Many Mongolian tribes in Genghis Khan Mongolian Plateau of Yuan Taizu were originally vassals of the Jin Dynasty. With the gradual decline of the rulers, Mongolia's power began to grow and gradually broke away from the rule of the rulers. 1204 (four years of Jin Taihe), the Mongolian leader Temujin unified the Mongolian tribes on the Mongolian plateau through cruel war. In AD 1206 (the sixth year of Jin Taihe), Temujin was elected as "Genghis Khan" by various tribes, established political power in Mobei, and established the Mongolian khanate with the title of "Yeke Mongour Ulus". Since then, the Mongolian grassland has ended the long-term melee situation.

After the establishment of the Mongolian khanate, it constantly launched wars of conquest and expanded its territory. 12 18 wiped out the western Liao dynasty, 12 19 marched west to central Asia and attacked the Volga river basin all the way. /kloc-0 returned to the east in 225, and/kloc-0 destroyed Xixia in 227. Genghis Khan also died in the expedition to Xixia. After that, Mongolia destroyed gold on 1234, 1246 recruited Tubo, and 1253 destroyed Dali.

The foreign war of Mongolian army has the nature of conquest. In order to reduce the casualties of the Mongolian army and speed up the process of the war, the Mongolian army adopted a cruel slaughter policy against the enemy during the war. As a result of the war, Mongolian tribes have caused unprecedented plunder, destruction and killing to Eurasian countries. It should be noted that this series of wars of conquest brought great harm to many ancient civilizations in Eurasia, including China. Many ethnic groups have been brutally and unjustly oppressed, and countless people and property have been lost in the war and subsequent plagues, famines and natural disasters. This is also a rare dark period in war-torn areas.

Monggol Khan of Mongolian Empire died in Sichuan on 1259 at the age of 52. His fourth brother Kublai Khan and his seventh brother Alibaba began to compete for the position of Khan. 1259165438+10. In October, Ali Bug held the "Huli Letai" conference in the capital of Mongolian Empire, which was supported by most Mongolian Orthodox sects such as King Azu of Thailand. At the same time, Kublai Khan returned to Kaiping Prefecture (now Zhenglan Banner in Inner Mongolia) after making peace with the Southern Song Dynasty. 1260 In March, Kublai Khan, with the support of the Han landlord class and some Mongolian kings, was in a position of great Khan in the situation map of the Yuan Dynasty and the Four Great Khan Countries. In April, Kublai Khan established Zhongshu Province to take charge of state affairs; In May, Kublai Khan issued a decree of "acceded to the throne" to establish the unification of the Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan's self-assembly in the Central Plains and the promotion of the Chinese law obviously violated the Mongolian tradition, which aroused strong dissatisfaction from Alibaba Brother and Mongolian Orthodox School. Kublai Khan and Alibaba Brother immediately launched the Khan War for four years. 1264, Ali Buge was defeated and surrendered, and Kublai Khan gained the supreme sovereignty of the Mongolian khanate. However, his idea of "practicing Chinese law" aroused the dissatisfaction of many Mongolian nobles and refused to join Kublai Khan, which led to the hostility of several other Mongolian khanates. In fact, the Mongolian khanate is divided into Kublai Khan regime (Khan area) and four khanates, which nominally obey the suzerainty of Khan and actually go their own way.

Set the country number to yuan.

In Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan 127 1 year (eight years to Yuan Dynasty), Mongolian Khan Kublai Khan issued the Decree on the Founding of the People's Republic of China, which took the meaning of "Daganyuan" in the Book of Changes and officially named the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) as "Dayuan".

1272, under the planning of Liu, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty was established in the capital of the Central Plains (now Beijing). In the heyday of the Yuan Dynasty, the ruling center was completely transferred to the territory: the territory reached the Arctic Circle in the north, and the territorial waters including the Whale Sea were transferred to the Central Plains.

1273, the Yuan army captured Fancheng. Soon, Xiangyang Shoujiang surrendered. Subsequently, Bo Yan, the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, led a great army down the river, and the defenders of the Southern Song Dynasty were defeated or surrendered. 1275, Jia Sidao, a traitor in the Southern Song Dynasty, was forced to send troops to fight, but was quickly defeated.

In AD 1276 (13th year of Yuan Dynasty), the Yuan army captured Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and captured Song Gongdi and Empress Xie, who were 6 years old, and the Southern Song Dynasty perished.

After the fall of Lin 'an, Wen Tianxiang, Southern Song Dynasty ministers Zhang Shijie and Lu Xiufu, etc. Continue to resist Yuan in the southeast coast, and make Wang Zhaoyun emperor. After the death of Zhao Min, Wang Wei Zhao Min was established to continue the war of resistance. 1at the end of 278, Wen Tianxiang was defeated and captured. Wen Tianxiang was imprisoned in Beijing for three years, refused the temptation of the Yuan Dynasty, and then died calmly. 1279 (in the 16th year of Yuan Dynasty), Zhang Hongfan, commander-in-chief of the Yuan Army, wiped out the last resistance force of the Southern Song Dynasty on the cliff, and Lu Xiufu carried the 9-year-old emperor Zhao Min into the sea.

After that, the Yuan army attacked Annan, Zhancheng, Java, Japan and other surrounding areas, among which the war to conquer Japan was the most famous. The Koreans who built warships for Kublai Khan deliberately built and designed ships of poor quality, which was the main reason why Kublai Khan's Mongolian fleet was buried in the belly of fish.

Mid-yuan dynasty

In the 11th year of Dade (1307), Yuan Chengzong named Kong Qiu as "King of Wenxuan of Dacheng to Saint Genghis Khan Mausoleum (now Erdos, Inner Mongolia)" and made various titles for Confucius' family and disciples.

In the 11th year of Dade (1307), Emperor Chengzong died, and Sun Haishan, the former real gold prince, was located in Yuanshangdu for Yuan Wuzong. He also made his younger brother Ai Yu Ba Li Libada the Crown Prince and agreed that brothers and sisters should be together. At the same time, he agreed to return the throne to Shila, the son of Wu Zong, after the death of Ai Yu Ba Li Libada.

In the fourth year of his senior year (13 1 1), Renzong ascended the throne, but in violation of the previous agreement, he was made king of Zhou and sent out of Yunnan, and his son Shuo Desbarax was made the crown prince.

In the second year of Yanyou (13 15), Yuan Renzong ordered the restoration of the imperial examination system, taking Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism as the main content of the examination. Since then, Neo-Confucianism has become the official thought of the Yuan Dynasty (and later dynasties).

In the seventh year of Yanyou (1320), Injong died, and Desbarax acceded to the throne as Yuan Yingzong.

In the third year of Zhi Zhi (1323), Yuan Yingzong ordered the compilation and promulgation of the Official Code of the Yuan Dynasty-Dayuantong System, with a total of 2,539 articles.

In the third year of Zhi Zhi, Yingzong stopped at Nanpo on his way back from the south and was killed by the powerful minister and others. Wang Li, who put down the rebellion, was then guarding Sun Tiemu, the grandson of former Prince Zhenjin of Mobei, as Emperor Taiding.

In the fifth year of Taiding (1328), Taiding Emperor died. Daulat Shāh, the prime minister, named Araghi, the son of Taiding Emperor, emperor. At the same time, Senior Minister Yan Timur and Yuzhou Prime Minister Bo Yan secretly sent envoys to Mobei and Jiangnan, respectively, to meet the Shila brothers at the same time. Therefore, Tu timur first came to Dadu, and in the first year of the calendar (1328), he became the emperor of Yuan Wenzong. And the thorn arrived in Helin, and also announced his accession to the throne, in preparation. On the surface, Wenzong expressed his willingness to abdicate and made his brother emperor, so they met in the south of Shangdu, and Wenzong became emperor after poisoning Mingzong.

In the third year of Shunzhi (1332), Wenzong died. On his deathbed, he declared Ming Zongzi emperor. In order to control state affairs, the powerful minister Yan Timur deliberately abandoned his parents and made Emmanuel emperor of Yuan Ningzong. However, Ning Zong died less than a month after he ascended the throne, and his younger brother was able to ascend the throne through proper relations.

In the third year of Zheng Zheng (1343), the history of Liao, the history of Jin and the history of Song were compiled at the behest of the emperor, which was completed in 1345.

The demise of the yuan dynasty

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the rulers constantly levied various taxes on the people, and the people were oppressed and plundered more seriously. In the second year of Taiding (1325), an uprising led by Zhao Chou-si and Guo Bodhisattva took place in Henan.

In the 11th year of Hui Zong in Yuan Dynasty (135 1), the Red Scarf Army uprising took place in Liu Futong, but the ruling class of Yuan Dynasty fought with each other for power and interests, which accelerated the process of Yuan Dynasty's demise. From the 16th year of Zheng Zheng (1356) to the 19th year of Zheng Zheng (1359), Zhu Yuanzhang, a rebel army, expanded his power and occupied half of the south of the Yangtze River. In the twenty-seventh year of Zheng Zheng (1367), Zhu Yuanzhang began the Northern Expedition. Under the leadership of generals Xu Da and Chang Yuchun, in August of 1368, most of the Yuan Dynasty was captured and fled to the north, ending the rule of the Yuan Dynasty in the whole country.

The Yuan regime, which moved northward, retreated to Mobei, still used the name of Dayuan to confront the Ming Dynasty, which was called "Beiyuan" in history. 1370, living in Shangdu.