First, the songs of festival customs in five regions of Shandong Province are recorded in "China Folk Songs Integration? Shandong Volume writes: "Shandong folk activities are rich and colorful, which are inextricably linked with people's lives. As far as seasonal activities are concerned, there are festivals almost every month of the year. From January of the lunar calendar, there is the Lantern Festival on the fifteenth day of the first month. On February 2, the dragon looked up and everyone was hoarding it. March 3 is Qingming, and every family goes to the grave. On April 28th, Niangniang Temple put incense in it, in order to catch up with the temple fair and pray for God to burn incense. Eat zongzi to sacrifice to the water god during the Dragon Boat Festival in May. On July 7th, the cowherd will weave a girl in the sky, and on August15th, the moon will be full, and watermelon moon cakes will be used to honor the old days. On September 9th, the Double Ninth Festival, I will go to the mountains to play. On the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month, Grandpa Kitchen God died in the west. All kinds of customs and activities are accompanied by songs. "[1] The relationship between Shandong folk songs and seasons can be seen from this.

The following describes the festival folk songs within the regional scope according to the five regions of Shandong folk songs.

Ludong district

The genres of Ludong folk songs mainly include: ocean chant, sailor chant, Jiaozhou yangko, Jiaodong yangko, Jiaodong folk song and Penglai "burning paper tune".

The tune of burning paper in Penglai is a large-scale folk song suite popular in Penglai area, which is closely related to holiday customs. In Shandong, whether it is to worship the gods, ancestors, exorcism or other holiday customs, it will be accompanied by the activity of "burning paper", hence the name "burning paper tune". "The paper-burning tune is the tune of folk singing" Jumping God ". Folk dance has a long history. This is a continuation of ancient witchcraft. From the perspective of culture and art, it belongs to a kind of witchcraft dance. The main purpose of holding such activities is to pray for God, exorcise demons, eliminate disasters and make wishes. " [2] Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, with the destruction of feudal superstitious activities, the folk tune of burning paper has gradually come out of people's sight.

Yantai, Weihai and northern Qingdao are near the Bohai Sea. Ocean chant is their main folk song genre, and there are also many excellent tunes in these areas. Such as the famous folk song "Embroidered Pocket".

Embroidered purse is widely circulated all over the country, with nearly 100 tracks. There are fourteen music examples in Shandong alone. In different regions, embroidered pockets show the styles and characteristics of each region with their unique influence.

Spring Festival is the Lunar New Year in China. People celebrate it in various forms, including temple fairs, rural dramas and other activities. Folk music activities such as boating, donkey running and yangko are also common during this period. Many folk songs in Shandong revolve around the theme of "Chinese New Year", such as the first two "Embroidered Pockets". On New Year's Day, Shandong songs that only pay attention to the content of New Year's greetings include "Come to the New Year in the First Month", "Happy New Year", "Happy New Year to Lang" and "Happy New Year to Young Couples". In rural Shandong, every village will sing a big drama during the New Year, which is also an indispensable "cultural feast" in rural areas. Qihe county folk song "singing opera" vividly shows this lively scene:

Qihe county "singing opera"

It's not good to sing a big drama in my place during the Spring Festival. Let my brothers take you by car and invite you to my house to cook cowpea rice and roll noodles. What kind of relatives care about eating and drinking (hum hi)

It's not good to sing a big drama in my place during the Spring Festival. Let my brothers take you by car and invite you to my house (so) to bake single cakes, make jiaozi and bake cakes. What kind of relatives care about eating and drinking? (Hum! ) Shandong people are hospitable and simple. This song "Singing Opera" in Qihe County is a true portrayal of Shandong people's character.

Lunan area

Southern Shandong is known as the "Old Yimeng Mountain Area", and its mountain features mostly retain traditional folk customs, such as strong clothing colors and heavy food tastes. For example, the famous pancakes and green onions in southern Shandong are famous all over the country. Due to the barrier of the northern mountainous area, the economy, culture and life in southern Shandong are more similar to those in northern Jiangsu. The tunes and atmosphere of folk songs are more delicate and elegant than those in other places in Shandong, such as Cangshan embroidered pocket. The genre of folk songs representing this area mainly includes: Southern Shandong Five Tunes, Southern Shandong Flower Drum, and Rizhao Guniu Folk Song. Yimeng Mountain minor is the most distinctive folk minor in southern Shandong, which is widely sung in Shandong and even the whole country. As an old revolutionary base area in China, Yimeng Mountain area has songs with the theme of Anti-Japanese War, such as "Singing for Poor Peasants and Workers" and "Singing for Anti-Japanese War". In addition, Cangshan county folk songs such as Spinning Cotton, Happy New Year to Lang and Embroidered Pocket are widely sung.

Southwest Shandong province

Typical folk songs in southwest Shandong are: the Yellow River Canal chant, Duan Gongqiang by Weishan Lake, and the flower drum in southwest Shandong. Folk songs widely circulated all over the country are: Bao Lengdiao, Duihua, Wugeng, Flower Toad and Lotus Picking Boat. Festival folk songs include flying kites, going to my mother's house and paying New Year greetings to Lang. The most folk-custom feature in this area is the "Duangong Wall" in Weishan Lake area.

Duangong Opera is a large folk divertimento, which is popular in Weishan Lake, Zhaoyang Lake, dushan lake and Nanyang Lake, especially Weishan Lake and Zhaoyang Lake. It is a folk art loved by fishermen in Weishan Lake area. It is said that it originated in the Qing Dynasty and has a history of one hundred years. On holidays or "making a wish" to celebrate a bumper harvest or get sick, we all sing the palace tune. Because you always hold the drum in your hand when singing, this singing method is also called "Duanguqiang" and "Duanguqiang", because every time you sing, you have to sacrifice to God and burn incense.

There are various singing forms of Duangongqiang. In the process of singing, rap is combined with simple and unique dance movements, and specific roles are divided according to the different contents of songs. Similar to traditional folk art, his singing contents are mostly historical legends and folk stories with certain dramatic plots. Music is rich in tunes, which can express complex drama story and changeable emotional content. There are lead singers, chorus singers and chorus singers, all of which are sung by men. Whenever there is a female plot, men will play the role of women in pleated skirts. Different from other folk songs, almost all of Duan Gongqiang's lyrics are centered on "flowers and birds", and sometimes he can sing seventy or eighty kinds of flowers and birds.

Duan Gong Qiang, popular in Weishan Lake area, is a traditional folk music form refined and created by fishermen from their lives. The songs are lively and rich in connotation, expressing the people's pursuit of beauty in the lake area and having profound artistic appeal.

Luzhong district

Luzhong belongs to the political, economic and cultural center of Shandong, which can be regarded as the representative of Shandong folk customs. The terrain is mainly plain, with developed transportation and rich products. This area has a profound ancient cultural tradition, which can be seen from the theme of folk songs: Liaozhai, folk songs, Qin Liu tune, Zibo Huagu and Pingyin Yangko. The most representative folk songs in this area are hanging red lights. The more you sing, the happier you are. The four seasons songs sung by the old man, the four seasons songs. Songs reflecting festival customs include singing big plays, swinging, flying kites, catching temple fairs and hanging red lights.

Luxi north zone

The terrain in northwest Shandong is mainly plain, and the people in northern Shandong are optimistic and bold, with diverse folk songs, such as Yellow River chant, Canal chant, Yangko "Linqing Tune", "Liaocheng Hua Gutiao" and "Zaba Tune". The magnificent Yellow River chant, the passionate canal chant, the military yangko with soft outside and rigid inside, the beautiful and lyrical Linqing tune, and the Liaocheng Flower Drum, which can best represent the musical characteristics of northwest Shandong, have formed the most distinctive musical culture in northwest Shandong due to the influence of topographic conditions.

The representative plays in this area mainly include "Keeping the Cold Tone", "Duihua", "Watching Lang" and "The Truth". Among them, the songs that show holiday customs are the first month of the New Year, the grand view lantern, the small view lantern, flying kites, swings, July 7th and so on. It can be said that the festival folk songs in northwest Shandong are the most concentrated and representative.

Second, the content characteristics of Shandong festival folk songs

Every festival custom is accompanied by its unique way of celebration, and most of them are accompanied by music and songs. These music songs are rich in content and can be roughly divided into five types according to the content of the tracks:

Give priority to with lively holiday atmosphere.

Festive customs and folk songs complement each other and are closely related, and there is an inevitable causal relationship between them. It is with holiday customs that songs related to holiday customs will appear. So songs with the theme of expressing the festival itself account for a large proportion.

Tomb-Sweeping Day is unique among many festivals. It is not only one of the 24 solar terms, but also a traditional festival. Tomb-Sweeping Day has a dual identity, which is of great significance in China society. This is the day when people pay homage to their ancestors. Most areas in Shandong will eat boiled eggs this morning, and pine branches will be inserted in front of every household to commemorate the famous minister Jiexiu. Going out for an outing is also an essential activity in a day. Recreational activities such as swinging and flying kites are also often used to celebrate this festival. There are relatively many folk songs with Qingming as the theme, and there are more than 20 in Shandong alone. Although we can't list them one by one, we can still select several songs with the most typical characteristics from northwest Shandong for comparative analysis.

Swing in Huimin county

1, Qingming (that) March 3 (yeah, hey, hey, yo) Qingming (that) March 3, 17, 18 girls came to swing, and (that) velvet (hey) rope was caught by the painted wrist (even babbling) velvet (hey) rope was painted wrist.

2. Girls come to play on the swing (ah, ah, hey, yo). The girl came to play on Qiujiao, and she gave the swing a present. Embroidered shoes step on (that) (hey), embroidered shoes step on (that) (hey)

Huimin County's Swing is widely sung in Shandong with its beautiful melody. Swing dance is an entertainment activity that has been circulating among the people for a long time. Folklore is to eliminate disasters and diseases and avoid inviting plagues. Its forms can be divided into "swing", "swing", "moon swing" and "hanging swing".

Huimin County's song "Spring Festival in the First Month" shows the lively scene of celebrating the New Year in the form of questions and answers. The song not only sang the noisy scenes of gongs and drums, but also mentioned special festivals such as going to the theatre and eating jiaozi.

Lantern Festival is another important festival after the Spring Festival and the first full moon night after the New Year, so it is also called "off-year" in Zaozhuang, Jining, Qufu, Zoucheng and other places in Shandong. Pingdu's "Fu Erjie Catch the Temple Fair" sings like this, "On the fifteenth day of the first month, Lantern Festival is released, and every household goes to catch the temple fair." Linqing's Lantern Festival also vividly depicts the spectacular scene of watching lanterns and catching up with temple fairs during the Lantern Festival. "On the fifteenth day of the first month, a flower elder sister squeezed out her shoes." Small details are a true portrayal of catching up with the temple fair. Through these two songs, we can easily imagine the lively scene of Shandong folk rushing to the temple fair.

Show sweet love

Love has been an eternal theme since ancient times. A considerable proportion of songs in festival customs are used to convey love. As a sign of love, "wallet" is usually embroidered by the woman and given to the man as a token of love. There are fourteen "embroidered pockets" in Shandong, most of which use songs to convey the woman's thoughts and love for her lover.

The contents of Song Embroidered Pocket in Longkou, Yantai are roughly as follows: Lantern Festival, full moon reunion, and the husband is far away from home and cannot be reunited. With the help of a leather bag, he expressed his thoughts and hoped that the husband and wife would reunite at an early date. Weifang Gaomi's Embroidered Pocket is a lyric melody, which sings the girl's deep affection for her lover's brother and expresses her love for her lover's brother with a purse. Cangshan's two "embroidered pockets" are all about love.

Yantai Zhaoyuan's Happy New Year for Young Couples is also a true portrayal of the sweet love life of husband and wife.

Labor scene

There are not many festival folk songs that show labor scenes, but they are very representative. Spring is the busy season of agriculture and the busiest labor season, so festivals and folk songs that show labor scenes are mostly concentrated in spring.

On the second day of the second lunar month, it is commonly known as "the dragon looks up". It is called "Qinglong Festival" or "Dragon Head Festival" in the area where Jinan belongs. In Shandong folk, people generally regard this day as the end of the festival. From this day on, stop all recreational activities and resume normal work, so as not to miss the best opportunity for farming. On this day, the custom in Haiyang and other places is to worship the plow first and sing a happy song:

In the new year, plowshares break ground, and cows set foot on the land with good harvest.

If you plant a millet in spring, you will reap 10,000 seeds in autumn.

Knowledge inheritance

In the folk, festival customs are closely related to people's living customs, and it is also a common way to spread knowledge by singing festival customs songs, which is also the embodiment of the collective wisdom of the masses.

Flying kites in Texas is entertaining by guessing riddles, which enhances the interest and spreads knowledge in the process of playing: "Tight three tight, loose three loose, vertical but not horizontal crawling, water does not walk mud." The round navel is female, and the pointed navel must be male, so that the crab will know that the green crab is round. "

According to folklore, July 7th is the day when the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl meet. In Shandong, people take Tanabata as a festival, hold all kinds of begging activities and close their eyes to pray for Qiaojie. I prayed and sang:

I invited Qiaojie to eat peaches, and Qiaojie asked me to sew a robe.

I invited Qiaojie to eat plums, and Qiaojie taught me to learn textile.

I invited Qiaojie to eat melons, and Qiaojie taught me to learn embroidery.

The song "Hit Qiao Qi" in Laizhou is a poetic game, which sings people's studious spirit and people's yearning for a better life.

Third, the tune characteristics of Shandong festival folk songs

Shandong folk songs are beautiful and lyrical, and the melody stretches smoothly. Festival custom songs are mostly one paragraph, with short and pithy content, easy to sing, close to people's lives and distinctive local style. Its structure is generally a single piece, with a general musical genre, which is relatively regular and mostly in a national mode. Music has strong fluidity, and a single melody line has some ups and downs. Its rhythm is fine and uniform, which is suitable for showing the relaxed scene when local people entertain themselves. Shandong folk songs have six tones, seven tones and mixed tones besides the simple five-tone mode of Gong Shang's trumpet, among which the six-tone mode of changing the sign and changing the palace is the majority, forming the typical characteristics of Shandong folk songs.

Take the embroidered purse in Yantai as an example;

Yantai embroidered purse music adopts single-part and two-part forms, which is reproducible. The first paragraph describes the scenery, and the second paragraph describes and describes the scenery, creating a quiet atmosphere. The contrast between the second paragraph and the first paragraph is obvious, describing the lively gongs and drums, which are commensurate with the movements and full of interest. The lyrics are concise, concise and clear. The music starts from the tonic, the first two bars consolidate the tonality from the master to the slave, and the last two bars are completely repeated and stay on the slave notes, forming the end of the phrase. The complete termination of tonic reflects the typical national mode of China. The second paragraph is dominated by the octave jump at the beginning, which is also the characteristic of personality development in Shandong minor. The falling sound adds a funny personality to this new material, and the latter part repeatedly consolidates the new style.

Fourthly, the singing characteristics of Shandong festival folk songs.

Singing language

Shandong dialect and Putonghua belong to the northern language family. There is not much difference between singing folk songs in Shandong dialect and singing in Mandarin. At the same time, when singing works in Putonghua, add dialect pronunciation with Shandong local color. The festival custom song "Catch Niu Shan" in Zibo is a folk song that can best represent the local characteristics.

In Zibo, Tomb-Sweeping Day also goes out for an outing every year. Niu Shan is also one of the activities. Niu Shan is located in the south of the ancient city of Linzi. There will be a incense party on the third day of March every year. This custom has lasted for many years and generations. The life scene described in this song is based on driving, mountain climbing and sightseeing. The music of the song is vivid, as if people were in it. The lining cavity "Liu ……" is based on the tone of calling a cow. The tune is loud and long, vividly depicting people's joyful mood when driving to Niu Shan.

The whole song is sung in Mandarin. The word "He Zi" appears in the tenth section of the first paragraph and the first section of the second paragraph respectively. He Zi is pronounced as "He Zi" in Mandarin, but he zhi in Zibo local language and Zibo is pronounced as "Zibo" in local dialect. Zibo, the birthplace of Qi culture, is a famous historical city. It is the most distinctive in the pronunciation of local languages, with rich and heavy colors. Like the simple and honest character of the local people, Shandong is full of charm.

Another important feature of Shandong festival folk songs in singing language is the clever use of sound. The song "Catch Niu Shan" usually sings "Catch Niu Shan" when singing the words "Catch Niu Shan". Another example is the first lyric of Cangshan's Embroidered Pocket, in which children's voices are used: "Embroider a purse in my sister's room …", and the second lyric "Embroider a cool boat …" is pronounced as "Embroider a cool boat …", and the festival custom song "Happy New Year" is pronounced as "Happy New Year" when singing. From the singing point of view, Hua Er Yin enriches the local color of the song and is conducive to the expression of the content of the song.

Singing emotion

Festival customs are people's entertainment activities. Festival custom songs are the epitome of working people's lives and the essence of their collective creation. The melody of such songs is sometimes passionate and sometimes melodious. There are two kinds of inner emotional catharsis: direct and indirect.

Zhaoyuan city folk song minor "Happy New Year to the young couple" sings:

The first month is the New Year, and the young couple go to pay New Year greetings together.

How much love couples have (come on, yo-yo),

A hundred-year-old loving couple (e-e-e-e).

Shandong customs, folk from the beginning spread "back to her mother's house on the second day of the first month" and "Happy New Year to the young couple" this song symbolizes the love between husband and wife and the harmony between relatives. This song belongs to the direct type in emotional expression. Therefore, when singing such songs, the emotional expression should be simple and direct.

Fair, a folk song in Jiaoxian County, implicitly expresses inner feelings in both melody and lyrics.

1. I went to Dongzhuang to catch Ji that day (hehe) and met my brother who was buying a hoe.

I have the heart to say those words, for fear that those who go to the fair will gossip behind their backs.

He gave me a few looks (hey, hey). I arrived at the village with a small bamboo basket and waited for him under the willow tree behind the village. The two of us have talked to each other several times.

Think about tomorrow today and look forward to that day.

When singing this kind of songs, the singer needs to sing lyrically, showing the complex and implicit feelings of the metaphors in the songs, from shyness to excitement, and then to the longing for a better future.

Broadly speaking, folk songs are a form of expression of holiday customs, but this can not erase the independence and particularity of folk songs. Under certain conditions, folk songs can actually exist as an independent music art without festival customs. The musical characteristics of Shandong folk songs prove the interdependence between Shandong folk songs and Shandong folk customs.

To annotate ...

[1] China folk song integration editorial board: "China folk song integration? Shandong Volume published by China ISBN Center in 2000, p. 683.

[2] China folk song integration editorial board: "China folk song integration? Shandong Volume published by China ISBN Center in 2000, p. 683.

Xiao Yan: School of Art and Media, Beijing Normal University.

Editor in charge: Tang Hongfeng