Materials of Civilization Interaction and Social Transformation 1: The name "Western learning spread to the east" was introduced by Shanghai Commercial Press in Hong Rong's English memoirs in the fourth year of the Republic of China (19 15). (1) Western Han Dynasty? After the opening of the "Silk Road", China's silk and papermaking technology was introduced to Europe; Mongolia's Western Expedition spread China's three great inventions (gunpowder, printing and compass) to Europe and promoted the development of European capitalism. China's Confucianism was also introduced into Europe through missionaries, which had a certain influence on the development of European civilization.

(2) In the late Ming Dynasty, due to the opening of new sea routes, western missionaries brought advanced western science and technology to China. Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi collaborated in translating The Elements of Geometry.

(3) After the First Opium War, with more and more people coming to West China and strengthening the attack of ship guns, Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan put forward the idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners". After the Second Opium War, the Westernization School, which studied western science and technology, put forward the slogan of "Chinese style and western use". After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the evolution theory of western learning was introduced into China through Yan Fu's translation of The Theory of Evolution. The viewpoint of "natural selection, survival of the fittest" has sounded the alarm for China, which is facing the deepening national crisis. Western ideas have been widely spread through the activities of reformists.

(4) "Slight" (if meaningful)