Tools/raw materials
Zanthoxylum seedlings
Planting tools
(1) planting method
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Planting time: The planting time of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seedlings should be determined according to the climate characteristics and seedling growth. Generally speaking, it can be divided into two planting seasons: spring and autumn. In cold areas with dry climate in spring and little soil moisture, autumn planting is better. At this time, if the pepper seedlings grow older, they can be planted in August-September, and if the top of the pepper seedlings is tender, they can be postponed to September-10. When planting pepper seedlings in autumn, some tender buds and leaves should be cut off to reduce water evaporation and improve the survival rate. In hilly and mountainous areas with more rain in spring, it is best to germinate and sow in early spring. The best period is 10 days before the vernal equinox and 10 days after the vernal equinox. If the seedlings are transported far away for planting, it must be carried out before the seedlings germinate. Seedlings should be packed before transportation. If there are straw bags, put the roots of the seedlings in plastic bags to keep warm (the whole plant can't be put in plastic bags).
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Digging holes for planting: In order to make Zanthoxylum bungeanum grow well after planting, dig holes and apply sufficient fertilizer when planting. The general planting hole is 50-60 cm square, and 3-5 kg farmyard manure and 50 g calcium superphosphate are applied to each plant. The fertilizer should be mixed with the soil, and 100 g fresh lime powder should be added to prevent root rot. Planting fill, after irrigation, build a nest with soil to prevent evaporation of soil moisture in the nest. Where there are many gravels, it is better to cover the nest with gravels.
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Plant row spacing: according to the topography, soil fat and thin, pepper varieties and future growth management technical measures to decide. A pure pepper forest generally adopts the spacing of 1.5×2.5 meters. If it is a pepper garden between agriculture and forestry, the row spacing of 4×5 meters is generally used. The principle is: large slope, small plant spacing, small slope and large plant spacing. Thick soil and large spacing between plants; The soil is barren and the spacing between plants is small. Large plant shape and large plant spacing; Small plant spacing, small plant spacing. For example, because of the need to implement mechanized farming in Pingjiao Garden, strip planting or wide and narrow planting row spacing can be adopted. We should not only make full use of soil fertility and light energy, but also adapt to the growth and development of pepper, so as to achieve the goal of high and stable yield, high quality and long life of pepper.
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Seedling management: If the leaves of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seedlings planted with leaves wither and curl, they can be cut off to keep the balance of water supply and demand, which is beneficial to the survival of seedlings. In windy areas, posts should be erected next to seedlings to prevent them from being blown by the wind and affecting their survival. When the seedlings are skewed due to irrigation, they should be righted in time. In case of long-term drought and no rain, timely irrigation. When the topsoil is slightly dry, hoe the topsoil in time to reduce soil moisture evaporation. However, the irrigation frequency should not be too much, so as not to destroy the soil structure and affect the growth of the new summary. In order to reduce the evaporation of soil moisture after planting, the nest can also be covered with grass or gravel. At the same time, we should also pay attention to avoid the harm of human and animal trampling.
(2) Soil management
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Deep ploughing and soil maturation: Deep ploughing and tree nesting can achieve the purpose of soil maturation. Osmunda japonica is a shallow-rooted tree species with developed lateral roots and vigorous root growth, which requires high soil conditions with good ventilation and rich organic matter. The specific method is: shallow digging under the crown of pepper, deep turning outside the crown, so as not to hurt the roots. Generally, the depth between rows is 33-66 cm. When digging deep pit soil, apply organic fertilizer as base fertilizer to increase soil organic matter. If it is cohesive soil, it should be mixed with sand to improve the soil structure.
Newly planted young trees should rotate to expand their nests in order to facilitate the growth and development of young roots of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Because of the shallow soil layer and poor soil structure, it is particularly important to expand the nest of Zanthoxylum bungeanum garden built on barren hills.
After deep ploughing, the air and water in the soil are improved, which is beneficial to the decomposition and transformation of soil organic matter and mineral fertilizers and improves soil fertility. At the same time, deep ploughing and application of organic fertilizer can promote soil maturation and change the number one structure of soil, which is beneficial to the growth and development of pepper root system.
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Intercropping between pepper orchards: Intercropping between pepper orchards can not only make rational use of land, but also increase the growth and development of pepper. Crops with short growth period, short plants and certain economic income should be selected for intercropping. According to the experience of pepper farmers in Luotang District of Wudu, bean crops should be planted in pepper orchard intercropping. Bean crops have rhizobia, which can fix nitrogen and increase soil fertility, which is beneficial to the growth of pepper. Tall crops such as wheat and corn are not suitable for planting. Frequent watering of wheat makes pepper prone to root rot, and the tall stalk of corn affects the illumination of pepper, which is not conducive to the growth of pepper. For example, in some pepper orchards, after intercropping two crops of wheat, pepper trees will die.
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Soil reclamation (soil replacement): At present, most of Zanthoxylum bungeanum is planted on hillsides and ridges, and soil and water are easily lost, so we should pay attention to soil reclamation around the roots of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, especially planting Zanthoxylum bungeanum on barren hills. Raising soil in alpine mountain areas can increase soil temperature and reduce frost. In dry places in winter and spring, soil tillage can reduce soil moisture evaporation. Usually in late autumn. Pepper orchards with steep slopes and thin soil layers can be cultivated every year.
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Intertillage and weeding: Intertillage and weeding in pepper orchard after rain can cut off soil capillaries and reduce soil moisture evaporation. Eliminate weeds that compete with pepper for water and fertilizer, so as to facilitate the growth and development of pepper.
(3) Fertilization
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Fertilization method:
More alkaline fertilizers should be applied to acidic soil; More acid fertilizers should be applied to alkaline soil. Sandy soil fertility is poor, so it should be applied frequently; Clay has good fertility and can be applied again appropriately.
Fertilization methods in pepper orchard include point application, annular furrow application, radial furrow application and short furrow application. In a flat pepper garden, annular or radial furrow application is usually adopted. In pepper orchards in mountainous areas and slopes, it is advisable to use hole application or short ditch application. No matter which fertilization method is used, the ditches and holes for fertilization should be dug under the outer edge of the crown. Because there are many fibrous roots of pepper in this area, it is beneficial to absorption. Fertilization at root neck or outside crown will cause waste of fertilizer. Soil must be covered immediately after fertilization to prevent nutrient volatilization.
In addition, branches, leaves and fruits can be used to absorb nutrients to varying degrees, and topdressing (foliar fertilizer) can be carried out on the crown. Meet the demand of pepper for some fertilizers. After Zanthoxylum bungeanum and 15 wither, topdressing trimer mineral potassium dihydrogen phosphate and compound fertilizer 20 days before harvesting can increase the yield by 8.5%.
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Fertilization time and dosage
(1) base fertilizer: the application period of base fertilizer is from pepper picking to pepper germination in the following spring, but it is best to apply base fertilizer immediately after pepper picking. The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, mixed with appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer. Applying base fertilizer in autumn, the soil is moist and the ground temperature is low, which is beneficial to the reproduction of soil microorganisms, effectively transforming organic matter into inorganic salts, which are quickly absorbed by Zanthoxylum bungeanum roots, increasing tree nutrition and restoring tree vitality. At the same time, it is also beneficial to increase the soil temperature in winter and promote the normal growth and development of pepper in the coming year.
If base fertilizer cannot be applied in autumn, it should be applied again before freezing in winter. Fertilization in winter should be carried out in areas with dry climate and low soil moisture, and it is better to mix 50% biogas slurry.
When applying base fertilizer, it depends on the size and yield of the tree. Generally, a 6-7-year-old Zanthoxylum bungeanum tree bears 1-2 kg Zanthoxylum bungeanum, and can be applied with 5- 10 kg grass fertilizer and 150-250 g calcium superphosphate (phosphate fertilizer).
(2) Topdressing: mainly decomposed human and animal manure or nitrogenous inorganic fertilizer, combined with potash fertilizer. Zanthoxylum bungeanum should not be topdressed at least twice in a growth cycle. The first topdressing is from late April to early May, and the manure of one person and one animal is topdressing. Promote the robust growth of new shoots, increase the thickness of leaves and improve photosynthetic capacity. It also plays a great role in improving the development of fruit setting and young fruit. Top dressing for the second time, applying quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer once from late June to early July to promote flower bud and fruit expansion. If this topdressing is applied in time, it can not only promote the yield increase in that year and improve the quality of pepper, but also lay the foundation for further yield increase next year.
The application amount of topdressing, 6-7-year-old pepper, the first topdressing, 5- 100kg of manure per plant, and 50- 100 g of available nitrogen fertilizer for the second time. If it is other fertilizer topdressing, it can be increased or decreased appropriately and mastered flexibly.
(4) Winter management
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Whitening: Mix lime powder with water to make paste, and brush it on the pepper trunk to prevent cold air from invading.
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Wrapping grass: before winter, wrap the pepper trunk with wheat straw or straw bag and tie it with rope to avoid freezing injury.
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Warm fertilizer application: before entering the ninth year, apply hot cattle, horse, sheep manure, oil residue, pond mud and other fertilizers to the roots of pepper trees. When applying fertilizer, the topsoil around the trunk 15-25 cm can be scraped dry. According to the size of the tree and the type of fertilizer, each plant is fertilized with 5- 10 kg, and then buried with soil.
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Watering: After applying heat preservation fertilizer, water the pepper tree 1 time, and spread a layer of sand or gravel at any time after watering. You can only use the method of single irrigation, and don't flood irrigation, so as not to freeze the pepper trees because of too much water and the drop of ground temperature.
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Spraying pepper trees with 1-2 times of high-concentration plant ash solution before winter can also prevent the trees from freezing, sterilize and prevent insects, killing two birds with one stone.
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(5) shaping and pruning
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Pruning is an important technical measure in pepper production. Zanthoxylum bungeanum was trimmed to obtain a reasonable tree structure, and the space, light and nutrition conditions were fully utilized to achieve the purpose of high, stable and long life.
Plastic pruning must adapt to and cooperate with soil, fertilizer, sunshine, temperature and other conditions in order to play an active role. If the role of pruning is emphasized unilaterally, while other conditions or management measures are ignored, not only the goal of high yield cannot be achieved, but also the adverse consequences of delayed fruiting of young trees, low yield of big trees and shortened life span will be caused.
Pruning period
Generally speaking, the whole dormancy period from defoliation to germination can be pruned. However, in areas with severe freezing damage, it is best to prune them before thawing and germination in early spring. This can prevent the wound from freezing. & ltbr & gt
In addition to winter pruning, summer pruning can be carried out according to different situations in different places. For example, some long branches are cored or cut short, and slender branches are densely planted inside and outside the crown and removed in time to facilitate ventilation and light transmission and reduce nutrient consumption.
Summer pruning has a greater weakening effect on Zanthoxylum bungeanum than winter pruning, so this method is mostly used in the period of young trees and strong trees. At present, winter pruning is mainly used in pepper production.
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Pruning method
Pruning methods are generally divided into thinning and short pruning, which can promote flowering and fruiting; Short cutting is beneficial to shoot strong mother branches and enhance growth.
Zanthoxylum bungeanum should adopt thinning method in the young and strong period, combining thinning with short cutting, mainly short cutting in the full fruit period, combining short cutting with short cutting; During the aging period of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, short shear regeneration is the main method.
(1) Thinning means cutting branches from the base. Its functions are as follows: (1) thinning out over-dense branches, cross branches, overlapping branches, thin and weak branches and improperly placed branches, so that the main branches and side branches are well coordinated, ventilated and transparent, and the consumption of nutrients is saved. (2) Drain dead branches, pests and diseases, and reduce pests and diseases. (3) Dense branches around the crown become thinner, which makes the interior of the crown ventilated and transparent and improves the filling rate of the inner cavity. At the same time, it also plays a role in improving the real quality.
(2) Short cutting is to cut off a part of branches, and its function is: (1) to inhibit vigorous vegetative branches and overgrown branches, and let their lateral branches germinate into fruiting branches. ② Stimulate weak branches to produce strong new branches or medium fruiting branches. (3) Shorten the fruiting branches, reduce the amount of flowers, increase the vegetative branches, and balance the fruits in different years. (4) Re-pruning the aged main branches and lateral branches, stimulating healthy new branches, renewing the crown and rejuvenating the trees. ⑤ coring is also a short cutting method, which can reduce nutrient consumption as soon as possible.
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When modeling, we should first consider the lighting and ventilation conditions. On the premise of ventilation and light transmission, gradually cultivate strong skeletons with uniform distribution to form a tree structure with high and stable yield. However, due to the different characteristics of pepper varieties, its tree shape can not be unified, such as male pepper and tree pepper, and the most suitable tree shape is multi-branch cluster and natural humanoid; Qin pepper is mostly natural and happy.
(1) Multi-branch cluster: This tree is characterized by 4-5 main branches at the base, and the whole tree structure is clustered. The concrete shaping method is as follows: after the annual Zanthoxylum bungeanum seedlings are planted, 4-5 strong new branches with different directions are selected as the main branches at the base of the trunk, and the delicate overlapping branches are cut off. In the first year, it is generally not cut short, so that the crown expands quickly. In the second year, a small number of flower buds can be formed on some upper branches of the main branch. The third year begins to bear fruit. Pay attention to properly thinning the dense branches every year. When entering the fruiting stage, we should use the combination of short scissors and retraction scissors (retracting the branches that have been growing for many years to the branches) and thinning scissors to make them ventilated and transparent, so as to prevent the cavity from being empty and the fruiting part from moving outward.
The advantages of multi-branch cluster shape are: light pruning, fast molding, large crown, early fruiting and full fruiting; The main branches grow vigorously; Both yield per plant and yield per unit area are high.
(2) Natural happiness: The tree structure of natural happiness is: the stem is 20-30cm high, and three main branches are evenly arranged on the trunk, so that each main branch extends in a certain direction, and lateral branches are selected on the main branches, vigorously cultivated, and extended outward as far as possible, so that the crown forms two layers, and more branchlets are left on the main branches and lateral branches to increase the fruiting parts.
The advantages of natural happiness are: pleasant crown and good lighting conditions, which are conducive to the formation of internal and external fruit branches; Three-dimensional results can improve the yield; The subordinate relationship is clear and the structure is firm. Although the crown is hollow, the long branches produced in the middle can be used. It is beneficial to the prevention and control of pests and diseases, to reduce the harm of longicorn beetles and to eradicate weeds; Disadvantages are: the number of main branches is small; The distance is close, and the use of space seems to have certain limitations.
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Adult tree pruning
The pruning method and degree of Zanthoxylum bungeanum vary with varieties and tree ages. Mainly thinning young trees and strong trees, so that their crowns expand and take shape rapidly. At the same time, more branchlets are left as auxiliary branches and fruiting branches to facilitate early fruiting. For strong branches, put them without cutting; For weak branches, cut them short to promote the emergence of strong branches. Short cutting should be light, not heavy. Generally, the branches of 1/3 or 1/4 should be cut. In the full fruit period, the tribute pepper and Sichuan pepper should be mainly chopped. Through short cutting, the fruiting branches are constantly updated, and at the same time, the branches at all levels are constantly updated to promote growth and form fruiting branches. In addition, during this period, we should also pay attention to keeping some vegetative branches in the crown, that is, we should also pay attention to cutting short and using long branches to avoid the hollowness of the crown cavity and prevent the load-bearing parts from moving out. The pruning degree of trees in full fruit period varies from tree to tree. Generally, trees that grow vigorously should be cut lightly; If the growth is weak and the results are too much, the pruning should be heavy. Pepper orchards with the phenomenon of big and small years should be pruned again in the new year, and more branches should be left for development or growth promotion; Leave more fruiting branches in the off-year and remove some developing branches appropriately. If the above pruning methods are used in conjunction with other agricultural technical measures in pepper orchards where the phenomenon of big and small years is serious, the phenomenon of big and small years will be solved within 3-5 years.
The latent buds of Zanthoxylum bungeanum have a long life and the incision is easy to heal. Therefore, the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened for aged trees, and the backbone branches can be rotated, retracted and updated. After the whole plant of Zanthoxylum bungeanum is aged, the whole plant should be updated in time.
(6) Key points of pepper cultivation technology
Seed storage and germination acceleration;
Zanthoxylum seed shell is hard, oily, difficult to absorb water and germinate, so it must be degreased. In autumn sowing, seeds can be put in alkaline water (1kg seeds are soaked in alkaline water 25g, and the degree of water flooding the seeds is 0), soaked for 2 days, rubbed with seed coat oil, and then taken out for sowing. If it is sown in spring, it should be stored properly to prevent the oil from volatilizing after winter and reduce the germination ability. Storage methods vary from place to place, mainly as follows:
1. plant ash storage: In autumn, add 3-5 times of water to plant ash, stir it evenly, store it and keep it moist frequently.
2. Mud cake packaging: mix the seeds with sandy loam, add water and mix them into thick mud (or mix some cow dung) to make mud cakes, dry them in the shade and put them in a dry and ventilated place for sowing next spring.
3. Pot storage: Fresh seeds dried in the shade can be poured into a pot, covered and placed in a cool and dry room, which can also maintain germination ability. ?
Generally, before sowing 15-20 days, the stored seeds are piled up in sunny places with a height of 30 cm, covered with plastic film by spraying water, and turned once every 15-2 days, and can be sown when most seeds germinate.
Sowing and fertilizer management:
Before soil freezing in autumn, spring sowing is usually from mid-March to early April, when the soil temperature at the surface 10 cm reaches 8- 10℃. Nursery land should be fully fertilized, leveled after deep ploughing and watered. Drill, row spacing 20-25cm, covering soil 1cm. Then cover the edge with a thin layer of grass or plastic film to keep the edge moist, and remove the cover after seedling emergence. The sowing amount is 4- 16 kg per mu. The height of seedlings is 4-5cm, and the spacing between plants is 10- 15cm. From June to July, apply urea 10 kg per mu. Irrigation should be carried out after pesticide application, intertillage weeding should be done in time, and drainage should be paid attention to in rainy season. Generally, the height of seedlings in that year can reach 70- 100cm.
Rational fertilization can significantly increase the yield. The base fertilizer can be applied in spring or autumn, preferably after the fruit is harvested in autumn. Apply about 25 kilograms of ring fertilizer or mixed fertilizer to each furrow. Pay attention to the uniform mixing of fertilizer and soil, and then irrigate after application. Top dressing twice a year. The first time in the germination stage, it can promote the growth of pointed leaves, improve the fruit setting rate and promote the growth of young fruits; After the second harvest, basal fertilizer can also be applied in autumn, which is beneficial to flower bud differentiation and root growth, improving leaf function and increasing nutrient storage of trees, and plays an important role in ensuring yield increase in the next year. The amount of topdressing for adult trees is 0.25-0.5 kg urea per plant each time, and irrigation should be done in time after topdressing. Appropriate irrigation should be paid attention to in April, May and June in Gansu dry year to ensure the water demand for the growth and flowering of the top leaves and the development of young fruits and prevent serious fruit drop. Zanthoxylum bungeanum is not waterlogged, so attention should be paid to drainage and waterlogging prevention in rainy season.
Third, plastic trimming:
Zanthoxylum bungeanum likes light, with strong branches and strong fruiting ability. Only by pruning, concentrating nutrition and improving illumination can high and stable yield be obtained.
After planting, the stem should be fixed at 40-50 cm. When cutting in winter, the lower branches of the trunk should be drained, and the upper 3-6 branches should be kept as the main branches. If the selection of 1 year is incorrect, it can be completed in two years, and the vertical branches in the middle should be sparse. Cut the selected main branch 1/3, leaving strong buds. Select the first lateral branch 50 cm away from the trunk, then select the second and third lateral branches every 30-40 cm, and arrange them left and right. Over-dense fruiting branches are weakened and remain vigorous, so that the branches inside and outside the crown are not pressed, distributed evenly, and can be put into fists everywhere, with good illumination and easy harvesting. Flourishing leaves, flourishing leaves. Retract the bearing branches to the strong branches and buds behind, promote the growth of strong branches, renew and rejuvenate, and through this pruning method of concentrating nutrition, rejuvenate the trees, which has obvious effect on improving the yield of strong trees. Pruning in summer is usually carried out 2-3 times a year, and its main function is to wipe off or sparse the overgrown branches, overgrown branches and slender branches on the back in time, and to sparse the sprouting branches under the trees, so as to improve the illumination, concentrate nutrition and increase the yield.
Matters needing attention
The normal growth of Zanthoxylum bungeanum needs to absorb a certain amount of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, sulfur, boron, zinc and manganese from the soil. In particular, there is a great demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Zanthoxylum bungeanum undergoes life activities such as rooting, germination, flowering, fruit expansion and flower bud differentiation in the annual cycle of growth and development. These activities need adequate nutrition supply to grow and develop normally. Especially in the full fruit period, the consumption of nutrients is greater, and a large amount of nutrients are absorbed from soil fertility every year, resulting in insufficient soil nutrients. Therefore, the contradiction between supply and demand of nutrients will not be caused only by timely fertilization to supplement nutrients in soil fertility.
Zanthoxylum bungeanum has weak cold tolerance, so we must pay attention to winter climate change. The overwintering management of pepper trees is an important measure to ensure the normal growth of pepper trees.