First, the meaning should be relevant. For example, there are seven rhymes in the poem "Climbing to the Moon Watching the Magician Send Vice Governor Liu": "If you want to find Pengze to kill the city, * * * drunk chrysanthemum (pronunciation)." Tao Yuanming's story as Peng has many meanings: first, he is a county official (you call Ming government); Second, on September 9 th, Chongyang was used to drinking chrysanthemum wine; Third, Tao Yuanming likes drinking and chrysanthemum. For example, in Jiang Kui's "Eight Returns", "I've missed you for a long time, and I'm worried about my socks by leaning on bamboo" is not so relevant, because this word is to see Hu Dehua off and to express the meaning that "your wife is looking forward to your return". If it is used as a wife, it is speculated that Hu's wife may not be happy to see it, because she rarely widowes and elopes.
Secondly, using allusions is better than doing business. If you want to make money, your expressive ability is better than not using them. For example, Du Fu's "Kuang Heng resists fame and wealth (read bà), and Liu Xiangchuan's scriptures are against his will", and Xin Qiji's "Who can ask, can Lian Po still eat when he is old?" Du Fu said that he was an admonisher and once wrote letters to the emperor. Like Kuang Heng in Han Dynasty, he was interested in spreading scriptures. Like Liu Xiang in Han Dynasty, Kuang Heng and Liu Xiang were great celebrities in history. These were all quoted from the comparison. Xin Qiji's ambition to save the country cannot be realized, but he is not discouraged. He quoted Lian Po's story of eating a bucket of rice and ten catties of meat as a metaphor for himself, which made readers have to associate Lian Po's ambition with heroic spirit, which meant a lot. The meaning is aggravated. Although the allusions are euphemistic, they are always useless. For example, Zhou Bangyan's poem "Ye Ye advocates knowing each other (reading Xu Sheng), but we are still used to dancing with the song", and Li Shangyin's poem "Ye Ye advocates knowing each other (reading Xu Sheng)" refers to the singer, which is equivalent to using argot, without adding meaning or increasing. Generosity is also necessary.
Third, there is another situation that must be used, so it must be used. I talked about this situation when I wrote allusions in the past year. Say it again in order to save effort. According to legend, a poem that mocked money in the early Qing Dynasty was called "On the Stone on the Tiger Hill", which said: "I was too excited when I entered Romania, so I will meet you again on this day. Blackhead has always been ashamed of President Jiang, who once used Cai Yong in Bluestone. I used to be lucky to be broad and heavy (pronounced bà), but now I should be ashamed to betray Lu Long. I am the most pitiful in climbing willows, and I am embarrassed to say hello. " There are eight allusions in the whole poem, one is Biography of Lu Jinji (going north to Luoyang to be an official), the other is Biography of Hans in the Book of Jin (resigning his post and returning to the south of the Yangtze River), and the third is Du Fu's slogan of "Being late", "Although I am ashamed of General Liang Jiang, it is still dark to return to my hometown" (meaning that returning home is not very old), and the fourth is The Book of the Later Han Dynasty. Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Tian Chou (Chou offered a plan to Cao Cao, and soldiers went out to invade his homeland) VII. VIII. Novels of the Tang Dynasty Xu Yaozuo's Biography of Liu was used by Han Yu (should be called "Yi"), and Liu's Poems (Zhang Tailiu, Zhang Tailiu, is it the past or the present? ), in order to write that Qian Qian B should die before and after the demise of the Ming Dynasty, he surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and went to Beijing. He was unhappy and returned to Jiangnan. When he was old, he wanted to make history for many years, but when he left home, his wife Liu had other things to do. It would be embarrassing to write such a thing without canon.
Fourthly, if you are interested in using it or have to use it, you should always try to avoid using something that is not commonly used. There is no clear line between uncommon and uncommon. Generally speaking, what is commonly used in books and poems that most people are familiar with is not commonly used, and vice versa. Take poetry as an example, such as "Are you drunk in Jie Yu, reciting wild poems in Wuliu?" "The Outline of RoyceWong's Biography, the Love of Ling Du's Poetry", Jie Yu is the character mentioned in The Analects of Confucius, Biography of Mr. Wu Liu, and the poems of RoyceWong and Du Fu are almost unknown and unknown, so it is not uncommon. For example, "Flower Moon Building is broken and jade is sprinkled. When will it be exhibited again? Cui Chai is unpredictable. " Eastern and western jade uses Huang Tingjian's poem "Beauty Strives for North and South, Wine and Jade" (the original poem is obscure), which refers to expensive wine glasses. If you don't pay attention, few people will know. This is not enough to show that Boya is a scholar with bad habits, and he wrote poems and lyrics in his later period.
Fifth, one of the ways to dazzle learning is to use obscure classics; There is another kind, which is more common, that is, use more, and try to avoid it. Multi-purpose, poetry, Tang people and their predecessors, ci, Northern Song people and their predecessors, are rare; After that, especially after that, it is visible to the outside world. Just to give an example, it is a song written by Gu Yun in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which was given to money and said:
The clouds outside the chess house are purple, and the stove is red. Being the Great Wall can block the north, but I flew in the East for a long time. Qian Qiu wrote Ouyang Zi, weighing wealth and wealth. Don't say that when I was in Nandu, my wife personally recruited. (The fourth chapter quotes Chen Yinque's Liu Chuan)
The whole article uses prime minister allusions to illustrate that money has the talent of prime minister. Even if the meaning can get to the point (in fact, it is not, for example, the first couplet will lose too much money compared with Xie An and Li Bi), but there is always a difficult shortcoming, because if you are not familiar with the classics, you will fall into a fog, and reading is equal to not reading.
Sixth, it is to use, whether it is uncommon or not, it is best to think of ordinary people and remedy it. The solution is to raise. This is a long-standing practice of the ancients, such as Du Fu's poems, which not only have various annotations, but also detailed annotations. We are modern people, and we don't have such high positions as Du Li and Qin Huang. My idea, if you are interested, is even, using the canon, so you'd better do it yourself and add comments. In case you have difficulty understanding it, people at the same time can join in. In order to save manpower and material resources, the notes can be as concise as possible, such as "explanation", which only refers to the hermits at the same time as Confucius, see The Analects of Confucius and Wuliu, and it is enough to use Tao Yuanming's Biography of Mr. Wuliu to refer to the hermit's residence.
Poetry allusion can be used openly, secretly, positively and reversely. No matter what the sentence is used, the reader can see at a glance that it is the clear usage; On the surface, it is integrated with contextual sentences. Without careful investigation, you won't know that this is an allusion, but it is a metaphor.
Ming Yong is like a gem embedded in a jade vessel, and the producer intends to increase the value of the vessel with its luster; Hidden use is like dissolving sugar in a clear spring, and the producer must try it himself to taste its sweetness. For example, Su Shi's Jiangchengzi (Hunting in Mizhou) is the next one:
The wine is full and the box is still open. There is a slight frost on the temple. What are the disadvantages? Hold a festival in the clouds, when to send the phoenix hall. I will make my strength as full as the full moon, full as the full moon, heading northwest and shooting at the team in West Xia Jun.
Let's look at "When will Feng Tang send it?" Feng Tang is a trusted minister of Emperor Wendi. Su Shi wrote about his hunting in Mizhou, but why did Feng Tang suddenly get involved? Obviously a classic. This is Ming Yong.
Feng Tang is a man who dares to speak out. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Shang Wei, the satrap in the cloud, was inferior to Xiongnu, and was later punished by Emperor Wen for trivial matters. Feng Tang thought that Wendi was not good at employing people, so he tried his best to protect Shang Wei in front of Wendi and returned to the cloud. (See Historical Records Biography of Zhang Shizhi and Feng Tang) Su Shi used this story here mainly because he was demoted for opposing the new law at that time and later changed his mind.
He is a patriotic poet who cares about politics. He always remembers the serious threat of Xixia in the northwest and is eager to contribute to the country. Based on Shang Wei's own situation, he hopes to have 1 a person who dares to remonstrate like Feng Tang, sponsor himself in front of Zongshen, send someone to recall himself and entrust him with an important task.
In that case, at that time, it was impossible to tell the truth when I was demoted, so I chose this story that was suitable for the situation at that time, which not only expressed my disappointment, but also put forward my hope, and suggested that Zongshen be a 1 adjustable wise master.
Look at "I can bow like a full moon, look northwest and shoot Sirius." On the surface, it seems to be in tune with "hunting", which is the case of writing bows and shooting sculptures. In fact, this is a hint of "shooting Sirius with a long arrow" in Song of the South of Dong Jun. Sirius, the star name, the old saying is that aggression and plunder are the mainstay. The author uses it as a metaphor for invaders such as Xixia. Shooting Sirius shows his determination to defend the country from the enemy. This is a secret use.
Another example is Xin Qiji's "Hidden in the Water Dragon" (Deng Jiankang Shangxin Pavilion): In Chutianqing swing, the water goes with the day. Seeing the mountains in the distance will only cause me sadness and resentment at the end of the country. These mountains are like a hairpin and a spiral coil on a woman's head. The sun in the west leans against this floor, and geese are barking in the distant sky. I am wandering in the south of the Yangtze River, homesick for a wanderer. I watched Wu Gou, made a column, and no one attended.
Don't say bass is terrible. Are the west wind and the seasonal eagle back? Begging for land and home, I'm afraid you'll be ashamed to see it. Liu Youcai is talented. Unfortunately, time passes like running water. I'm really worried about the country's ups and downs. As Huan Wen said, the trees have grown so much! Who is Qian Xuesen, calling for a red scarf and green sleeves and calling for a hero?
This word uses many allusions to express his grief and indignation that he has no way to serve the country and his ambition is hard to pay. Some of them are obvious, but at first glance they are used as allusions. Some of them are hidden between the lines and completely integrated. The last one is improvisation, and the allusions are rather dark.
Except "hairpin" and "Seeing Wu Gou" are obviously allusions, the rest are like "seeing from a distance"
"No one will attend, the meaning of coming to the scene" is all implicit. They all have origins, but we can still understand the meaning of words without knowing the origins. The next film is to express resentment directly, and the allusion is more vivid.
It makes sense except "sorrow and wind and rain". "Don't say the perch is terrible." West wind, Ying Ji returned, "Begging for fields and asking for home, fearing the shame of my sight", and "A tree with great talent" are obviously allusions, which are unknown and difficult to understand.
"Hairpin" refers to the mountain. Han Yu's poem "Send a message to Dr. Yan in Guizhou to use the southern character sutra" was published: "The river is a green ribbon, and the mountain is like a jade hairpin." Pi Rixiu's poem "Misty Peak" is like a bright moon and a green bun. "Wu Gou" is the treasure knife of Wu Wang He Lv. The secret code of "seeing" comes from Du Fu's "After Going to the Castle": "Teenagers don't give it, watch it with a smile", which means that they have the ambition to serve the country and the ability to seal the Hou.
"Looking at the distance" means "looking at the distant mountain shadows". From Han Yu's "South City Couplet", it says: "Far makes the eyes clear, far increases the brightness." The story of Liu Mengjie in Song Dynasty is "shooting over the railing". Liu Haoxue is unique, often standing still on the railing, thinking about the world, and once wrote a poem saying, "I missed studying for forty years, and I was drunk several times to pat the railing" (see Wang Bizhi's Talk about Lu Shuiyan).
"No one will attend the meeting," from Song Wang Qi's poem On the Pavilion. "Cicada can't attend the meeting. She sits in the corner in the west wind and uses her voice." (See Song Wenying's Hunan Record). Regret for the Past is a sentence written by Fang Ting, a man in Su Shi's works.
The sentence "Hugh Shuo" is the dictionary of Shi Shuo Xin Yu. When Zhang was in Luo, he saw the autumn wind gradually rising, remembered Wuzhong's famous dish "Perch Soup" and said: The most important thing in life is to be comfortable. How can you run thousands of miles away to be bound by official positions? So I immediately returned to Wu. The phrase "seeking land" is given to the biography of the Three Kingdoms-Chen Dengchuan.
Liu Bei criticized Xu Li for not thinking about his country and forgetting his home, but only seeking land and home. Xin used this code word to show that he did not forget the state affairs, but he was helpless. "The tree is so young" is a classic in Shi Shuo Xin Yu. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Huan Wen marched northward and passed through Jincheng. When he saw that the willow planted by himself had circled ten times before crossing the south, he almost sighed: "How can people be inferior?" Xin uses this code name to indicate that time flies and ambition is hard to pay.
Explicit use and implicit use have their own advantages and disadvantages. According to the needs of the content, decide which method to adopt. Generally speaking, the dark use of nature is better than the bright use, and the bright use is more eye-catching than the dark use; Ming uses must know the original meaning and meaning of allusions to be effective, while dark uses can be read through, but if you want to understand them deeply, you still need to know the source.
Allusions are used to take the original meaning of allusions, or to extend them slightly on the basis of the original meaning, as most allusions do. Take Su Shi's Jiangchengzi as an example, the two codes of "Sending Phoenix Hall" and "Shooting Sirius" all use their meanings.
Some people use the people and things mentioned in allusions in reverse. For example, Xin Qiji's "Man Jiang Hong" (sending Li to Shu) has high hopes for Li and actively encourages him to make a difference in Shu. At first, he summed it up as "the difficulty of getting through the Shu Road" and Li Bai's "it is hard to go goes to the sky". Li Bai highlighted the high risks of Shu Dao, but Xin Qiji emphasized that you can reach the sky through hard climbing, which is a reverse use of allusions.
The above examples illustrate several commonly used ways and means of allusion. In a thousand words, there are many changes in allusion, which cannot be summarized by several methods. Even in a word, various methods will be used alternately, always for the convenience of expressing the content. Let's take Xin Qiji's Broken Array (for Fan Nan Bo Shou) as an example to fully talk about the ancient people's methods of using allusions.
Throw the ground and fight for jade, hang the sail and sail. Wan Li's fame and fortune never stops. King 300 states. I don't know if sparrows are swans, but The Story Of Diu Sim went out for a ride. I laughed at Lu as big as a bucket Do you want to try this knife? Shou junou.
The word is orderly: "When Nanbo announced for Zhang Nan, he slaughtered Luxi, and Nanbo was too late to pretend this word." Fan Nanbo, famous as a mountain, is Xin Qiji's brother-in-law. The Fan family are all people with great national integrity. His father, Fan Bangyan and Zeng, made a new order for Cai Zhou, and later led the hero to meet him in Kaicheng, and the whole family resumed the Song Dynasty.
He admired Xin Qiji's loyalty and courage and married his daughter to Xin. Xin and Fan Rushan "are both the richest men in Zhongzhou, and they have done a good job of investigation". Fan Rushan is a talented politician. Liu Zai's Notes on Doctor Fan, a public security officer, said that he "manages officials like home and loves the people like a son", which is well received by the people. He has a superior heart, often thinking about restoring the northern soil, but he feels political corruption. When he was in power, he wanted to learn from Tao Yuanming's Plowing South Mu and live in seclusion.
In June of the fifth year of Xichun (A.D. 1 178), Zhang Qian, the son of Zhang Jun, a famous warring faction in the Southern Song Dynasty, was appointed as the envoy of Jinghe Hubei Road, hoping to make a difference. Because Fan Rushan came from the Jin-occupied area, he was asked to be the magistrate of Luxi County (so-called). Fan Rushan didn't believe that the imperial court could really make a difference, so he "delayed".
Xin Qiji was the deputy envoy of Hubei Grain Transportation at that time. He hoped that Fan could go out of Shijing Lake. "Therefore, I will avoid it." The theme of the poem is to persuade him to attach importance to state affairs, "Wan Li's fame and fortune should not rest", always miss "the owner of 300 States" and try his best to make contributions.
Obviously, if we look at the allusions used in Xin Ci, we can see that the author's technique is ingenious and meticulous. The author used two allusions at the beginning: 1. On the Hongmen Gate, Liu Bang ordered Sean to present a jade bucket to his father Fan Zeng. Fan Zeng felt that Xiang Yu did not listen to the advice and let Liu Bang go, leaving a future trouble. Instead, he put the jade bucket on the ground and smashed it with a sword.
The other 1 is the battle of wuyue in the Spring and Autumn Period, in which Fan Li offered the west to the prince of Wu to disintegrate his fighting spirit; After the death of Wu, he did not suffer from violating the seal, but traveled around the five lakes with his division by boat without returning. The style of writing seems bright and dark, and you can tell it is a classic at first glance, but the real intention is not directly stated. Even Fan Zeng and Fan Li share the same surname as Fan Rushan, and they are both wise and brave counselors. So I hope he can become a figure like Fan and make due contributions to the country with all his wisdom.
This seemingly obscure beginning is not only artistic (implying Fan Rushan's surname, but not giving a typical word), but also a good beginning from the theme of the word. With this beginning at the bottom, the words of positive encouragement will be very powerful and emotional: "Eternal love" should be in my generation, so don't easily lose the opportunity to make contributions, but always think of the greatness of the Great Song Dynasty!
The second part exhorts Fan Rushan's ideological activities: on the one hand, he praises Fan's great talent and ambition and predicts that he will achieve something; On the other hand, it advised him not to think that Lu's position was too small to play a role, but to take it as the starting point of his great career. In order to express these two meanings at the same time, the author chooses four allusions. First, Chen She withdrew from the field ridge and lamented the story that "sparrows know the ambition of swans".
In this way, I can show that I understand Fan's ambition. He didn't want to take office in order to achieve greater success. The second is to use the story of Zhou Panlong, a general of the Southern Song Dynasty. On the anniversary, you can't guard the frontier, but you have to ride a horse as a constant attendant (the emperor's attendants can predict important politics). Sai-jo asked him, "How about wearing the crown of The Story Of Diu Sim instead of Dunuf's helmet?" Zhou replied, "He took this The Story Of Diu Sim out of his pocket.
"This means that I became a near minister on the battlefield, not out of grace. Here, I understand that Fan has greater talents and wants to get a position where he can play a greater role. However, if he wants to win greater honor and gain an important position in participating in and discussing state affairs, he must show more in practical work and accumulate "meritorious military service".
The third is the story of Zongjue, a general in the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty. Living in his later years is often violated by the imperial edict of Yuzhou. Zong angrily lamented that "a state is as big as a bucket, but it is treated with imperial edict!" Xin took this opportunity to show that he realized Fan's feelings-living in a small Luxi, who is overqualified, can't act independently and it is difficult to make a difference.
But I also advised him that anyone who lives in peace will inevitably be relegated to a lower position and angry with the villain, not to mention you and me. Fourth, when Confucius arrived in Wucheng, he heard string songs and thought it unnecessary to cut the chicken with a knife. Xin did the opposite, encouraging Fan Nan to kill the chicken with an ox knife and try his best to cure the disease to show his talents.
These six allusions are used explicitly (such as three or four), hidden (such as five) (such as one, two, three or four) and reversed (such as six). Some have pointed out the meaning literally, while others are hints, which must be carefully tasted to understand. The whole sentence is rich in variety and always sticks to the theme.
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