1. The Sino-Japanese War declared the Westernization Movement economically? Seeking money? Bankruptcy The direct costs of the Qing Dynasty's fiasco in the Sino-Japanese War included signing the treaty of shimonoseki and paying the redemption fee for the Liao Dynasty. The treaty of shimonoseki stipulated that the Japanese military expenditure should be compensated by 200 million taels of silver, and allowed to set up a factory in China, officially recognizing the legitimate right of foreign capital to directly invest in China (because all the great powers have it? Share the benefits? Privilege). The implementation of this regulation directly led to the loss of non-governmental westernization enterprises: after the war, the Qing government was at the end of its rope because of paying huge war reparations, unable to continue to build large-scale westernization enterprises, but also implemented it for non-governmental enterprises? Abandon your helmet and armor? Policy. 1June, 895, Qing * * * issued an imperial edict and decided to transform civil enterprises? Change the plan as soon as possible and attract investment? . Mainly sold to domestic bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen. For example, Hanyang Iron Works, which invested more than 5.8 million taels of silver, was given to Taoist Chen Mingyuan at a price of 32,000 taels. Another example is that Kaiping Coal Mine was changed into an illiterate alcohol palace servant, Zhang Yi. Among the enterprises that have been sold, some have suffered serious losses due to poor management, and foreign forces that have obtained legal status have invested in China. Sino-foreign joint venture? , loans and other ways to lure them, so as to be controlled by the powers or directly become the capital of the powers in China. For example, Daye Iron Mine was seized by Japan in the form of loan at 1903. Kaiping Mining Bureau, the largest coal mining enterprise at that time, was used by British capital in 1900? Sino-foreign joint venture? The method of cheating. The rest are generally transformed into domestic national capitalist enterprises. Is the folk westernization movement a westernization movement? Seeking money? Material basis and core. Their loss largely explains the Westernization Movement? Seeking money? Bankruptcy Unwilling to be decadent after the war, the Qing dynasty carried out a big sale on private enterprises while carrying out new ones? Seeking money? Activities. However, at this time? Seeking money? Activities are mainly limited to bank opening. 1897 from may to the end of the year, Qing * * * opened commercial banks in Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Hankou and Guangzhou. The bank established at this time does not exist as a lever to promote army building and economic development. What are its main functions? Collecting private capital to replace foreign debts? . Because of seeking money after the war? Activities are not considered sports because of their scale, and they have lost the positive connotation of the past. What about after the war? Seeking money? Activities have shrunk dramatically. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, private westernization enterprises suffered losses in succession. Seeking money? The sharp drop in activities shows that the Sino-Japanese War declared the Westernization Movement economically? Seeking money? Bankruptcy 2. Did the Sino-Japanese War declare the Westernization Movement militarily? Self-improvement? Bankruptcy What are the new troops and military facilities (including military enterprises and fortifications) established in the Westernization Movement? Self-improvement? Material basis and center of gravity. Among them, military facilities serve the army building, and what is the new army? Self-improvement? The core of. Beiyang navy and army are the essence of the new army. Li Hongzhang, a leading figure in the Westernization Movement, has spared no effort for decades. Is it the first priority to buy western refined weapons? Established under the principle of army building, it was the first in China at that time? Power? . As far as the navy (referring to beiyang fleet) is concerned, there are many new iron ships, clippers and mosquito ships, and their military capabilities are far from those of Nanyang and Fujian navies. As far as the army is concerned, there are about 2 1000 elite soldiers. In terms of training and equipment, it lags far behind the garrisons in various provinces, green camp and even the Xiang Army. What should we do in the Sino-Japanese War? Power? Bound by Li Hongzhang's policy of compromise and concession, he was doomed to the end: from the perspective of the army,/kloc-0 was defeated from the Korean battlefield to the domestic battlefield in July, 894, and was defeated; From the naval point of view, beiyang fleet was the first to bear the brunt in the two battles of 1894 from July to September. Later, in the battle of ahava in February 1895, it suffered heavy losses. Later, the navy prefect Ding was forced to commit suicide by taking poison. Some traitorous officers and men took the opportunity to go down and gave all the remaining warships 1 1 and Japanese artillery to the enemy. By April 1895, the Beiyang navy was completely annihilated. Its demise, to some extent, declared the Westernization Movement? Self-improvement? Bankruptcy After the war, organized by the Qing Dynasty? Self-improvement? The activity continues. However, due to the loss of * * * financial support and the nourishment of private enterprise resources, we are constantly striving for self-improvement? The scale of activities is not as good as before. For example, the construction of the navy has basically been abandoned. The construction of military enterprises has also stopped. Some former military enterprises are struggling to survive. At this time? Self-improvement? Activities, mainly in training, even in training, are far from meeting the requirements of the plan. After the war, Qing * * * realized that Huai Xiang Army was useless and put forward a plan to recruit 300,000 new soldiers. And only Zhang Zhidong really practiced as planned? Self-improvement new army? With Yuan Shikai? New army? This figure is far from reaching three hundred thousand. In short, it was organized by the Qing dynasty after the war? Self-improvement? Activity is a spent force, it is not a large-scale movement. During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the army of Beiyang Navy was completely annihilated. After the war? Self-improvement? The sharp drop in activity shows that the Sino-Japanese War declared the Westernization Movement militarily? Self-improvement? Bankruptcy Third, the Sino-Japanese War declared the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement politically. After the war, the Westernization School was divided, opposed and changed, and it was difficult to form a consistent political force. Influenced by the defeat in the Sino-Japanese War, Li Hongzhang, the actual organizer of the Westernization Movement, fell into group discussion and criticism. People say you can kill people? Situation. Soon, the court transferred him from the position of governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang to the cabinet to weaken his power. In this case, he turned to self-protection and never recovered. Another key figure of the Westernization School, initiated? Self-improvement? Prince Gong's heart turned into a diehard loyalty. Although Zhang Zhidong, a rising star of the Westernization School, was ambitious, he was ultimately isolated. In addition, he opposed the cession of land during the peaceful war and was at odds with Li Hongzhang. After the war, the call for further reform came not only from the bourgeois reformists, but also from the powerful figures of the Westernization School, such as Zhang Zhidong, Liu Kunyi, Wang Wenshao and Sheng Xuanhuai. Li Hongzhang also said? As for the fundamental plan, especially in reform and self-improvement? . Before the war, the Westernization School was powerful and had rich political experience, which made the Westernization Movement break through many obstacles and develop. After the war, its differentiation, opposition and variation also predicted the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement. In addition, the national crisis brought about by the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was directly aimed at saving the nation and advocating? Promote civil rights? ,? Settle down? The rise of bourgeois reform movement. The development of this movement shows that the social trend and the focus of the times have changed, and the Westernization Movement has become a thing of the past. To sum up, the Sino-Japanese War declared the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement. Although the Westernization Movement went bankrupt, its historical contribution to China's modernization is undeniable.