Roman division
struggle
From the 4th century, Constantine the Great moved the capital to Byzantium (now Istanbul, Turkey) and changed its name to Constantinople, and then gradually formed the Eastern and Western Roman empires.
In 476, the emperor of the Western Roman Empire was overthrown by barbarians, and the Bishop of Rome came forward to make peace and calm people's hearts. Since then, the bishop of Rome has mastered political power and formed a huge system and organization of the integration of politics and religion. During the 500 years from the 6th century to 1 1 century, the cultural gap between the East and the West became wider and wider, and the Eastern Church and the Roman Catholic Church broke up in discord.
Both churches have many characteristics, and their national languages and political cultures are different. The Eastern Church uses Greek, while the Western Church uses Latin. However, the differences in versions, rituals, communion cakes, doctrines, and attitudes towards the use of images in the church have led to increasing disputes and have not been resolved.
debate
The Nicaean creed originally mentioned that "the holy spirit comes from the father". The Roman Catholic Church wanted to insert a filioque (Latin word) in the Nicaean creed, that is, "the holy spirit comes from the father and the son", while the Eastern Church opposed adding any words without a general meeting.
The two churches accused each other more than once, and the dispute was fruitless. This language is still an important difference between eastern and western churches.
The Roman Catholic Church uses unleavened cakes; Constantinople uses fermented cakes. Rome requires priests to remain single, but Constantinople allows junior priests to get married; Rome only allows bishops to anoint the confirmation ceremony, but Constantinople allows priests to do so; Rome allows people to use milk, cream and cheese during lent, but Constantinople does not.
Church dispute
In 45 1 A.D., the Great Council of Jiakedun has stipulated that the nature of Christ is dual, that is, it has complete divinity and complete humanity. But this resolution did not convince many believers in the East. Those who oppose this rule are called Monophysites.
In fact, at that time, all of Egypt, Abyssinia, a part of Syria and most of Armenia supported the theory of the unity of Christ until today.
In 544, Justinian, the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire (reigned from 527 to 565), issued an imperial edict, demanding that Gackdun's definition be adapted to Alexander's interpretation, so that the humanity of Christ would be under divinity. Although Pope ViGuiliou (reigned 538-555) once opposed it, he was almost excommunicated and abandoned it.
Later, with the efforts of the Bishop of Constantinople, in 633, the emperor Horace put forward a new explanation for this theory, that is, the theory of Christ's oneness, which believed that Christ did have the will or power to "become a god and a man." However, the word "power" did not conform to the Bible, and later the Pope opposed its use.
It was not until 680-68 1 year that Constantine IV (reigned from 668 to 685) held the sixth universal congress in Constantinople, and it was determined that Christ had two wishes to please Rome and restore unity. Ironically, this meeting actually condemned the so-called consistently correct Pope Honorius as a heresy.
Belief debate
Seventh century
Gregory I allowed paintings and statues to be used in churches, but insisted that they should not be used as objects of worship. In the eighth century, idolatry became the object of prayer, surrounded by an atmosphere of ignorance and superstition, which was so prevalent that Christians also laughed at idolatry. It is a pity that people who bring images into the church for aesthetic and illiterate purposes and related disputes.
In 726 AD, Emperor Leo III of the Eastern Roman Empire, in order to correct the abuse of the idol in his territory, demanded that the idol be hung high so that worshippers could not kiss it. But the bishop of Constantinople and his supporters were very angry. Soon, in Constantinople, Greece and Syria, the emperor and his parliament immediately ordered all statues to be abandoned from churches, but the implementation was extremely cruel, which frustrated his reasons. Pope Gregory III condemned the emperor and advocated the use of images. A big debate about how to start is called "anti-traditional debate".
In 754 ad
Constantine V held a meeting in Constantinople. He banned the worship of images as "not in conformity with the Bible", which was a pagan and anti-Christian act and would lead to the temptation of Christians. This problem is extremely serious for the church. Because people have long regarded images as idolatry and burned incense in front of them. Regrettably, both sides of the dispute resort to force instead of violence and abuse throughout the Christian world.
Leo IV, he inherited Constantine, and his widow Irene was the mother of Constantine VI. When the second Nicea Conference was held in 787, the resolution promoted by her influence not only set up images of Christ, the Virgin Mary, icons and angels, but also suggested "worship to pay tribute to images" and "burning incense and holding lanterns to show respect". This is obviously different from the policy of Leo III in those years, and it is the practice of driving backwards.
As for the Western churches, although the use of images is supported by the Pope, the clergy in Charlemagne and Frank are firmly opposed. In 794 AD, at the Frankfurt Conference, a special declaration against it was issued. Charlemagne's book declares: "Only God deserves to be worshipped, saints can only be respected, and idols can never be worshipped. 」
In 800 ad
After Charlemagne was crowned as the Holy Roman Empire by the Pope in Rome, the bishop of Constantinople's political suspicion of Rome increased. In the ninth century, the Bishop of Constantinople, Fortius (858-867, 878-886), rejected the Pope's idea and instigated a powerful plan to win the neighboring Slavic countries to Greek Christianity.
Fudius accused the Roman Catholic Church of being heretical in both doctrine and practice, especially adding an ancient creed without first convening a general meeting to discuss it. However, Pope Nicholas I (reigned from 858 to 867) was one of the most capable popes in the Middle Ages. He maintained the reputation of Rome, so that the Council of Constantinople and the Great Council of 869 temporarily shelved the relevant disputes.
blasting fuse
For centuries, due to geographical distance, the connection between Western Europe and the East has been limited. By the beginning of the eleventh century, the Greek church had not been separated from the western church. Eastern church leaders are unwilling to accept the ordination of western church leaders.
1054, when humbert, the imperial envoy of Pope Leo IX (in the reign of Leo VII, 1049- 1054), arrived in Constantinople, the Bishop of Constantinople Michael Cerularius 1043.
16 In July, the giant Bert published a document to expel the bishop from the church. The bishop of Constantinople also excommunicated Leo IX. Theoretically speaking, the Eastern Church emphasizes that religious affairs should be controlled by the leaders' meeting of the five major Christian regions, while the Vatican reformers advocate that religious affairs should be managed by the Pope alone. The angry quarrel between the representatives of the leaders of the East and the West eventually led to a long division.
It was not until the two hundred years of the Crusade that the situation changed again. Commerce and traffic between the two areas have resumed. However, this new contact has led to a permanent division between East and West. Because two hostile forces want to compete for the jurisdiction of the church and effectively control the Christian world.
From 65438 to 0095, the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, Yalki, turned to Pope UrbanⅡ for help, which attracted the attention of Latin people. In the second year, UrbanⅡ preached to the gathered church dignitaries and many civilians in Clemente, southern France, advocating the formation of military action, and won the crowd shouting "God's will! (Dehousse Vult! ) respond. Taking this sentence as the slogan of jihad, it is suggested that every soldier's clothes should be sewn with a sign of cross, so as to form a crusade against the East. The land captured by the Crusaders for the first time stretches along the narrow strip on the east coast of the Mediterranean, which is divided into the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Ithaca County, Antioch Principality and Tripoli County. These western Christianity have been established in the East for about 200 years. However, the dispute between the Greek Orthodox Church and the Roman Archdiocese over these territories completely divided the two sides.
The purpose of the Fourth Crusade was to send troops to attack Constantinople. The Crusaders besieged and occupied Constantinople in 1204. After the city was broken, the evil deeds of rape and plunder left an indelible impression on the orthodox people. Even if they had a connection with Rome, they were cut off at this point. The Latin Empire established by Byzantium lasted from 1204 to 126 1 year, ceded the land to the soldiers of the cross and appointed a Latin bishop. However, the western churches have no good impression on the Greek people. Until 129 1, the kingdoms established by the Crusaders were destroyed one after another, and the Crusaders finally lost their motive power.
Two centuries of communication between the East and the West, on the one hand, caused the rupture of the churches on both sides, and then someone came forward to repair it and reunify the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. This effort has not been successful so far. On the other hand, it also caused cultural changes and had a far-reaching impact on the West, such as academic development, the rise of universities and the Renaissance, which in turn led to the emergence and spread of the Religious Reform.
conclusion
Judging from the principles of the Bible, Roman Catholicism has many pretentious words and deeds. The unity of the apostle Peter is not limited to Rome. The basis for Rome's ranking first was formulated very late and it is hard to convince people. In fact, Rome overthrew the principle of equality between bishops through fierce struggle and military and political forces. After many arguments, the two sides broke up with 1054. The struggle between the two sides is not for spiritual purposes. This bloody bluff of not seeing others better than oneself is especially worth teaching today as a lesson.
Although there are few documents in the church that oppose the authority of the Pope. The only records are kept by those who do not belong to the state religion or are regarded as heretical separatists. However, there are many and common silent objections, because in the hundreds of years after the eleventh century, there have been movements against the authority of the Pope in many corners of western Christian countries.