Sewage charges refer to the fees levied by the state environmental protection organ or a specific administrative organ on polluters who discharge pollutants into the environment or exceed the national pollutant discharge standards according to the provisions of environmental protection laws and regulations and the types, quantities and concentrations of pollutants discharged. The pollution charge system is a basic system for the state to adjust the relationship among polluters, polluters and pollution victims. It requires polluters to bear the social damage caused by pollution, strengthen management and control pollution, so as to achieve the purpose of protecting and improving the environment. The sewage charge system originated in Germany. 1904, Germany implemented wastewater discharge charge in Ruhr Valley. 1972 In May, the Environmental Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) put forward the PPP principle, that is, polluters should bear the costs of controlling pollution sources, eliminating environmental pollution and compensating victims for losses (Rulu, 2OO6). According to the requirements of this principle, China began to implement the sewage charge system in the late 1970s. In the past twenty years, the system has gone through four stages: pilot, establishment and implementation, reform and development, and gradual improvement.

The proposal and trial stage of sewage charging system (1978 ~ 198 1 year). 1978 In February, the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) adopted at the first session of the Fifth National People's Congress stipulated: "The state protects the environment and natural resources and prevents pollution and other public hazards." This is the first time in the history of New China that environmental protection has been clearly stipulated in the Constitution, which has laid a solid foundation for the legal construction of environmental protection and the introduction of the sewage charge system. In February of the same year, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee established the ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, which laid an ideological foundation for a correct understanding of China's environmental situation and sewage charges. 65438+February 3 1, the Central Committee approved the Essentials of Environmental Protection Report submitted by the State Council Environmental Protection Leading Group, and proposed that "pollution source control must be regarded as an important part of environmental management, and pollutant discharge units should implement a charging system, and the specific charging methods should be formulated by the environmental protection department in conjunction with relevant departments." This is the first time that China has put forward the idea of establishing a sewage charge system. 1September, 1979, the "People's Republic of China (PRC) Environmental Protection Law (Trial)" promulgated by the Fifth the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) clearly stipulated: "If pollutants exceed the national standards, sewage charges shall be levied according to the quantity and concentration of pollutants discharged." It provides a legal basis for the establishment of sewage charge system. According to "People's Republic of China (PRC) Environmental Protection Law (Trial)", sewage charges have been piloted in various places. By the end of 198 1, 27 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government had gradually carried out pilot projects of sewage charges, which had a positive impact on China's environmental protection and promoted pollution prevention and control.

The establishment and implementation stage of pollution charge system (1982 ~ 1987). On the basis of summarizing the pilot experience of sewage charges in 27 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, on February 5, 1982, the General Office of the State Council issued the Interim Measures for the Collection of Sewage Charges, which stipulated the purpose, object, standard, management and use of sewage charges, marking the formal establishment and universal implementation of the sewage charges system. 198365438+In February, the State Council held the second national conference on environmental protection, which clearly stated that environmental protection is a basic national policy of China, marking that China's environmental protection work has entered a development stage. On February 29th of the same year, 65438+ the State Council issued the Regulations on Environmental Protection of Offshore Oil Exploration and Development in People's Republic of China (PRC), which stipulated in Article 26: "For enterprises, institutions and operators who violate the Law of the People's Republic of China on Marine Environmental Protection and these Regulations, the competent department may order them to rectify within a time limit, pay the cost of eliminating pollution and compensate the state losses; Those who discharge pollutants beyond the standard may be ordered to pay sewage charges. " In May 1984,1/The Fifth Session of the Sixth NPC Standing Committee passed Article 15 of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in People's Republic of China (PRC): "Enterprises and institutions that discharge pollutants into water bodies shall pay sewage charges in accordance with state regulations; Those who exceed the national or local pollutant discharge standards shall pay the excessive sewage charges in accordance with state regulations and be responsible for governance. " According to the provisions of "People's Republic of China (PRC) Water Pollution Prevention Law", the excessive sewage charges are levied at the same time, and the original unreasonable charges are adjusted. By 1987, China's annual sewage charges had reached 143 billion yuan, which was nearly 10 times higher than the initial stage of the sewage charging system. With the establishment and implementation of the sewage charge system, the policy of "polluter should treat" has been put into practice, and polluters can no longer shift the responsibility to the state and society. It is an irresistible trend to protect the environment by using market mechanisms and means.

Stage of reform and development of sewage charge system (1988? 2000).1July, 1988, the State Council promulgated the Interim Measures for the Paid Use of Special Funds for Pollution Source Control, and implemented the paid use of sewage charges nationwide, which started the reform of sewage charges system. Article 18 of the revised Environmental Protection Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) (1989) stipulates: "Enterprises and institutions that discharge pollutants that exceed the national or local pollutant discharge standards shall pay the excessive sewage charges in accordance with state regulations and be responsible for the treatment." 1991On June 24th, the State Environmental Protection Bureau, the State Price Bureau and the Ministry of Finance issued the Notice on Adjusting the Collection Standard of Uniform Noise Pollution Charge for Excessive Discharge, which adjusted the charging standard of excessive discharge and formulated the charging standard of excessive noise. 1993 some provinces and cities began to charge for sulfur dioxide emissions. 1995 10 10 On October 30th, the 16th meeting of the Eighth NPC Standing Committee passed the Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes in People's Republic of China (PRC), in which Article 34 stipulates: "Sewage charges shall be paid or other measures shall be taken for newly generated industrial solid wastes that pollute the environment. Units that take measures to pay sewage charges will not pay sewage charges since the construction or renovation of industrial solid waste storage or disposal facilities and places is completed ahead of schedule; If it is not completed within the time limit or fails to meet the environmental protection standards after the transformation, it will continue to pay the sewage charges until the completion or transformation meets the environmental protection standards. " 1996 10 10 On October 29th, the 22nd meeting of the Standing Committee of the Eighth NPC passed the Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Noise Pollution in People's Republic of China (PRC), in which Article 16 stipulates: "Units that produce environmental noise pollution shall take measures to control it and pay excessive sewage charges in accordance with state regulations. The excessive sewage charges collected must be used for pollution prevention and control and shall not be used for other purposes. " 199912.25 article 40 of the marine environmental protection law of the people's Republic of China revised and adopted at the 13th meeting of the ninth NPC standing Committee? Article 1 stipulates: "Whoever violates this Law and causes or may cause pollution damage to the marine environment may be ordered by the relevant competent department as stipulated in Article 5 of this Law to make corrections within a time limit, pay sewage charges, pay pollution elimination fees and compensate the state losses; And you can give a warning or a fine. " On April 29th, 2000, the 15th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Ninth NPC passed the Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in People's Republic of China (PRC), which stipulated in Article XII: "Units that discharge pollutants into the atmosphere that exceed the prescribed emission standards must take effective measures to control them, and pay the excessive sewage charges in accordance with state regulations. The excessive sewage charges collected must be used for pollution prevention. " The above-mentioned series of laws, regulations and rules have promoted the reform and development of the sewage charging system.

The pollution charge system is gradually improving (200 1 up to now). With the in-depth development of market economy, China's environmental pollution prevention law has revised the sewage charge system, especially the Regulations on the Collection and Use of Sewage Charge issued by the State Council on June 5, 2003+10/October 2, 2003, which established the sewage charge system under the market economy conditions and further standardized the collection, use and management of sewage charges. In the same year, the State Planning Commission, together with the Ministry of Finance, the State Environmental Protection Administration and the State Economic and Trade Commission, promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Collection Standards of Sewage Charges and the Measures for the Administration of Collection and Use of Sewage Charges, which further improved the sewage charge system (Luo Jia, 2007). The main performance is as follows: (1) It has realized the transformation from over-standard charging to pollution discharge charging and over-standard charging, from single concentration charging to combination of concentration and total amount charging, and from single factor charging to multi-factor charging. For example, sewage charges are levied according to the types and quantities of pollutants discharged. The standard of sewage charges that do not exceed the standard is O.7 yuan, and the sewage charges that exceed the standard are doubled; Waste gas and sewage charges are levied according to the types and quantities of pollutants discharged, and the charging standard of waste gas and sewage charges is 0.6 yuan; Sewage charges for solid waste and hazardous waste shall be paid according to the types and quantities of pollutants discharged. If the disposal of hazardous waste by landfill does not meet the relevant provisions of the state, the pollutant discharge fee for hazardous waste shall be paid according to the type and quantity of pollutants discharged; The noise pollution fee shall be paid according to the excessive sound level of the discharged noise. (two) the collection, use and management of sewage charges strictly follow the two lines of revenue and expenditure, and all the sewage charges collected shall be turned over to the finance, incorporated into the financial budget, and managed as special funds for environmental protection, all of which shall be used for pollution control; The funds for environmental protection law enforcement are guaranteed by finance, and problems such as misappropriation and diversion of sewage charges are blocked from the system. (3) The collection object of sewage charges is expanded from enterprises and institutions that discharge pollutants beyond the standard to all units and individual industrial and commercial households that directly discharge pollutants into the environment, and any polluter must bear the obligation to pay sewage charges. (four) the polluter pays the sewage charges, which does not exempt him from the responsibility of preventing and controlling pollution, compensating for pollution damage and other responsibilities stipulated by laws and administrative regulations. Only in the event of natural disasters and major emergencies of force majeure, resulting in direct and significant economic losses, enterprises and institutions can apply for relief, and only once a year.

Second, the problems existing in the current sewage charging system.

Pollution charge system is not only an effective method to internalize the external cost of environmental problems, but also the most commonly used economic means in environmental protection in all countries of the world. Its gradual establishment and improvement have made the collection, use and management of sewage charges move towards the track of legalization and standardization, and played an important role in urging polluters to reduce pollutant emissions, strengthen pollution prevention and control, and promote the coordinated development of economy, society and environment. However, there are still some problems in the implementation of the sewage charge system, such as low collection standard, narrow collection scope, irregular procedures and unclear legal responsibilities.

The collection standard of sewage charges is low. From an economic point of view, the sewage charges levied on the polluter should be equal to the losses he has caused to other members of society, so that his private cost is equal to the social cost and the difference between private cost and social cost can be eliminated. If the polluter's pollution control cost is lower than or equal to the charging standard, and his behavior conforms to the principle of cost minimization or profit maximization, he will try his best to reduce the discharge of pollutants to save costs and increase profits. Whether polluters choose to discharge pollutants within the discharge standards or pay sewage charges depends largely on the level of charging standards. Although the reform of the sewage charge system changed the sewage charge from a low charge standard to a charge standard slightly higher than the treatment cost, the adjusted waste gas, solid waste and noise charges increased substantially, and the sewage charges increased slightly, but the sewage charges were generally low because it was difficult to accurately calculate the social costs of pollutants and local protection. According to estimates, the current sewage charge standard is only half of the actual pollution control cost, which makes the sewage charge system have limited promotion effect on pollution control. Due to the low standard of sewage charges, the private cost is far less than the social cost, which actually forms the institutional arrangement of "whoever pollutes benefits". Polluters prefer to pay sewage charges rather than carry out pollution control (Zhang Ying and Wang Yong, 2004), and the problem of environmental deterioration has not been effectively controlled. From 200/kloc-0 to 2006, the total amount of wastewater discharged in China was 43.3 billion tons, 43.9 billion tons, 48.2 billion tons, 52.5 billion tons and 53.7 billion tons respectively. Nearly half of the seven major water systems are seriously polluted, with five types of poor water accounting for 26%, and 75% of lakes are eutrophic to varying degrees. From 200 1 to 2005, the industrial waste gas queues were 160863 billion cubic meters, 175257 billion cubic meters, 198906 billion cubic meters, 237696 billion cubic meters and 268988 billion cubic meters respectively. A large number of exhaust emissions lead to serious air pollution in cities, and particulate matter and pollution in some big cities remain high. In the same period, the output of industrial solid waste was 888.4 million tons, 945.09 million tons, 100428 million tons,12003 million tons and 134449 million tons respectively. At present, the storage of solid waste is nearly 6 billion tons, which not only covers an area of more than 50,000 square kilometers, but also causes serious secondary pollution to soil and groundwater. The direct economic losses caused by environmental pollution are 6.5438+022722 million yuan, 46.409 million yuan, 33.749 million yuan, 363.657 million yuan and 6.5438+005150,000 yuan respectively. At the same time, the pollution charge system implemented in most parts of China focuses on the pollution control of individual polluters, and lacks overall consideration of regional environmental capacity. Even if every polluter can meet the discharge standards, the environmental quality will continue to deteriorate as long as the total discharge of pollutants increases and exceeds the environmental capacity.

The collection of sewage charges is not wide. The current sewage charges in China are divided into two categories: one is sewage charges, that is, sewage charges; The other is excessive sewage charges, that is, the pollutants discharged exceed the prescribed discharge standards before collecting sewage charges. At present, the collection scope of sewage charges in China does not cover all environmental pollution behaviors. Article 28 of the Environmental Protection Law stipulates that "enterprises and institutions that discharge pollutants exceeding the national or local pollutant discharge standards shall pay the excessive sewage charges in accordance with state regulations and be responsible for treatment." In fact, sewage charges are only levied on those who exceed the standard, not on all polluters. Polluters can use environmental pollution (self-purification) resources for free as long as they do not exceed the pollutant discharge standards. For example, units and individuals that emit less than standard exhaust gas and noise have not yet made charging regulations; The rapidly developing tertiary industry and social welfare institutions have not made comprehensive provisions on environmental pollution charges; Motor vehicles, airplanes, ships and other mobile pollution sources have not collected waste gas and sewage charges; There is no charging system for pollution caused by the use of products closely related to the environment (such as pesticides, fertilizers, freon, etc.). ). At the same time, China only has provisions on collecting sewage charges for five environmental pollution factors: atmosphere, ocean, water, solid waste and noise. In recent years, cases of environmental damage caused by thermal pollution and light pollution have occurred from time to time, but the law has few or no provisions on these pollution factors, which makes the injured party unable to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests. On the one hand, local environmental protection departments generally attach importance to the collection of sewage charges for wastewater and waste gas, while ignoring the collection of sewage charges for noise and solid waste; On the other hand, focusing on industrial enterprises, while relaxing the collection of sewage charges for livestock and poultry breeding, small enterprises and the tertiary industry. In fact, as long as pollutants are discharged, they will pollute the environment, and the cost of pollution control is needed. No sewage charges are levied on these acts that pollute the environment, which violates the "polluter pays principle". It can be seen that the scope of collecting sewage charges in China is too narrow, the charging items are not perfect, and there are still many sewage charges that have not been touched.

The procedure of sewage charge is not standardized. The premise of legalization of sewage charges is the standardization of procedures. Only in accordance with the prescribed procedures, can the fees be legal, comprehensive and sufficient, and gradually embark on the road of legalization. The collection procedures of sewage charges include declaration, examination, verification, collection and use. The following problems are exposed in practice: First, the sewage declaration and registration are not in place, and most polluters, driven by economic interests, deliberately conceal or lie about their actual sewage discharge and types in order to achieve the goal of reducing the sewage charges, and will not pay them if they can; Some apply to the government for underpayment or deferred payment under the pretext of economic development, resulting in the loss of sewage charges. In some places, the pollution discharge declaration is confused with environmental statistics, and the annual review is carried out, ignoring the change declaration of old pollution sources, which directly causes the pollution discharge data to be dull and lose its dynamics (Zhu Congbin, 2006). Second, it is difficult to audit sewage. The environmental monitoring agency will review the contents declared by the polluter according to the actual situation of the polluter, the data of the automatic pollutant discharge monitor, the supervisory monitoring data, the material balance data or other relevant data, and take it as the basis for the sewage charges. However, at present, most polluters have not installed automatic monitoring instruments for pollutant discharge. If it is based on material balance or other relevant data, the enterprise must provide relevant information. It is difficult to adopt this method because of economic interests. Third, the verification of sewage charges has not attracted the attention of environmental monitoring departments at all levels. Some environmental protection departments negotiate fees according to the operating conditions, affordability and even human relations of enterprises, and it is difficult to fully verify the amount of sewage charges according to law, resulting in inaccurate collection of sewage charges. Fourth, sewage charges cannot be collected in full. Under the condition that the market mechanism is not perfect, the enterprises with good benefits are "grinding" you to pay less, while the enterprises with poor benefits simply don't pay, and all want to "pay more and pay less or not pay". Fifth, the use efficiency of sewage charges is poor. Some environmental protection management departments are not strict with the use system of sewage charges, and even regard them as the operating expenses of public institutions in violation of regulations, which makes the funds actually used for pollution control limited and difficult to improve the environment.

The legal responsibility of sewage charges is not clear. In the relevant laws of China's sewage charge system, the content of legal liability needs to be supplemented and improved. For example, Article 21 of the Regulations on the Administration of the Collection and Use of Sewage Charges stipulates: "If the polluter fails to pay the sewage charges in accordance with the regulations, the competent administrative department of environmental protection of the local people's government at or above the county level shall order it to pay within a time limit according to its functions and powers. Those who refuse to pay within the time limit shall be fined 1 times and less than 3 times the amount of sewage charges, and shall be reported to the people's government for approval and ordered to stop production for rectification. " Article 22 also stipulates that "those who fraudulently approve the reduction, exemption or deferment of sewage charges shall be ordered to pay back, and shall be fined 1 times but not more than 3 times". However, in practice, fines for violating sewage charges vary from several hundred yuan to tens of thousands of yuan. If the fines are all 1 ~ 3 times, sometimes the fines vary greatly. In this case, the scope of law enforcement personnel's discretion is too large, which is easy to cause injustice. In China's laws, only the amount of sewage charges, the declaration and registration of the quantity and types of pollutants discharged by polluters, the calculation and verification results of related sewage charges, and the contents of approving the reduction, exemption and deferment of sewage charges are announced. However, there is no corresponding penalty for announcement or omission in relevant laws, and there is no penalty for announcement system. The phenomenon of arbitrary collection, inadequate collection and management, non-compliance with laws and lax enforcement is widespread.

Three, improve the sewage charge system countermeasures and suggestions

The purpose of implementing the sewage charge system is to protect and improve the environment, ultimately safeguard human health and promote the coordinated development of economy, society and environment. In order to implement Scientific Outlook on Development, build an environment-friendly society and control pollutant discharge, we should appropriately adjust the collection standard of sewage charges, expand the collection scope of sewage charges, improve the management mechanism of sewage charges and intensify the inspection of sewage charges.

Moderately adjust the sewage charges. Sewage charges have the function of regulating the pollutant discharge behavior of polluters. In order to effectively prevent and control pollution, the charging standard should be raised to the level of reaching the expected emission target as much as possible. Through reasonable sewage charges, the polluters with low pollution control costs are urged to cut more pollutants, and the polluters with high pollution control costs are urged to pay more sewage charges because of less pollutants cut. Therefore, the cost of controlling all kinds of major pollutants should be investigated, and the sewage charges should be appropriately adjusted according to the principle that the sewage charges should be higher than or at least equal to the cost of controlling pollution, taking into account the affordability of society and enterprises. China has a vast territory, and there are not only differences in economic development levels in different regions, but also factors such as pollutant transfer (like a river basin, upstream pollutes downstream), environmental capacity and function differences. According to the theory of environmental economics, under different environmental conditions, the marginal damage caused by the discharge of unit pollutants (or the marginal cost reduction required by unit pollution) is different. Generally speaking, in areas with large environmental capacity and low functional requirements, the marginal damage caused by unit sewage discharge is relatively small, while in areas with small environmental capacity and high functional requirements, the marginal damage caused by unit sewage discharge is relatively large. Therefore, the moderate adjustment of sewage charges should be determined by the local environmental protection bureau, finance bureau and price bureau according to the effect of environmental control and local economic conditions, price index and operating cost of pollution control, so as to realize the transformation of sewage charges from static charges to dynamic charges (Li, Ning Changyu, 2006), guide the rational layout of industrial structure, and make enterprises avoid environmentally sensitive areas and pay attention to the environment when selecting sites. In France, the water pollution charging standard is not formulated by the central government, but by the river basin water management bureau. The determination of charging standard reflects the differences of water environmental capacity, function and economic development level in different river basins. In French water pollution charging standards, the charging standards of the same pollutant in different river basins are different; The charging standards of the same pollutant with different water functions in the same basin are also different; The higher the functional requirements of water body, the lower the environmental capacity and the higher the adjustment coefficient of charging standard. It can be seen that it is feasible to adjust the charging standard according to regional differences, which can make the society achieve greater social and environmental benefits with less pollution control costs.

Expand the scope of sewage charges. Pollution charge is an important environmental policy to control pollution. It requires polluters to bear the responsibility of social damage caused by pollution by economic means, internalizes external diseconomy and promotes polluters to actively control pollution. The principle of "polluter pays" should be adhered to, and any unit or individual should pay sewage charges as long as it discharges pollutants into the environment. At present, it is especially necessary to grasp the comprehensiveness of sewage charges, expand sewage charges from enterprises and institutions to all polluters who directly discharge pollutants into the environment, and increase the collection of sewage charges for excessive noise and solid waste in addition to sewage charges for wastewater and waste gas. With the continuous development of social economy, the pollution sources in some areas of China have an expanding trend. The discharge of major pollutants exceeds the environmental carrying capacity, and the river sections flowing through the city are polluted, which makes the urban air pollution more serious, acid rain pollution worse, the harm of persistent organic pollutants begins to appear, the soil pollution area expands, and the pollution in coastal waters intensifies. Many pollution factors that have not appeared before have gradually become prominent, and the harm to the environment is increasing. For all kinds of newly generated pollution sources, it should be stipulated as the object of collecting sewage charges, so as to expand the scope of collecting sewage charges, control pollution (Luo Jia, 2007) and effectively promote the improvement of environmental quality. In order to truly realize "pollution charge and excessive punishment", we must change our concept, firmly establish the consciousness of "polluter pays", closely link pollution with governance responsibility, and let polluters realize that "polluter pays" does not mean that they can safely discharge pollutants after paying money. For polluters who seriously affect the public interests, excessive sewage charges of fine nature shall be levied, and if the circumstances are particularly serious, they shall be forced to close down.

Improve the management mechanism of sewage charges. While ensuring the overall standardization and integrity of legal provisions, simplify and optimize the management of sewage charges to reflect the flexibility and rationality of management behavior and improve management efficiency. In terms of management system, measures, means and procedures, we should not only reflect the charging according to law, but also pay attention to the role of informationization and modernization in the management of sewage charges. The basic and leading nature of sewage declaration determines its importance in the management of sewage charges. Through the sewage declaration and registration, we can fully grasp the current situation of all polluters within our jurisdiction and provide a basis for the calculation and verification of sewage charges. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the scope of declaration, while focusing on heavy pollution sources, increase the declaration and registration of general pollution sources, tertiary industries and individual industrial and commercial households; Expand the types of declaration, not only to do a good job of quantitative declaration of waste water and waste gas, but also to carry out the declaration of noise, solid waste and electromagnetic wave pollution, and strive to achieve comprehensive declaration; Strengthen the verification of declaration, ensure the quality of declaration by means of material balance, typical sampling and financial audit, and reduce the occurrence of false and concealed events. It is necessary to collect sewage charges in full according to law, and verify the amount of charges based on measured data to prevent negotiated charges or unconditional reduction of sewage charges. It is necessary to improve the use efficiency of sewage charges, adhere to the combination of point source control and regional environmental control, select accurate projects, and popularize applicable environmental pollution control technologies. During the construction of the governance project, the departments of environmental protection, finance and banking will supervise the use of funds throughout the whole process, and it is strictly forbidden to use them for other purposes. Improve the professional quality of sewage charge collection and management personnel, streamline institutions, and improve the work efficiency of organs. Strengthen the publicity of relevant laws and regulations on the collection and management of sewage charges, so that paying sewage charges according to law becomes the conscious action of sewage units, thus achieving the purpose of reducing sewage charges expenditure and operating costs.

Intensify the inspection of sewage charges. Carrying out pollution charge inspection is the fundamental guarantee to realize "legal, comprehensive and full" collection. First, carry out on-site inspections on the vast number of sewage units and promptly correct the failure of sewage declaration; The second is to carry out the inspection of environmental monitoring institutions at lower levels by superiors. Most heavy pollution sources are often local "economic support", and they often apply to the government for reducing or exempting sewage charges on the pretext of developing the economy, so as to reduce local protectionism through inspection; The third is to carry out internal inspection of environmental monitoring and correct the irregular behavior of supervisors. Through the inspection of sewage charges, promote the full implementation of sewage charges system. At the same time, strengthen the construction of grass-roots environmental monitoring team, improve the political quality and professional level of environmental monitoring law enforcement personnel, strengthen the construction of basic equipment, form a fast, efficient, accurate and powerful law enforcement force, improve its law enforcement level and intensity, and ensure the full implementation of the sewage charging system. It is necessary to strengthen the social supervision of sewage charges, establish and improve the system of announcement or publicity of sewage charges, so that the public can enjoy the right to know about sewage charges, put an end to consultation and human charges, and reduce government intervention.

Four. Concluding remarks

China is changing from the deep control of pollutant discharge to the total control of pollutant discharge, and from the end treatment of pollutants to the prevention of pollution. This transformation adapts to the development trend of contemporary environmental management and the requirements of sustainable development. Sewage charges are an important economic lever to promote this change. To solve the pollution problem, it is necessary to weigh and compare the costs and benefits of various policy means, and it should be an effective choice to comprehensively apply the sewage charge system.