2. Time: 19, from 1960s to 1990s.
Three. Objective: To make Qiang Bing rich, get rid of the predicament and maintain the rule of Qing Dynasty by using the advanced production technology in the West. (Fundamental purpose: maintaining the rule of the Qing Dynasty)
4. Representative: Central Committee member: Prince Gong? . Venue: Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong. 5. Proposition: "Learn from foreigners and learn from them". Slogan: "self-improvement" in the early stage and "seeking wealth" in the later stage. Seven. Content: (1) Establish modern military industry. (Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute founded by Zeng Guofan is the first military enterprise run by the Westernization School; Frant Gwo and Li Hongzhang founded Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration in Shanghai, which is the largest modern military industry run by the Westernization Group. Fuzhou Shipping Bureau founded by Zuo was the largest shipyard in the Far East at that time. (2) Establish civil industry. (Li Hongzhang founded the China Merchants Bureau for Ships in Shanghai, which was the first civil industry founded by the Westernization School; Zhang Zhidong founded Hanyang Iron Works, and the layout of weaving in Hubei. (3) building a navy. (* * * Establish three naval forces in Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian) (4) Establish a new school. Shi Jing Wentong Museum, founded in 1862, is the first new school founded by the Westernization School. The symbol of bankruptcy: The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, when beiyang fleet was completely annihilated, marked the complete failure of the Westernization Movement. Nine, the root cause of failure: just learning advanced western science and technology, not fundamentally changing the decadent feudal system. X. Evaluation: (1) Nature: Westernization Movement is a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers. (2) Positive role: Westernization Movement introduced advanced western science and technology, which made the first batch of modern enterprises appear in China. The Westernization Movement accumulated production experience for modern enterprises in China, cultivated technical strength, objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism, and opened the way for China's modernization. It also plays a role in resisting the expansion of foreign economic forces. (The Westernization Movement was the beginning of China's modernization) (3) Limitations: However, the Westernization Movement did not make China rich and strong.
Lesson: The failure of Westernization Movement showed that the landlord class could not save China. Lesson 7 1898 Reform Movement
1. Background: After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China was in danger of being carved up by the eastern and western powers. The national crisis was unprecedented, and the bourgeois reformists rose to save the country.
2. Leadership: the bourgeois reformists represented by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Tan Sitong.
3. Foreword: 1895, after the news of the signing of treaty of shimonoseki reached Beijing, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao jointly wrote a letter to Emperor Guangxu, opposing peace talks with Japan and demanding political reform, which was called "writing on the bus" in history, and the political reform and reform movement began. Fourth, establish newspapers and periodicals, organize mass organizations, and publicize the idea of political reform and reform. (After the book on the bus failed, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao founded the World Bulletin, which was organized by Beijing with the aim of expanding the society. Later, the World Bulletin was renamed Chinese and Foreign Journals and published as the organ of Qiangshe. The reformist political form has taken shape. 5. climax: 100-day reform. 1, time:1898 June to September (during the Reform Movement of 1898, so it was called the Reform Movement of 1898), which lasted 103 days, also known as the "Hundred Days Reform". 2. Contents: ① Reform government institutions, abolish redundant staff and appoint reformers; (2) Encourage private enterprises to set up industrial and mining enterprises; (3) Opening new schools to train talents, translating western books and spreading new ideas; (Shi Jing University Hall, founded during the Reform Movement of 1898, is the highest academic institution established by the first country in modern China, and it is also an important achievement left by the Reform Movement of 1898) (4) Establishing newspapers and opening up their speeches; ⑤ Cultivate a new type of army. 3. Results: The reform touched the interests of the die-hards. Empress Dowager Cixi staged a coup and imprisoned Emperor Guangxu. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled abroad, and Tan Sitong and others were killed. 1898 The reform movement failed.
Reasons for failure: ① The national bourgeoisie was weak, and the Reform Movement of 1898 lacked a solid mass base. 2 Conservatism is powerful. ③ Kang Youwei and others lack administrative experience. (4) Reformers have unrealistic illusions about imperialism. Seven. Nature: The Reform Movement of 1898 was a top-down bourgeois reform movement. Eight. Significance: It is beneficial for the bourgeoisie to participate in politics, promote capital development, spread bourgeois ideas and play the role of ideological enlightenment. 9. Lesson: The failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 shows that the road of bourgeois reform does not work in China. Ten, the famous saying: "change, the world is also right." -Liang Qichao: "If you want to kill a thief, you are powerless to return to heaven and die a fair death. Come on! " -Tan Sitong Lesson 8 The Revolution of 1911 I. Sun Yat-sen's main activities 1. Create the Hui nationality in Zhong Xing. (Time:1894; Venue: Honolulu, USA. ) 2. Time for establishing the League: 1905. Venue: Tokyo, Japan. Premier: Sun Yat-sen .. Revolutionary program: expelling Tatars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and equal land rights. Overthrow the Qing Dynasty, abolish absolute monarchy and establish democracy.
3. The Three People's Principles became the guiding ideology of the Revolution of 1911. (In People's Daily, the organ newspaper of the League, Sun Yat-sen expounded the revolutionary program of the League as three principles, namely "nationality" (expelling the Tatars and restoring China), "political power" (establishing the Republic of China) and "people's livelihood" (equal land rights), which is called "Three People's Principles". The Three People's Principles is the guiding ideology of Sun Yat-sen's leadership of the Revolution of 1911. He led the Revolution of 1911, overthrew the rule of Qing Dynasty, established the Republic of China, and was elected as the interim president of the Republic of China. 5. Promote the first cooperation between the two parties. 6. Lead the establishment of China Kuomintang Army Academy (Huangpu Military Academy).
Wuchang Uprising:191101October10, the revolutionaries launched an uprising in Wuchang, Hubei. 19 1 1 This year is the year of Xinhai in the old calendar, and it is called this revolution in history.
Do the Revolution of 1911.
Iii. The Republic of China was founded: 19 12 On New Year's Day, the Republic of China was founded. Sun Yat-sen was elected as the provisional president of the Republic of China and was sworn in in Nanjing.
On February 65438, 2002, Emperor Xuan Tong abdicated. Results: The achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, the leader of Beiyang Warlord, and the Revolution of 1911 failed to change the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.
Quality. V. Evaluation: (1) Nature: The Revolution of 1911 was an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois democratic revolution. (2) Significance: The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. (3) Limitations: Yuan Shikai stole the achievements of the Revolution of 1911, which failed to change the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China. 6. Lessons: The failure of the Revolution of 1911 shows that bourgeois * * * and state plans are not feasible in China.
Lesson 9 New Culture Movement
1. Background: After the founding of the Republic of China, ideas and concepts such as democracy, self-improvement, equality and fraternity introduced from the West were welcomed by intellectuals, especially young students. Yuan Shikai, who stole the fruits of the Revolution of 1911, took "Confucius' Way" as the foundation of self-cultivation and admired Confucius' retro countercurrent everywhere in order to realize dictatorship. There has been a fierce conflict between the old and new ideological trends. Second, the starting sign: 19 15. Chen Duxiu founded Youth Miscellanies in Shanghai, marking the rise of the New Culture Movement.
Representative: Chen Duxiu (Chen Duxiu) founded New Youth, published Warning Youth and put forward the slogan of "democracy" and "science". ) Li Dazhao (Li Dazhao published two essays, Victory in the Suburbs and Victory in Bolshevik Righteousness, praising the October Revolution; He also founded Weekly Review in Beijing. ) Hu Shi (Hu Shi published "The Improvement of Literature" and advocated using vernacular instead of written language. Lu Xun published China's first vernacular short story Diary of a Madman. Lu Xun combined the content of anti-feudal revolution with the form of new literature and set the standard of new literature. )
Four, two flags: democracy ("Mr. De") and science ("Mr. Sai").
5. Theme: New Youth.
Sixth, content: advocate democracy and oppose dictatorship; Advocating science and opposing blind obedience; Advocate new morality and oppose old morality; Advocate new literature and oppose old knowledge; Spread Marxism.
Seven. Evaluation: (1) Nature: The New Culture Movement is a great ideological emancipation movement in the history of China. (2) Significance: Encourage people to pursue democracy and science, explore the truth of saving the country and the people, and create conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. (3) Limitations: The absolute negation or affirmation of the Eastern and Western cultures by the New Culture Movement has always influenced the later.
More importantly,