We know that, of course, post-Confucianism should also know that Liu Bang looked down on Confucian scholars. Liu bang is also the person who despises Confucian scholars the most. After he met a Confucian scholar, he took off his hat and peed, which is recorded in the history books.
But by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, China began to respect Confucianism alone, that is to say, when he reached the dominant position, the emperors wanted to invite Confucius back. Why? Governing the country with his theory is essentially fooling the people and establishing an autocratic system.
Since then, Dr. Shu Zhong, together with Shandong Confucian scholars, has designed a courtier named "Jun Jun, a courtier" for Liu Bang, which has changed the chaotic situation of "drinking merit, drawing a sword and bumping into a column" in the past, and all kinds of rituals are complete and strict during the pilgrimage. "I am afraid to worship from the princes," Liu Bang said, "I am now the son of heaven!" From then on, Liu Bang not only impressed the Confucian scholars, but also deeply felt that the discipline and ethics of Confucianism were so exquisite that everyone in the world could be tamed and controlled by him, and his autocratic behavior was no longer bound by contracts. There is no emperor in the world who doesn't want to be a high-ranking commander. Therefore, he paid tribute to Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, with the highest standard of "Tai Prison" sacrifice, and Liu Bang became the first emperor of China.
Until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu, a great scholar, strongly advocated "releasing Confucius and restraining a hundred schools of thought", saying that "anyone who is not in the subject of six arts has his own way, so he does not advance", which was adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Since then, Confucianism has risen to the official ideology, and Confucius has received unprecedented respect.
It is not enough to deceive the people by the soul of Confucius, so Confucius was deified, and Shu Wei, who was seriously deified by later Confucianism, came into being. The story about Confucius was fabricated in the weft book, which was absurd and bizarre. In addition to the fact that Confucius was born, Weishu said that on the night of Confucius' birth, "two black dragons descended from the sky and two goddesses bathed in the air with red mist (mother Confucius)"; He also said that Confucius' mother's role was "to travel and sleep with Ozawa and dream that Hei Di invited him." . Go ahead, dream about sex and say,' Your breasts are in an empty mulberry. Feeling confused, I was born in an empty mulberry. (Press: "Empty mulberry" means Qufu, and there is a saying in Fu Sinian: "Qufu area is the land of empty mulberry". Confucius became the "dreamy" son of his mother, so where did he put his father, Uncle Liang? Therefore, scholar Gu Jiegang once lamented that after reading these absurd words in the weft book, "it really hurts. The pain is that Confucius was wronged. They dipped a Confucius who didn't talk about the Machamp Rebellion into the sauce jar of the Machamp Rebellion. "
After that, Confucius' titles and titles also increased-
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang made a great public opinion by virtue of Confucius' prophecy, so Wang Mang called Confucius "praising him as a public".
Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty named Confucius "the father of Wen Sheng".
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the Confucian Temple was established by Sinology, and the father (Confucius) was declared a "saint". During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Confucius was canonized as "King of Wenxuan", and the descendants of Confucius were canonized as "Duke of Wenxuan".
Song Zhenzong called Confucius "Xuan" and later changed it to "the most holy text". Song Renzong named Confucius' successor "Duke of Feast"-this title was used until the Republic of China and the 77th generation "Duke of Feast" Kong Decheng.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Confucius had no position at all, and Confucian quilts were regarded as the lowest. There is a folk proverb in the Yuan Dynasty: "Seven craftsmen and eight prostitutes, nine scholars and ten beggars". According to this statement, the status of Confucian scholars can be imagined. However, when Kublai Khan arrived in Yuan Shizu, in order to popularize the "China Method" and stabilize his rule, he consciously used the famous Confucianism and built the Confucius Temple to show his respect for Confucius. In Yuan Wuzong, Confucius was named the "King of Great Success and Holy Anthology". Mencius was named "Yasheng", which also started from the Yuan Dynasty. It can also be seen from this history that Confucius thought is just a tool used by rulers to deceive the people.
Xu Da was Zhu Yuanzhang's closest comrade-in-arms in the struggle to overthrow Mongolian rule. Zhu Yuanzhang was his agent when he was captured by the enemy. The emperor himself is an orphan from Anhui in central China. He stayed in a Buddhist temple for several years, where he learned to read and came into contact with Confucian classics. He is very tall, his nose is big and flat, he fights, and his behavior is serious and nervous, which makes people respect him at once. A few years later, Zhu Yuanzhang became a member of the rebellion against the Yuan Dynasty. The biggest difference between him and other rebel leaders is that he does not rob or kill civilians, but asks scholars for advice.
Zhu Yuanzhang believed that most of the reasons for the success of his anti-Yuan military action came from the blessing of his pious mountain gods and river gods. He believes that his grandfather, who used to be a wizard, has the ability to persuade the water god to rain. So soon after he ascended the throne, he crowned the new dynasty with the title of "Ming" (meaning bright future or illuminating the world), and established the belief in natural gods as the state religion, ranking above Buddhism and Taoism. But just because he believes that there are gods everywhere, whether it is moats, walls or rivers, he also believes that someone or somewhere is always plotting against him. He doesn't trust anyone, even his closest partner. His first action when he sat in the dragon chair was to set up layers of surveillance nets to find out the details of his subordinates and conduct the first national census in China. Every family must list the names, ages and occupations of all the people living in the same family. Neighboring households were ordered to supervise each other.
When Zhu Yuanzhang's power gradually rose, he included a large number of concubines, some Mongols and some Koreans, and became the father of 26 sons and 16 daughters. Ma Huanghou has only four children. Although there are rumors that she can't have children, she hasn't given birth to any prince. She is really not the biological mother of Prince Judy who later usurped the throne. It is said that Judy was the son of the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.
The story begins like this:
When Zhu Yuanzhang entered the Mongolian capital, he found a young princess who was the concubine of Yuan Shundi. The Mongols may have abandoned her when they retreated, or simply forgotten her existence and left her in the metropolis. Zhu Yuanzhang accepted her as a princess, and she never said she was pregnant at that time. When she gave birth to Judy, Zhu Yuanzhang took him as his own son without knowing it. In fact, Judy may be a premature baby born to a junior concubine of Taizu.
This unfortunate accident was a disgrace to the emperor, so the concubine was called "wearing an iron skirt" by China. The young woman was once weak during childbirth, unable to move in the cold outdoors in an "iron skirt", and finally died of wind and frost.
In order to make up his mind to set up an orthodox court to overcome his humble origins, Zhu Yuanzhang invited four famous Confucian scholars to Nanjing to serve this inexperienced new revolutionary regime and was responsible for educating the prince and court officials on various manners. At that time, a Taoist temple was temporarily converted into a small palace, where officials studied court etiquette and practiced in front of the tester who played the emperor for three days.
In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang issued a edict to "sacrifice Confucius to Chinese studies with Tai Prison" and sent a special envoy of the imperial court to Qufu for sacrifice. All schools in the county have a "Confucius, the most holy teacher", which is considered as a sacrificial ceremony.
During the Shunzhi period, Confucius was named "Great Sage". Kangxi's calligraphy "A Teacher's Watch for All Generations" hangs in Dacheng Hall of Confucian Temple; The Spring and Autumn Festival of Zhao Ding Confucius Temple in Yongzheng was offered by the emperor himself. When we arrived in Xianfeng, the cave was "promoted to a big sacrifice" and the ceremony of kneeling three times and knocking nine times was performed.
Looking at the titles and titles superimposed on Confucius, it can be clearly seen that they are all from the imperial seal, and ordinary scholars who have no right only follow suit. As for ordinary people, it has nothing to do with it.
The emperor used seals to show respect, of course, with profound motives, and quoted the words of two emperors:
One is Yuan Renzong, whose full name is "Borjikin loves education, Ba Li Ba Li Babadag" (this name is really awkward). He said: "Confucianism can be good, so that it can maintain the way of the three cardinal guides and the five permanents" and "Confucianism is as strict as boxing". With such a profound understanding of Confucianism, it is no wonder that the Yuan Dynasty added the widest title of Confucius, the founder of Confucianism.
The other is Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor. According to Confucius Archives, Zhu Yuanzhang once summoned the Duke of Feast and said, "Zu Er (Confucius) was a great master of the Ming Dynasty, who was taught by the emperor, taught by ordinary people and passed down through the ages. His teachings cannot be abandoned. " The worship of saints is closely related to discipline, which has been consistent for more than two thousand years.
Therefore, Lu Xun said very thoroughly: "After the death of Confucius, I thought it could be said that I was luckier. Because he can't talk nonsense, all kinds of powerful people use all kinds of white powder to make up for him and lift it to a scary height. " "The existence of Confucius in China is supported by powerful people, who are powerful people or saints who want to be powerful people, and have nothing to do with ordinary people."
During the May 4th Movement, Lu Xun always considered all social and political issues from the perspective of human spiritual liberation, which fully showed the characteristics of enlightenment. He saw people's infinite pain in the feudal snare, and even the pain almost disappeared, leaving only numbness and indifference. Their existence has become meaningless to drag out an ignoble existence; Lu Xun is very eager to change this situation, eager to appear "realistic person", "complete person" and "future person". He grieved that "China people have never won the price of' people'", and he longed to change people's lives, demanding that people have their own unique values. The feudal ethics of "cannibalism" is the biggest obstacle to achieve this goal.
Post-Confucianism always preaches: Confucius' people-oriented thought requires respect and attention to people; People have humanistic spirit and demand "educating people". Then why did Confucius' thought evolve into feudal ethics and was resolutely criticized by Lu Xun and other enlightenment thinkers? Although Lu Xun absorbed the reasonable elements of Confucius' humanistic thought, after all, their thoughts originated from different social foundations and were very different.
From Confucius' "love" to feudal ethics' "cannibalism", there are both reasons for Confucius' theory and later generations. Confucius' "benevolence" is rooted in the patriarchal hierarchy with blood relationship as the link, and based on filial piety, it constitutes an extremely fine map of patriarchal system; There is a difference between Zhang Ai and Zhang Ai. They are bound by rank and title, which is incompatible with equality and freedom in the modern sense. It maintains the national rule expanded by the hereditary transmission of paternal parents, its basic pattern is to maintain the harmony and stability of patriarchal society, and its highest goal is to establish the "benevolent government" of hierarchical privilege and authoritarian political model. "Benevolence" has become a means for those in power to rule the people.
In addition, because Confucius' speech is highly abstract and speculative, it has left rich space for future generations to imagine and interpret Confucianism in different times and factions. Most of these factions are talismans that imprison people's thoughts and safeguard rulers, exclude the development of scientific rationalism, nourish and cultivate the heavy servility in China's traditional culture, and form an arbitrary, narrow, tame and blind cultural atmosphere. Confucianism has also changed from Confucius' respect and attention to people to "cannibalism".
Therefore, the set of things advocated by Confucius and post-Confucianism is fundamentally opposed to the enlightenment goal of Lu Xun and other pioneers to realize human liberation and social liberation on the basis of the principle of equality.
Lu Xun considered all social and political issues from the perspective of human liberation. He wants to break through feudal ideas and establish modern concepts of freedom and equality. He tried to absorb the ideas of western enlighteners. The modern concept of western society was born at the moment when feudal thoughts had an impact on human nature. Enlightenment thinkers advocate human awakening and dignity, attach importance to human existence and value, and pay attention to the satisfaction of human will and desire. They put forward the political slogans of "freedom, equality, fraternity" and "natural human rights", demanding political equality of the people and directly attacking the unequal and inhuman feudal hierarchy. In the works of Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau and others, reason becomes "human nature", "all men are born equal" and freedom is "a godsend". Confucius' signboard of "divine right of monarchy" was crushed by the wheel of "sovereignty lies with the people". Only by criticizing the foolish thoughts of Confucius and his later Confucianism can we establish the concept of equality, which is the core of modern concepts. Only under the catalysis of the concept of equality can an open situation full of pioneering, originality and pluralism be formed, and people's wisdom and talents can be released to the maximum extent.
It is particularly noteworthy that in Lu Xun's criticism, Confucius only appeared as a symbol of the old culture that constituted historical resistance, and he mainly criticized Confucius, who was used by rulers of past dynasties. When we criticize Confucius today, we are only criticizing this symbol that has been "sanctified".
Confucius' philosophy is more a sense of existence in the society of monarch, minister and father than a sense of life. Filial piety, loyalty, respect, benevolence and righteousness ... make people experience a sense of "obedience", not a sense of life. Moreover, from obedience to resignation, there is no trace of resistance. As the saying goes, "Life and death are determined by fate, and wealth is in the sky."
Who wants to comb their feathers safely in the fierce market economy competition? Quit the market and life stage with "gentleness, courtesy and frugality"? If you want to retire, you can't. You have to find a job, you have to make money, your house, children, school, medical insurance ... can you be "gentle, respectful and frugal" in the face of a lot of survival pressure? When you don't have enough to eat, advise you to believe that this is fate; When others eat and drink, they tell you that rich people will give you something when they are full ... Do you believe it? When you make a voice of discontent, you are taught to understand Confucius etiquette. Do you accept it?
Many of Chairman Mao's words about Confucius are good words, and they all look good now, but in the real world, he can't handle that complicated contradiction, and he can't solve practical problems. So it's all bullshit again!
Did emperors really believe in Confucius? See what Mao Zedong said-
Chairman Mao said that farmers revolted in the past dynasties, and the ruling class fought for power and profit and changed emperors. When they rebelled, they all criticized Confucius. Why? Because Confucius said that a monarch, a monarch, a minister and a minister cannot oppose a monarch. If you want to rebel and replace the emperor, you have to violate Confucius' Confucianism, and he must criticize Confucius, otherwise the teacher will be anonymous and rebel unreasonably, especially the peasant uprising.
Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin engaged in mutiny and military coup in Chen Qiao, Henan Province, overthrew the emperor, added imperial robes and became emperors themselves. This does not conform to Confucius' theory, and he certainly does not. But after he became emperor, he invited Confucius back. Criticizing Confucius' rebellion and praising Confucius' rule of the country are all the same.
Genghis Khan has he read The Analects of Confucius? His iron hoof killed all over Eurasia, killing everyone he met. This is just to turn all agricultural areas into pastoral areas and grasslands. But after the Yuan Dynasty, the emperor went to Shandong to pay homage to Confucius. Confucius' position was so high that he wore a tall hat and sealed it very high, as if the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty had put the highest hat on Confucius.
Zhu Yuanzhang rose to revolt. Is it reasonable to rebel without criticizing Confucius? I don't care, he's very rebellious. But after Zhu Yuanzhang came to power, he would go to Qufu to worship Confucius.
So did the Qing Dynasty. What books has Nurhachi read? When the Qing dynasty entered the customs, it left its head and hair. Does it conform to Confucius' theory? But when the Qing emperor was in power, Confucius should be invited out.
Hong Xiuquan of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom also started from criticizing Confucius. Do you dare to rebel without criticizing Confucius? But when he comes to Nanjing and becomes king, he will respect Confucius again.
Mao Yuanxin said something like this-
Didn't Sun Yat-sen, Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, leaders of the two parties in China, criticize Confucius and launch the May 4th Movement? As soon as Chiang Kai-shek took the throne, he went to worship Confucius. Chiang Kai-shek invited descendants of the Confucius family to Taiwan Province Province, where they are still. Isn't this the history of China? To rise up and rebel, we must criticize Confucius. In our words, when you are a revolutionary party, you should criticize Confucius. When you are in power, you should respect Confucius to consolidate your position. This is the origin of China's history. Why? What is the truth? In the Han Dynasty, hundreds of schools were ousted, and Confucianism was the only one. The Chairman said that Confucius was no longer Kong Qiu himself, and the ruling classes of past dynasties dressed him up according to the needs of the rulers. In Lu Xun's words, the way of Confucius and Mencius mentioned later is that emperors and scholars have been dressed up by Confucius. It is this set of thoughts that binds the rulers and is a tool of ideological autocracy. Is it true to review the history of China?
Mao Yuanxin added, Do you think Chiang Kai-shek really believes in Confucius? For * * * party member, he would rather kill one thousand by mistake than let one go. When did Confucius teach him this?
Some post-Confucianists don't sell accounts, saying that many of Lu Xun's own ideas came from Confucius.
Lu Xun did say, "I read the book of Confucius and Mencius the earliest and most familiar, but it seems to have nothing to do with me." But this is a decisive negation, and there is contempt in negation; "And because it comes from the old base, the situation is clearer and it is easy to control the death of a strong enemy." Therefore, the writing is particularly ruthless and critical. For Confucius, Lu Xun has more complicated feelings. On the one hand, he thinks that Confucius is "great" and a practitioner of "knowing what he can't do, regardless of size". On the other hand, he has a deep estrangement from this saint, especially hates the image of a saint carved by history, so Confucius in Lu Xun's works is visualized and caricatured. It is in the comic image of Confucius that Lu Xun reveals the tragic historical fate of Confucius; Lu Xun's profound understanding of Confucius is shown in this profound gap.
From the impression, the image of Confucius in Lu Xun's works is first of all a respectable saint and a "modern saint". No matter how the ups and downs of the world, Confucius settled down as a saint and had a "horribly wide title". Lu Xun misinterpreted Mencius' praise of "being a saint at the right time" as "a modern saint", which can be described as spiritual likeness. Modern means smooth, sophisticated and irregular. Lu Xun, who was enlightened and familiar with the Thirteen Classics at the age of six, easily found many contradictions in that half of The Analects, so the character Confucius outlined contained derogatory meanings. The reason why a saint can be modern and permanent is because he has the function of "knocking at the door". "Confucius, in fact, has been in front of the task of' knocking at the door' since his death." The door of power has been closed. If fans want to enter, they have to knock on the door with Confucius. Once the door is knocked down, the brick is useless. This is how saints are shaped by a group of people who have no special skills. The saints thus shaped should be brilliant and modern, but they are actually just a tool. Confucius knocked at the door with the king, and his disciples knocked at the door with Confucius. Content in turn becomes a form, faith becomes a means, and saints become tools. This is not only a thorough theory, but also a theory that criticizes the heart. A sanctimonious saint, a modern saint and a stepping stone saint, no one has made the statue of Confucius so profound and sharp. We have to admit that this image is vivid and has a high degree of historical authenticity.