Fill in the blanks

1. The earliest newspaper in the world: the Roman Daily Chronicle.

2. Five periods of human news communication: oral communication, written communication, printed communication, electronic communication and network communication.

3. The earliest news agency: Hawass News Agency of France, 1835.

4. Drafter of the American Declaration of Independence: Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence at the Second Continental Congress in 1775.

5. The earliest daily newspaper: 1650, Leipzig, Germany, the first daily newspaper in the world.

6. Six periods of the development of modern newspapers and periodicals: 1) political newspapers and periodicals during the bourgeois revolution; 2) Party newspapers and periodicals after the bourgeois revolution; 3) industrial revolution and cheap newspapers; 4) The emergence and development of proletarian newspapers and periodicals; 5) Newspapers and periodicals in the transitional period; 6) The development of modern newspapers and periodicals.

7. The earliest radio station: it was founded in 1920, 1 1.2, and the KDKA radio station in Pittsburgh, USA, officially started broadcasting, which is recognized as the first radio station in the world.

8. The earliest television: 1936 The BBC established the first television station in the world.

9. The New York Times: 185 1 year, henry raymond founded The New-York Daily Times and later renamed it The New York Times.

10. Pravda: a large-scale popular political daily published in Petersburg, founded under the personal planning of Lenin.

1 1. American sun: 1833, founded by Benjamin new york, the first successful cheap papers in the United States.

12. German propaganda minister during World War II: Goebbels, in charge of propaganda and cultural affairs.

13. The earliest daily newspaper in Britain: 1702, daily news; The earliest daily newspaper in France: Paris News.

14. Four major news agencies: Hawass News Agency, Wolf News Agency, Reuters and Associated Press.

15. The first newspaper of the ruling proletariat: Russia, 19 12, Pravda.

16. The earliest cheap paper in America: 1833 The Sun in new york, USA, was sold for the first time at the price of 1 cent per copy.

17. The earliest periodical newspaper: The earliest periodical newspaper appeared in Germany.

18. The earliest newspaper group: Scripps Newspaper Group of America.

19. the first complete press law in history: Searle press law, the first complete press law in the world and the first press law in France. This law was promulgated in 18 19 during the restoration of the French bourbon dynasty.

20. The three major news weekly magazines in the United States: Time, Newsweek and American News and World Report.

Two. Definition of terms

Milton: Milton is a British bourgeois political commentator and poet. He published many articles and political pamphlets, expounding the idea that sovereignty belongs to the people. 1644, delivered a speech on freedom of the press. Milton comprehensively criticized the drawbacks of publishing censorship. Emphasize that people's freedom of speech and publication is their birthright. He believes that this freedom is the wet nurse of all great wisdom, and limiting this freedom will only hurt the truth.

2. Pulitzer: 1878, Pulitzer bought the Telegraph in St. Louis for $2,500, then merged with the local Post to form the St. Louis Post, and later bought Le Monde in new york. The policy and thought of running a newspaper put forward by him has become the principle generally followed by modern bourgeois newspapers. New york Le Monde has become a typical modern newspaper. Pulitzer and new york Le Monde initiated a new period for the development of capitalist newspapers and periodicals. He created the editorial writing system, which is still the universal principle of the whole press. He stressed that the news published in newspapers should be true and accurate, the words should be concise and popular, and efforts should be made to write editorials. Pulitzer died at 19 1 1. He made a will and established the Pulitzer Prize, which became the highest prize in American news.

3. Newspaper Group: A newspaper group refers to a newspaper company that owns more than two kinds of daily newspapers in more than two cities. The emergence of newspaper groups indicates the monopoly trend of journalism. Scripps newspaper group in America was the first newspaper group in the world in the early 1980s.

4. The New York Times: 185 1 was founded in, and 1896 was taken over by oaks. This news is comprehensive and detailed. There are full-text reports of important international and domestic news, as well as many important documents published exclusively in history. The newspaper is huge in space, neat in layout and exquisite in appearance. The readers are mainly political, business and intellectual circles.

5. Jefferson: Thomas Jefferson was the main drafter of the Declaration of Independence, the third president of the United States and a bourgeois revolutionary. He defended the people's democratic rights stipulated in the Declaration of Independence in the struggle against federalism.

6. Four-way agreement of three societies: Hawass, Reuters, AFP and Associated Press signed a four-way agreement of three societies at 1870, forming a "joint alliance", and dividing the regions and spheres of influence of news gathering and publishing according to the agreement. After World War I, the agreement lost its binding force and was formally abolished in 1934.

7. The Times: 1785 was founded in London, formerly known as the Daily Global Record, and was founded by the printer Walter I. The Times has always advertised independence, but it is actually a tool of public opinion of the big bourgeoisie. Business, well-informed, serious report, detailed content, concerned about international and domestic events, but also concerned about speech. The readers are mainly political circles, industrial and commercial finance circles and intellectual circles.

8. Mars: 1900 Mars was published in Leipzig, Germany. For various reasons, the publishing place has changed several times. Lenin is actually the editor-in-chief and leader of Mars. He published many articles on Party building and Russian proletarian revolution on Mars, and commented on major events in international life. This is the first all-Russian political newspaper founded by Lenin. At that time, Mars actually played the role of the Russian workers' movement guidance center.

9. Murdoch: Murdoch started from a tabloid in Australia, and set foot in the magazine, television and film industries one after another, and gradually established a news group. He is not only a successful journalist, but also a master of media management. At present, News Corporation ranks 37th1among the top 500 companies in the world, and it is one of the largest and most internationalized comprehensive media companies in the world. It controls the British Times, The Sunday Times, The Sun and The News of the World. , net assets of more than $40 billion. Time magazine listed Murdoch, Bill Gates and Clinton as the last three world celebrities in the 20th century.

10. Yellow News: There is a cartoon in Le Monde, the protagonist is a child in yellow. After Hurst's New York News poached the author, Pulitzer hired another painter, so there were yellow children's comic books on two Sundays. The press calls it yellow newspaper, and the usual sensational tactics of the two newspapers are called yellow news.

1 1. handwritten newspaper:1in the 6th century, in the Italian city of Venice, specialized institutions and employees first appeared to interview economic, political, war, shipping date and other information, and a commercial newspaper, handwritten newspaper, came into being. Handwritten news mainly publishes economic information, which is pure news separated from the trace of document notice and communication information. By the beginning of17th century, regularly printed newspapers were published in major European countries. Because of this, news is completely out of the confusion with history and intelligence.

12. On freedom of the press: Milton gave a speech on freedom of the press at 1644. Milton comprehensively criticized the drawbacks of censorship as the cornerstone of bourgeois journalism theory. Lenin said that this slogan became a great slogan all over the world from the end of the Middle Ages to the19th century. Because it reflects the progressive nature of the bourgeoisie.

Three. Short Answer Questions

1. Characteristics of newspapers in developing countries

A: 1) Early newspapers were founded by four colonists. 2) With the development of the anti-colonial and anti-feudal struggle, the national newspapers and periodicals in these countries gradually developed and expanded. 3) The victory of the national liberation movement has opened up a new world for the development of newspapers in these countries. After gaining independence, every country has established its own newspaper system.

2. What development stages have socialist journalism gone through?

A: With the victory of the October Revolution, the first socialist country appeared in the world. Soviet Russia established and formed a brand-new socialist newspaper system. 2) After the end of World War II, a series of countries in Europe, Asia and Latin America broke away from the capitalist system and took the socialist road, and the socialist newspaper industry developed greatly. 3) After the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the structure and nature of newspapers in these countries have undergone major changes.

3. The symbol of newspaper monopoly and the means by which monopoly capital controls the newspaper industry.

A: There are two signs of newspaper monopoly: 1) the circulation increases and the number of newspapers decreases; 2) The phenomenon of "one city, one newspaper" is common.

Means of controlling the newspaper industry by monopoly capital: 1) Controlling the ownership of newspapers through newspaper groups; 2) controlling newspaper content through news organizations and special syndicates; 3) Influence the major policies of newspapers through advertisements.

4. The development trend of contemporary world news agencies.

A: Great changes have taken place in the world political and economic structure since the 20th century. Two world wars broke out one after another, and news agencies have made remarkable development and changes. 1933 wolf news agency declined; Hawass news agency closed down in 1940, and French news agency was established on its original basis after World War II. Rasta News Agency was founded after the October Revolution in the Soviet Union, and 1925 was reorganized into Tass News Agency. Reuters and the Associated Press were hardly affected by the war. At present, there are four world news agencies: Associated Press in the United States, united press international, Reuters in Britain and AFP in France. Some countries have set up their own news agencies.

5. What are the main stages of the development of world TV news?

A: 1) black and white TV stage; This period lasted from the end of World War II to the mid-1950s. 2) color TV stage; Through the continuous efforts of scientists, the difficulties were finally overcome. 1949, the United States made color photographic tubes and color picture tubes, and then began to pilot color TV programs. 3) Satellite TV stage; Its development is rapid.

6. What are the management systems of radio and television in the world?

A: 1) state-owned and state-owned; This is a state-owned directly affiliated radio and television station. 2) State-owned and public; This is a state-owned radio and television station independently operated by the company. 3) the public; (1) organized and operated by all walks of life; (2) handled and managed by public organizations. 4) private ownership; This is a private, joint venture or joint-stock company. 5) Public-private partnership; Refers to the state-owned and private joint ventures or joint ventures of radio and television institutions.

7. What is the historical background of cheap paper?

A: 1) The rapid development of social economy, the acceleration of urbanization and the rapid concentration of population provide conditions for the circulation of a large number of newspapers. 2) The development of economy needs to generally improve the quality of workers, so education is popularized, and the number of civilians proficient in writing has increased, forming a new broad readership. 3) New changes have taken place in class power, and the industrial bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat are expanding at the same time, which has promoted the process of political change in various countries and gradually improved the political environment for running newspapers. 4) The appearance of high-speed rotary printing machine reduces the printing cost, and the newspaper printing speed is faster. 5) With the prosperity of industry and commerce, the number of advertisements has greatly increased, and advertising revenue has become the main source of newspapers, making it possible for newspapers to be sold cheaply.

8. What stages have human communication gone through?

A: Oral communication, written communication, printed communication, electronic communication and Internet communication are five milestones in the history of human communication.

9. How did wireless broadcasting come into being?

A: 1864, the British scientist Maxwell discovered the basic principle of electromagnetism and put forward the conclusion that radio waves can be transmitted wirelessly. From 65438 to 0884, German scientist Hertz conducted experiments based on this theory, and finally discovered the characteristics of radio waves and the methods of generating, transmitting and receiving them. During the period of 1895, Italian scientist Marconi and Russian scientist popov conducted remote experiments on radio transmission signals, which were both successful and made the world's earliest wireless point transceiver.

10. What is the relationship between human communication activities and communication technology?

A: the ability of human beings to carry out communication activities is enhanced with the improvement and invention of the media; The form of communication activities also changes with the development of media; Every era of news dissemination is based on technological breakthroughs; The development of media is a process of superposition in turn, and each technology has made a leap in human communication ability, which is accumulated, sublimated and passed down from generation to generation in the process of evolution and is the basic aspect of human survival and development.

Four. Thesis problem

1. The establishment, development and changes of the four major news agencies in Europe and America

2. The influence of bourgeois classical press freedom theory on journalism in Europe and America.

3. Discuss the characteristics of various stages of the development of proletarian newspapers and periodicals.

4. Illustrate the development of cheap papers and its innovation in journalism.

5. Marx founded the New Rheinische Zeitung and his news thoughts.

6. An overview of the dung digging movement in American news history and its historical background.

7. Milton and Locke's thought of press liberalism

8. The development history and present situation of new york Times.