First of all, in order to be as close to historical facts as possible, the teaching content should use more original materials. The following is a comparison between the main contents of treaty of nanking in our textbook and the original materials:
In our textbooks: ① Cut Hong Kong Island to Britain. (2) Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars. (3) Opening Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports. (4) The tariff rate of goods imported and exported by British businessmen shall be agreed with Britain.
Content of the original treaty: The great emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the British monarch, wanted to explain the recent discord and stop the dispute, so he agreed to establish a permanent peace treaty. It is based on the Qing emperor's special envoy, Prince Shao Bao, an honest minister, guarding the imperial clan of Guangdong and Guangxi and wearing a red ribbon. Britain, Ireland and other countries' monarch envoys plenipotentiary, Britain's third-class general in India and other places, hereditary baron Pudingcha; It is good to read the imperial edicts to each other and grant them full authority. Even if the provisions are put forward, they are also displayed on the left:
1. Later, the great emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the great monarch of Britain lived in peace forever, and the Chinese and British people, both of them, lived in friendship. Those who live in other countries will be protected by that country.
2. From then on, the Great Emperor allowed the British and their families to live in five ports along the coast of the Qing Dynasty, such as Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai, with no obstacles to trade; Moreover, the great British monarch also sent consuls, butlers and other officials to the five cities to deal with merchant affairs and communicate with local officials. The British are required to pay goods tax, paper money and other expenses in accordance with the following terms.
Three, because the British merchant ships have traveled long distances to the ocean, they often need to be repaired, so they should be given a place along the coast to repair their ships and keep the materials used. Today, the great emperor, Brigadier General Hong Kong Island, gave the great British monarch and later the hereditary throne, Chang Yuan, who was in charge of the master's palm and made it subject to legislative jurisdiction.
Fourthly, because Daxian, an imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, was equal to Daoguang in February of 19th year, British consular officers and civilians were forced to stay in Guangdong. They were scared to death and claimed that opium was a kind of redemption. Today, the Great Emperor must compensate the original price with six million foreign silver members.
Five, all British businessmen who trade in Guangdong, the cause of action is owned by the hong merchants, also known as contractors. Today, the great emperor must take a warning, and he does not have to follow suit in the future. However, all British businessmen who go to the port to do trade, no matter what business they do, listen to it; Take the number of Hong Kong businessmen as an example, and so on. Many people owe money to British businessmen and have no way to pay it back. Today, it was decided to use 3 million foreign banks as the amount owed by businessmen and allow China officials to repay.
6. Because the imperial edict of the ministers of the Qing Dynasty was unfair to British officials and people, it was necessary to send soldiers to beg for an extension. Today, it is decided that the navy and army will pay12 million, and the great emperor will make up for it. However, from June 5, 20001year, Britain received the amount of silver redeemed from the city, and the British plenipotentiary was the monarch, which would be deducted according to the amount.
Seven, the above three discretionary silver * * * members should pay twenty-one million in installments listed on the left:
At this time, the Bank of Communications had six million employees;
In the year of Guimao, three million will be issued in June, three million in December and six million in * *;
Chen Jia had 2.5 million employees in June, 2.5 million employees in/kloc-0 and 5 million employees in February;
In June of the following year, the bank paid two million members,1February, two million members and four million members.
From the year of Renyin to the year of Yisi, the bank pays its members 21000000 in four years.
If it is not paid in full on time, it is appropriate to raise interest rates by 5 per 100 members every year.
Eight, all British people, regardless of their own country, their own soldiers and civilians, etc. All the places under the jurisdiction of China were banned, and the Qing Emperor would immediately release them.
9. All China people, former residents of the city where the British lived, people who had contacts with the British, or people who followed and waited for British officials were all surrendered by the Great Emperor, enjoying worldwide fame and being completely exempted from punishment; In addition, all China victims imprisoned for British affairs will also be released with grace.
10. Article 2 above states that the five places where British businessmen live and trade, such as Guangzhou, should pay import and export goods tax and reimbursement fee, and it is stipulated that fair negotiation should be conducted, and the Ministry will issue instructions to let British businessmen pay according to the regulations; Today, it is also agreed that after British goods are taxed in a certain port, China businessmen are allowed to transport them to all parts of the world, and the tax regulations passed on the way must not be aggravated, only according to the valuation regulations, and the tax increase is not excessive every two.
1 1. Agree that the correspondence between the officials in charge of the British residence in China and the ministers of the Qing Dynasty, whether in Beijing or outside Beijing, should have the word "note"; British membership, with the words "Chen Shen"; The minister replied that Zahang members of these two countries must exchange notes in parallel. If the businessmen of the two countries reach an official charter, it will not be discussed, and the word "Ming Ming" will still be used.
Twelve, the Qing emperor allowed the implementation of the terms of the contract, and at this time allowed six million members to pay off. The British amphibious sergeant immediately withdrew from Jiangning, Jingkou and other places on the river, which no longer hindered the trade of businessmen in China provinces. Zhaobaoshan in Zhenhai Town will also give in. Only Zhoushan Island in Dinghai County and Gulangyu Island in Xiamen Hall are temporarily stationed by British troops. After all the foreign exchange and foreign exchange are paid off and all the seaports are open to British trade, the sergeant stationed in the second place will quit and no longer occupy it.
Thirteen, the above matters are related to the proposal, and the ministers and other officials should explain the use of the Qing emperor and the British monarch respectively? Personal approval, that is, rapid intersection, so that the two countries have a total of books to show their commitment; But the two countries are far apart and can't get there once. Two copies will be prepared. First, the imperial envoys of the Qing Dynasty, the ministers who handle affairs cheaply, and the British ministers who are plenipotentiaries make decisions for the monarch, and each copy is subject to the seal of the customs, so that the implementation is carried out in accordance with the terms of the peace treaty. Someone who wants to make peace.
Daoguang died on July 24th, 22nd.
On August 29th, one thousand eight hundred and forty-two, Jiangning entered the provincial capital.
British monarch Hua Khan bells on guard.
Let's look at the latter treaty. The beginning of the treaty is very simple, mainly about the subjects and agents of both parties.
Article 1 of the treaty is very equal and civilized. Does the phrase "everyone living in another country must get the blessing of that country to be safe" mean that the British people have no security guarantee in China? We need to verify.
Article 2 mentions the establishment of trading ports, which is also mentioned in history textbooks. When I used to learn, I mainly memorized the cities of these five trading ports mechanically. Then what is a trading port? A trading port is a port for doing business. You know, at that time, it was not allowed to do business with foreigners normally for most of the Qing Dynasty. Today, it is completely normal to do business with foreigners. The forced opening of trading ports has greatly promoted the economic development and social changes in China, which can be said to be the main window for us to learn advanced things. At that time, the largest trading port was Shanghai, which was a gathering place for foreigners. In the late 1930s, Shanghai developed into one of the largest cities in the world. Of course, the development of Shanghai has many reasons. Now that I think about it, it is undoubtedly correct to open trading ports. Sadly, this is precisely achieved through the treaty of humiliating the country. If you rely on your own consciousness, I don't know when it will wait. Article 2 also includes "the British monarch sent consuls, butlers and other officials to live in five cities, specializing in merchant affairs and interacting with local officials;" "Let the British pay the goods tax, paper money and other expenses clearly according to the following terms." It is also very correct to send consuls and set up diplomatic institutions. Does paying the goods tax mean that we didn't pay the tax clearly before? I haven't verified this.
The third article is about cutting Hong Kong Island. Cutting land is a disgrace in any country. But there is a problem worth thinking about. Would Hong Kong be as prosperous as it is today without British colonial rule? Now Hong Kong is back. In the hands of others, Hong Kong has appreciated. What do we think of this matter?
Needless to say, the fourth indemnity was blackmailed by the British.
Article 5 mentions the goals of British enterprises in China. In which "Shang Hong" or "Gong Hang" is mentioned. What is Gong Hang? Simply speaking, a public bank is a monopoly foreign trade organization approved and controlled by the government, mainly in Guangdong, which is also commonly known as the "Thirteen Banks in Guangdong". In the history of China, foreign trade was divided into official trade and non-governmental trade. In the early Qing Dynasty, folk trade was greatly restricted by the government. If the government does not approve, private trade with foreigners will be punished by the government. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many so-called shipwrecks were caused by people having conflicts with the government because they were doing business with foreigners, and then they became more and more serious. The British asked me not to limit who I could deal with. This is good for us. If Hong Kong businessmen default on payment, they should demand compensation from the government, which is also reasonable.
Articles 6 and 7 also talk about compensation. There is a word called "Redemption of the City", which was quoted by the British army at a certain price during the Opium War when the defenders of Guangzhou, Nanjing and other cities made peace.
Articles 8 and 9 refer to the release of former British detainees and China people with close ties to Britain. This requires a detailed analysis of the reasons for being detained.
Article 10 is about China's taxation of Britain. Correspondingly, the description in our previous textbooks that "④ the tariff rate of goods imported and exported by British businessmen must be consistent with that of Britain" is actually very inaccurate. This article mainly talks about how much tax British people have to pay. China government must have clear regulations. After paying customs duties, double taxation is not allowed in China. It can be seen that the tax system in China was chaotic at that time, and there was a phenomenon of arbitrary taxation everywhere.
Article 11 is about diplomatic etiquette and how to use diplomatic documents. China has been arrogant since ancient times, calling himself China and calling foreigners or foreigners barbarians. Even after being taught a lesson by western military force in the late Qing Dynasty, he shouted the slogan of "controlling foreign countries with foreign countries". At that time, the titles in official documents always sounded like master to servant, superior to subordinate, unequal and disrespectful to people.
Article 12 is about Britain's withdrawal.
Article 13 has no actual content.
Therefore, when we study this treaty today, we should look at it in two ways, respect the objective facts, which clauses are shameful and which clauses are helpful to us, instead of generalizing, or hating foreigners' guts, or worshiping foreign things. When we know how foreigners bully us, we should also know that we are not doing well and need to improve. Our textbooks leave out a lot of contents in the treaty, which makes us look at the problem biased. Those of us who study history should also remember to study and study with the most original materials as much as possible, otherwise, what you get is often wrong or inaccurate.