Three compulsory knowledge points of high school history 1
From Steam Engine to Internet
First, the arrival of age of steam.
1, historical background:
(1) Britain won the bourgeois revolution and cleared the way for economic development.
(2) With the development of workshop handicraft industry, it is possible to apply machine production.
(3) Science and technology have provided many discoveries and inventions for the development of production.
2. Process:
(1) 65438+In the 1960s, Watt made a single-acting steam engine with a condenser.
(2) In the 1980s, he made a linkage steam engine, which used crank mechanism to convert reciprocating linear motion into rotary motion.
(3) Watt also added a device that can automatically adjust the speed of the steam engine. The industry has adopted the steam engine as its power.
3. Significance: 65438+In 1930s and 1940s, human entered age of steam. The steam engine promoted the transformation of the workshop handicraft workshop into the machine industry factory, and the real socialized mass production gradually took shape. In the process of industrialization, industrial cities have been formed. Britain, France, the United States and other countries have become industrialized countries. All parts of the world are more closely connected and the world is becoming a whole.
Second, the emergence of the electrical revolution
1, process:
(1) 183 1 year, the British scientist Faraday discovered the electromagnetic induction phenomenon, which laid a theoretical foundation for the development of generators.
(2) With the invention and use of generators and motors, electricity has become a new energy source that affects people's production and life. Mankind began to enter the "electrical age"
(3) With the continuous improvement of generators, people in different places can easily use the electricity delivered by power plants through transmission.
2. Impact:
(1) More industrial sectors are emerging and the production technology is more advanced.
(2) The development of industrial productivity is changing the social structure and the world situation.
(3) The strength of the bourgeoisie is growing day by day and it has begun to establish its rule over the world.
(4) The scale of enterprises is getting bigger and bigger, and the concentration of production and capital has contributed to the formation of monopoly organizations.
(5) With the wide application of electrical technology, great changes have taken place in the city appearance and people's social life.
Third, the development of information technology.
1, process:
(1) 1946, the United States developed the world's first electronic computer, which laid the foundation of modern information technology.
(2) 1969, the US Department of Defense established a network including four sites, which promoted the emergence of the Internet.
(3) After 1990s, the Internet has further developed into a global information network.
2, the impact (evaluation):
(1) The information society began to appear.
(2) The all-round development of the global information economy has accelerated the pace of economic globalization.
(3) Traditional industries also use the Internet to improve their management level and expand their markets through global marketing and procurement.
(4) People's social interaction has also changed. Online chatting and online shopping enable people to communicate with others and enjoy services without leaving home.
(5) The Internet has also brought some negative effects to people, especially teenagers.
Three compulsory knowledge points of high school history II
Lesson 14 from "learning from foreigners" to reform
First, "Open your eyes and see the world"
1, background:
(1) External: Capitalist countries in Europe and America have risen and stepped up their foreign aggression.
(2) Internal: closed to the outside world and ignorant of the outside world.
2. Open your eyes and see the world:
(1) Lin Zexu, ed. Records of Four Continents and Laws of Various Countries. The Chronicle of Sizhou introduced the geography, history and political situation of more than 30 countries in the world, and Lin Zexu became the first person in modern China to see the world.
(2) Wei Yuan completed the entrustment of Lin Zexu and compiled the Atlas of Sea Countries on the basis of the Annals of Sizhou. In the preface of the book, Wei Yuan expounded the idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners". Defining the specific contents, methods and purposes of learning from the West, and guiding people to pay attention to the world situation, played an important enlightening role in ideological emancipation at that time.
Second, "middle school as the body, western learning for use"
1, background:
(1) There was aggression by western powers (the Second Opium War).
(2) There was a blow from the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.
2. Process:
The Westernization School, represented by Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo, believes that "China's civil and military system is far above that of westerners, and it cannot be achieved by firearms alone". Therefore, they put forward the ideas of "taking middle school as the body, learning from the west and spreading to the east" and "learning from foreigners and constantly striving for self-improvement".
3. Purpose: The Westernization School affirmed the feudal system, emphasized the feudal ethics as the foundation of the country, and advocated the use of advanced western science and technology to save the declining feudal rule.
4. Practice: A Westernization Movement was launched, a number of modern enterprises were founded, and a number of new schools were opened, which took the first step in the modernization process of China.
Third, the idea of reform and political reform.
1, background:
(1) The development of Westernization Movement and the emergence of capitalism in China.
(2) The emergence of early reform ideas. The representatives are Wang Tao and Zheng.
(3) concept:
A. Economically advocate the development of national industry and commerce, and conduct commercial wars with foreign countries;
B. Culturally advocate the establishment of schools and learn western natural science knowledge;
C. politically advocate innovation and implement a constitutional monarchy.
(4) Features: The early reformists have not yet formed a complete theory.
2, the formation of reform ideas:
(1) Time: 65438+early 1990s.
(2) The main representatives at this time: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Yan Fu.
(3) Process:
A. Kang Youwei set up a 10,000-acre thatched cottage in Guangzhou to publicize the idea of political reform.
B. Write a Textual Research on the New Classics, and dismiss the ancient classics of China, which the feudal rulers regarded as orthodox Confucianism, as pseudographs.
C. write a book "Confucius' political reform", with the help of the coat of Confucian classics, deny the absolute monarchy and publicize the necessity and rationality of political reform and reform.
3. Liang Qichao published "General Discussion on Reform", attacking the harm of feudal autocracy and die-hard conservatism, and propagating the idea of expanding civil rights, establishing parliament and reforming to survive.
4. Practice: 1898, under the impetus of the reform thought, Emperor Guangxu carried out political reform, which is the Reform Movement of 1898.
5. Influence: Although the reform failed, the bourgeois reformists opposed feudal autocracy, advocated civil rights and advocated new learning, which played an enlightening role and promoted people's awakening, and was a trend of ideological emancipation in modern China.
Three compulsory knowledge points of high school history 3
The New Culture Movement and the Spread of Marxism
First, the birth of "New Youth"
1, birth background:
(1) The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty, and the ideas of democracy, freedom, equality and fraternity were further spread.
(2) Capitalism has further developed in China. The bourgeoisie strongly demands to break through the cage of feudal thought and implement a democratic system.
(3) Yuan Shikai, who stole the presidency, set off a countercurrent of respecting Confucius and restoring ancient ways in the ideological and cultural field.
(4) China's advanced elements, represented by Chen Duxiu, fought back and tried to "save the country fundamentally".
2. Process:
(1) Chen Duxiu founded Youth Magazine in Shanghai, and published the article "Tell Youth" in the first issue, advocating democratic science and opposing feudal culture, which opened the curtain of the new culture movement.
(2) Cai Yuanpei, a famous educator, is the president of Peking University. He was determined to reform and implemented the school-running policy of "freedom of thought and inclusiveness", which promoted the development of the New Culture Movement. Scholars with new ideas, such as Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi and Lu Xun, have successively come to teach at Peking University, and Peking University's academic thoughts have flourished unprecedentedly.
The editorial department of New Youth moved to Beijing. Li Dazhao, Hu Shi and Lu Xun became the editors and main writers of New Youth. In this way, "New Youth" became the main front of the New Culture Movement; Peking University became the main activity base of the New Culture Movement.
Second, the new culture movement.
1, main contents:
(1) advocates democracy and science, and opposes tyranny, ignorance and superstition. "Democracy" refers to democratic ideas and democratic systems. "Science" refers to the scientific spirit and laws of modern natural science.
(2) Advocating new morality and opposing old morality. Some people even put forward the slogan "Down with Kongjiadian".
(3) Advocating new literature and opposing old literature. 19 17 years, Hu Shi published "My humble opinion on literary improvement" in New Youth, proposing to write an article that "has substance in words" and "doesn't moan if there is no disease"; Advocate the use of vernacular Chinese instead of classical Chinese. Chen Duxiu published "On Literary Revolution", which advocated pushing down stale, carved and obscure old literature and building fresh, simple and popular new literature. The literary revolution began. Lu Xun wrote novels such as Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji, which profoundly exposed the "cannibalism" nature of feudal ethics and became a model of new literature.
2. Influence and evaluation: The New Culture Movement violently impacted the dominant position of feudal thought and liberated people's thoughts, especially those of young people. China intellectuals were baptized by democracy and science in the movement, which also created favorable conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. But in sports, there are completely negative extreme thoughts.
Third, Marxism was introduced into China.
1, 19 18, Li Dazhao published articles such as Comparison of French-Russian Revolution, Victory of Common People and Victory of Bolshevism, which took the lead in raising the banner of socialism.
2. The outbreak of the May 4th Movement promoted the spread of Marxism. Li Dazhao's My View on Marxism introduced Marxism in an all-round way.
3. Many organizations have appeared to study Marxism, and some early organizations of the Chinese Production Party have been established.
4. 192 1 year, the working-class party of China * * * was born under the guidance of Marxism.
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