allow
(College of History and Culture, Jilin Normal University, Siping, Jilin 136000)
Abstract: The Northeast Army played an important role in the modern history of China. As the leader of the Northeast Army, Zhang Xueliang left behind the development and growth of the Northeast Army.
His brand. Before the Xi Incident, Zhang Xueliang carried out a series of training and consolidation in the face of the low morale, low fighting quality and lax morale of the Northeast Army.
This paper attempts to explain the development and change of the Northeast Army in this period by discussing the training and consolidation of the Northeast Army by Zhang Xueliang before the "Xi Incident".
Keywords: Zhang Xueliang; Xi' an incident; Northeast army
China Library Classification Number: K264.6 Document Identification Number: A
As an independent political and military group, the Northeast Army was involved in the September 18th Incident.
After the regime change, it lost its base area in Northeast China and began to become a customs office.
Inside, from northeast to north China, from north China to central China, and finally settled.
Northwest "suppress * * *". With the weakening of Chiang Kai-shek, within the Northeast Army,
It began to differentiate and evolve and gradually declined. As the leader of the Northeast Army, Zhang
Learning well, facing the reality of the gradual decline of the Northeast Army, is very distressing. Northeast army
This rise and fall is directly related to the interests of the northeast political and military group, but also to Zhang
Learning well is an important guarantee to realize the political future. So Zhang Xueliang was
/kloc-at the beginning of 0/936, before the Xi Incident, the Northeast Army was trained and consolidated.
First, the Northeast Army before the Xi incident
During the period from the September 18th Incident to the Xi Incident, the Northeast Army experienced
In the most difficult period since its founding, the September 18th Incident caused losses to the Northeast Army.
In order to survive in the base area, I left my hometown and suffered a lot. I am an enemy of my country.
Hate, but also misunderstood. Leading to a decline in combat effectiveness, low morale and low morale.
Depressed, the factors that cause the Northeast Army to be so depressed are as follows:
1. Chiang Kai-shek's weakening of the Northeast Army
When the September 18th Incident broke out, the Northeast Army retreated after implementing the "non-resistance policy".
Inside Shanhaiguan Pass, the great rivers and mountains in the northeast became the colony of Japanese imperialism, Jiang Jie.
Stones weakened the powerful local armed forces of the Northeast Army. east
The northern army lost its former territory and reputation, and its strength was greatly weakened. ginger
Chiang Kai-shek transferred the Northeast Army from Northeast China to North China and from North China to Central China, the most
After the Northeast Army moved to the northwest to suppress the front line. Suppress the battlefield in the northwest, northeast.
The battle between the army and the Red Army suffered heavy losses, including three elite divisions, Chiang Kai-shek.
Not only was there no supplement, but the establishment of these three divisions was also cancelled. "Northeast from the south.
Since coming to Henan, Anhui and Shaanxi-Gansu provinces in the west, it has suffered heavy losses and has not been begged by the central authorities.
Supplement. Every time I called on the Committee, I received generous funding and subsidies.
After the defense, there was no supplementary fact except the cable complaint. "[1] September 18th Incident
Since then, the Northeast Army has been supported by the Nanjing government. However, the officers and men of the Northeast Army
Wages and allowances are 20% less than those of the Central Army, which was cut.
Known as the so-called "national humiliation fee." [2] In the heyday of the Northeast Army,
There are about three hundred thousand people. Northeast man, strong and well-equipped.
Yes, it is the crown of all the troops in Shanhaiguan. Especially the northeast artillery, shocked the whole country.
In addition, he also has a strong air force and various military aircraft.
To more than 300. Therefore, Feng Jun's military strength ranks first in China.
After the September 18th Incident, the Northeast Army went from bad to worse and took orders from the National Government.
In the process of continuous suppression of * * *, the Northeast Army was severely weakened. Gradually
Lose the power as a powerful military group. The displaced northeast.
The army, slowly losing morale.
2. The defeat of the Northeast Army in the repression * * *
In order to destroy the Red Army and weaken the Northeast Army, Chiang Kai-shek transferred the Northeast Army to "suppress"
* * * "caused great losses to weighing. 1934 After returning to China, Zhang Xueliang was appointed as
Deputy commander-in-chief of Hubei, Henan and Anhui provinces, headquartered in Wuchang, led the Northeast Army.
Surround and encircle the 15th Red Army Corps. In the battle with the Red Army, the Northeast Army was repeatedly defeated.
"In the past, the Northeast Army and the Red Army directly fought a battle, which accounted for.
Appropriate, also suffered a big loss. "[3] The encirclement and suppression of * * by the Northeast Army outside Wuhan is unfavorable," Zhang
His military future has been shaken to some extent. 1 10 Shi zai
Ganquan's fiasco and the failure of Heshui 109 division gave him a shot.
Nanjing, a sobering agent, does not supplement the lost troops, but is "attacked from inside and outside"
Under the slogan, it is obvious to weaken the Northeast Army. In this case,
Zhang suffered a lot in fighting the Red Army and gradually lost confidence. [4]
Under the attack of the Red Army, the morale of the Northeast Army was low, exposing its own weaknesses.
Zhang Xueliang was tired of the civil war within the Northeast Army and began to re-recognize * * *
Power, change of thought, start to contact * * *. 65438+April 0936
On the 9th, after meeting with Zhou Enlai, Zhang Xueliang decided to break away from the civil war and resist.
Day after day. Therefore, he seized all the time and actively engaged in preparations for the war of resistance.
, in order to make the weighing army "completely united, unified will, under construction.
The mind and thoughts "arouse" the long-suppressed public sentiment and "organize" chaos.
People like sand are waging a long war of resistance. " [5]
3. Internal disintegration of the Northeast Army
As a local armed force and a family army, the Northeast Army has some disadvantages.
Finally, according to Yingde Tian's memory, the Northeast Army used to be rude and lax in discipline.
Poor skills, floating style and other arrogant, extravagant, corrupt and degenerate States. [6]
Before the "September 18th Incident", the Northeast was backed by strong economic power.
The treatment of this army is more favorable than that of other armies. It is well-equipped and well-paid.
This makes the style of the Northeast Army arrogant, sissy, decadent and wild.
It is full. General Zhang Xueliang also realized the shortage of the army. He used to
Frankly speaking: "The Northeast Army has these unhealthy trends. this situation
If it is not changed, it will be difficult for officers and men to fight bravely, and it will be difficult for the Northeast Army.
Negative national expectations. [7] After the September 18th Incident, the Northeast Army lost its livelihood.
Since then, the base area has been reduced to customs and suffered setbacks. The Northeast Army is the home army.
Team, not resist Japanese aggression, from northeast to north China, and from north China to dragon.
River basin, and finally become a social group of refugees wandering to the northwest, in the local.
In people's eyes, they are just "beggars" and are discriminated against everywhere.
Everyone has a white eye. The Northeast Army was in such a state that the morale of the army was greatly affected.
The blow was great and morale was extremely low. If we don't correct it, in the long run,
In danger of disintegration.
Second, Zhang Xueliang's training and consolidation of the Northeast Army
Facing the declining trend of Northeast Army, Zhang Xueliang wrote in 1936.
1998, the Northeast Army in the northwest carried out training and consolidation in an attempt to rectify through a new army.
Movement, in order to save the trend of the gradual decline of the Northeast Army and revitalize the Northeast Army.
Vitality, so he took the following measures:
1. The establishment of Wangqu officer training regiment
In order to train and exercise the troops (mainly the Northeast Army) affiliated to the Northwest "Suppression General"
Officers, instill progressive ideas, get rid of the stale style and read the famous works of General Zhang Xueliang.
With the approval of Chiang Kai-shek, it was established in 1936, imitating the appearance of Lushan officer training regiment.
At the end of June 2006, the Wangqu Officer Training Corps was established. In his report to Chiang Kai-shek,
Is to "suppress * * *" in the name of standings, but in fact the purpose of training and consolidation is
To resist Japan. The head of the training group is General Zhang Xueliang and the deputy head is General Yang Hucheng.
The army. [8]
The training task will be carried out in four stages, with Wang Yizhe as the director of education in the first two stages and him in the last two stages.
The director of education is Huang Xiansheng, and the trainees of the training group are all officials of the Northeast Army.
Later, there were some officers of the 17th Route Army. "Training group report to Chiang kai-shek.
When the case happened, on the surface, it was said that everything was modeled after the Lushan Officer Training Corps. In fact,
The purpose of propaganda is to instill the idea of uniting with * * * to resist Japan. [9] Training program of the training group
The purpose is politics, economy, international situation, military training, advantages and disadvantages of the army and tourism.
Fight and so on. After the lecture every day, hold a group meeting to discuss (each class is
A group) summarize the discussion results.
For the reference of military reform. [10] In order to carry out anti-Japanese education, I also benefited from Liu.
At noon or in the evening, he taught to sing songs of resisting Japan and saving the nation, and Zhang Xueliang sang a duet.
These songs are very important, and he asks everyone to sing them, so that they can be deeply rooted in people's hearts. he
He said, "These songs are more useful than lectures. Everyone can sing.
The bell is ringing loudly. "[ 1 1]
On June 22nd, 1936, Zhang Xueliang spoke to the staff and students of the training group.
Made an important speech "China's only way out is to resist Japan", he
Clearly pointed out: "Our Chinese nation's death battle has arrived! Resist Japanese aggression
Is the only way out for the Chinese nation. Anti-Japanese is the biggest mission of the Northeast Army! time
We are no longer allowed to talk about preparation. We should prepare and act immediately.
Connect! Pull all the national forces to the anti-Japanese front to fight for a long time.
Fight. "This speech shows Zhang Xueliang's anti-Japanese attitude, but also shows his support for reunification.
It also played a great role in improving the ideological understanding of the teachers and students of the training group.
Use. [ 12]
"Because of the fall of the Northeast, the Northeast Army has urgent anti-Japanese requirements, and it is more
Because the Northeast Army has been at war with the Red Army many times, it has been defeated and fought many times, and it is tired of the civil war.
In high spirits. General Zhang Xueliang established the Wangqu Officer Training Corps and led it seriously.
This is the idea of reforming the cadres of the Northeast Army, clearly understanding and firmly uniting with * * * to resist Japan.
Publicity is a very important step. "[13] For the whole Northeast Army, the impact is
Far-reaching influence, so that the December Xi incident has an ideological basis.
2. Establish anti-Japanese comrades' associations
The Anti-Japanese Comrades' Association headed by General Zhang Xueliang has an alliance in the northeast.
* * * A secret organization of anti-Japanese activists, whose purpose is to unite against Japan.
Strength, establish a strong leadership center, and actively promote the anti-Japanese workers.
In order to develop, to achieve revenge, to recover lost territory, and to make the Chinese nation
Get freedom and liberation. Zhang Xueliang thinks he can put the scattered anti-Japanese forces
Closely unite around yourself and put the core opinions and instructions of the leaders.
Organize and communicate systematically, so as to communicate from top to bottom and keep pace. [ 14]
1936 At the beginning of September, the Anti-Japanese Comrades Association was formally established. When it was established,
Fifteen participants, including Zhang Xueliang, Liu,, Miao and so on,
Sun Mingjiu, Ying Detian, Miao, Lu Guangji, Che, He Jinghua,
Jia () and others. From its establishment to the Xi Incident, it participated in revolutions again and again.
There are more than 70 members. It was decided when the preparatory comrades' meeting was established in July.
General Zhang Xueliang is the chairman, Yingde Tian is the secretary, and Sun Ming is the minister of action.
When it was formally established in September, Miao was elected as the minister of theoretical propaganda. November
General Zhang Xueliang elected Minister of Organization of Wei Liu as Minister of Education.
Miao is the deputy minister of the propaganda department and the military minister, but he hasn't reached out to He Jinghua.
It is officially announced that the Xi 'an incident broke out. [ 15]
All gay club members who should be recruited to participate in the development are through Zhang.
General Xueliang, Yingde Tian and Sun Mingjiu all agreed. Every time a new member joins.
Will, general Zhang Xueliang, Sun Mingjiu and Yingde Tian attended the swearing-in ceremony.
Every time, General Zhang Xueliang personally presided over and spoke. This shows that he is against Japan.
We attach great importance to the organization and development of comrades' associations.
This organization actually became the master of the secret anti-Japanese movement of the Northeast Army and the whole army.
The center of the move, also mastered the confidential work of Zhang Xueliang:
(1) All secret anti-Japanese activities such as anti-Japanese education for officers in Northeast China
Anti-Japanese Activities of Northeastern University National Salvation Association and Reception Training for Exiled Students
Student accommodation, etc.
(2) all technical work related to the * * * production party, such as receiving the Red Army generation.
Table Ye Jianying, Liu Ding and others, mastered the contact with the Red Army and cover the telegram of the Red Army.
Military personnel, etc.
(3) Personnel work of Northeast Army (deploying young officers of the whole army)
The plan of an elderly officer).
(4) Other important confidential matters related to the Northeast Army [16].
Zhang Xueliang founded the Anti-Japanese Comrades' Association in order to join the Northeast Army.
Establish a secret leadership core to unite against Japan and make organizational preparations for it. from
As far as the old and new ideas and factional struggles of the Northeast Army are concerned, Zhang Xueliang also has Chen.
Buxin, gradually replace the old school with the younger generation or prevent the backward strength.
Figure.
3. The formation of the Northeast Army Youth League
The formation of the Xue Bing team is that General Zhang Xueliang accepted the suggestion of the * * * production party, which is for the east.
An important measure for the Northern Army to train anti-Japanese military and political cadres. "the purpose is to let them go
Cultivate new blood and send it to various units for transformation.
Prepare for the war of resistance. [17] 1936 In March, Zhang Xueliang learned about the Northeast Army.
Although officers and men have a strong desire to resist Japan, it is harmful to national politics.
The policy is still unclear, the old habits are heavier, there are fewer officers in the battalion company, and politics is simple.
The quality is also poor, and it can't meet the needs of anti-Japanese, so I plan to run an army school.
Training junior anti-Japanese officers, considering that the Northeast Army does not run an army school in Nanjing.
It will be allowed, and it is always possible to recruit students as soldiers, so I decided to be in the guard.
In the establishment of the second battalion, a student team (later called Xue Bing Team) was joined and immediately trained.
Song Li and Sun Mingjiu, director of the Senate Secret Committee, will organize the meeting. therefore
The student team was set up soon.
In order to avoid the destruction of the Kuomintang spy, all the preparations are
It was done in secret. For the sake of confidentiality, the Chengmen Building in Andong, Xi 'an was chosen as the building.
For the team headquarters. At that time, Zhang Xueliang's pistol battalion headquarters was located in the east building of the Dongcheng gatehouse.
On the first floor, all logistics such as funds and meals are provided by the pistol battalion.
Responsible for handling, in the name of the pistol battalion, submitted to the "suppression general" for approval. Kang boying
So he was appointed as the team leader and attached to the first team, while the other team was attached to Sun Jukui.
Responsible for external liaison. The team leaders are composed of divisions of the Northeast Army.
Yes, the monitor of each class is selected from the pistol camp, and the other is selected from the students of each class.
Choose a vice monitor, also called the political monitor. Due to Wei Zhe's military training program,
Responsible for drafting and determining the standard coach to complete the company within three months.
And the fighting coach as the initial goal. [18] About the source of Xue Bing's team, Zhang Xueliang
Instructions to Peiping to select the backbone of the "December 29th Movement", preferably from home.
Brother. Among them, there are many members of the People's First Team and a few underground party member in Peiping.
The first batch of about 100 people arrived in Xi 'an by train in early September. sequence
The second batch of 120 people arrived in Xi 'an in late October of/kloc-0. Both batches were brought by Zhao Tianye.
Team. The third batch of more than 200 people, by Guan Shirun (Wu Junru, staff room).
And Wu Duo went to Peiping for contact, and when the incident broke out, Peiping became a pawn.
Bureau of obstruction, so this group of people dispersed, some of them went to xi' an, a.
Some went to Yan 'an. There are also more than a dozen student players, all from the east.
Introduction of the children of the North Army and the Xi 'an National Salvation Corps.
The training of the student team mainly includes two main courses: military and politics. "Military?
The team leader is responsible for the preparation and implementation of the education plan; political education
The director of the political department is responsible for planning and implementation. "[ 19]
After the Xi Incident, Xue Bing organized five propaganda teams and went down to the northeast.
The army engaged in political propaganda work, replacing the political training department of the Kuomintang. while
At that time, the anti-Japanese situation in the northwest developed rapidly, from military to local, from all walks of life.
The organization urgently needs a group of well-trained backbone forces to strengthen its work.
Therefore, no matter where Xue Bing students go, they are very popular. What do you want to do in Dongmen Building?
Almost every day, people take over cadres from the Ministry. Since then, the Northeast Army Xue Bing team
Students, they will be integrated into the anti-Japanese flood in the northwest of the motherland, adding fuel to the flames.
Helping the ring, each played a positive role. [20]
conclusion
After Zhang Xueliang's training and consolidation, an important event happened in the Northeast Army.
Change reversed the recession. First of all, it changed the combat effectiveness of the Northeast Army.
The morale is low and the chaotic situation makes it difficult for the Northeast Army to move.
Unity of thought. Secondly, to train talents for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Zhang Xueliang came from the East.
The ultimate goal of the Northern Army's training and consolidation is to resist Japan. "I will go back and forth to my hometown."
Get ready. Finally, the officers and men of the Northeast Army are ideologically concerned about "stopping the civil war,
Unity * * * Anti-Japanese "has a profound understanding, which provided the basis for the outbreak of the Xi incident.
Ideological basis.
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Bi Wan Wen. Collected Works of Zhang Xueliang and Zhao Yidi (5) [M]. Jilin: Times
Literature and Art Publishing House, 2000:369.
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Press, 1988: 148.
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Page 16.
[4] Liaoning literature and history data [J]. Series 6, page 127.
[5] Zhang Xueliang. The only way out for China is to resist Japan. Xi 'an: Jiefang Daily [N], 1937
65438+10/October 5.
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