back Qingdao", "Abolish Article 21", and refuse to sign a peace treaty.
7. Ways of struggle: strike, demonstration, assembly and speech.
Second, the expansion of the May 4th Movement.
Chen Duxiu's "Declaration of Beijing Citizens" called on students, businessmen and laborers in Beijing to fight bravely and fundamentally transform society.
1. Main Force: The working class became the main force of the May 4th Movement. 2. Center: The sports center was transferred from Beijing to Shanghai.
3. Results: Initial victory was achieved-Beiyang government released the arrested students; Cao Rulin and others were removed from their posts; The representative of China refused to sign the Paris contract.
Third, the historical significance of the May 4th Movement.
1. Completely anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement (natural)
2. The working class in China began to step onto the political stage, showing great strength.
3. Some intellectuals and young students who initially accepted Marxism played an important role in this movement.
4. The May 4th Movement was the beginning of China's new democratic revolution.
Fourth, the spirit of the May 4th Movement.
The patriotic spirit of caring for the country and the people, perseverance, dedication and courage to struggle. Patriotism, progress, democracy and science are its spiritual essence.
The first volume of the eighth grade history knowledge 4
New Culture Movement 19 15
First, the background of the rise of the New Culture Movement
1. Under the rule of Beiyang government, the political situation was chaotic and the society was in turmoil. 2. "respecting Confucius and restoring ancient ways" goes upstream; The spread of western ideas of democracy, freedom, equality and fraternity. 3. After reflecting on the Revolution of 1911, some advanced intellectuals deeply realized that it is necessary to thoroughly eliminate the poison of the old feudal culture and launch an innovation movement in the ideological and cultural field.
Second, the rise of the new culture movement.
1. The logo of the beginning: 19 15. Chen Duxiu founded Youth magazine in Shanghai (later renamed New Youth).
2. Representatives: Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, Cai Yuanpei, etc. 3. Position: Peking University New Youth.
Third, the content of the new culture movement.
1. Attack the old morality and culture. He lashed out at the traditional Confucian morality and culture represented by Confucius. Lu Xun's Diary of a Madman
2. Promote democracy and science. (two slogans) Chen Duxiu "Mr. De" and "Mr. Sai"
3. Carry out literary revolution, advocate new literature and oppose old literature. Hu Shi's "Literary Improvement" advocates vernacular Chinese; Chen Duxiu on literary revolution.
Fourth, the significance of the new culture movement.
1. Meaning
(1) shaken the dominant position of feudal ethics; (2) China people accepted a democratic and scientific baptism; ③ It played an ideological propaganda and foreshadowing role for the May 4th Movement. ④ Nature: The unprecedented great ideological emancipation movement in the history of China ⑤ created conditions for the spread of Marxism in China.
2. Limitations: The view of China traditional culture is one-sided.
★ Attitude towards traditional culture: take its essence and discard its dross.
Knowledge of the first volume of eighth grade history 5
The dark rule of Beiyang government
The First and Second Revolutions: Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing
1, fuse: Song assassination.
2. Results: Due to the disintegration of the Kuomintang (the most direct and important failure reason), the Second Revolution was suppressed by Yuan Shikai, and Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing went into exile in Japan.
Second, Yuan Shikai restored monarchy (7 preparations)
Reasons for failure: violating the historical development trend of democracy and harmony; Democracy and ideas are deeply rooted in the hearts of the people; National people's support for the national defense movement; The imperialist countries turned from supporting to opposing Yuan Shikai's betrayal.
Third, the war to protect the country:
Outbreak: Sun Yat-sen issued the "Declaration of Seeking Yuan", calling for the maintenance of * * * and the system. 19 15 At the end of the year, Cai E, Li Liejun and Tang declared their independence in Yunnan, and organized the national defense army to go north to beg Yuan, and the national defense war broke out.
Results: 19 16 In March, Yuan Shikai was forced to announce the abolition of the monarchy, and died in despair in June. The war to defend the country is over.
Fourth, the warlord regime
Situation: Direct warlords headed by Feng and Cao Kun (controlling Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hubei and other provinces);
Anhui warlords headed by Duan controlled the Beijing government (and controlled Anhui, Zhejiang, Shandong, Fujian and other provinces);
Feng warlords headed by Zhang and Zhang occupied the northeast. Others such as Yunnan warlord Tang and Guangxi warlord Lu Rongting.
Internal; Implement military dictatorship; Externally: I will not hesitate to betray national interests and attach myself to imperialism.
Harm: The warlords, big and small, have been fighting for years, and China is caught in the turmoil of the warlords' separatist disputes.
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