From 65438 to 0898, Emperor Guangxu appointed Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao to carry out the Reform Movement of 1898, but failed because of opposition from conservatives. Cixi suppressed the Reform Movement and put Emperor Guangxu under house arrest in Yingtai. Countries sympathized with the reformists and helped Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao escape from China. Cixi wanted to depose Emperor Guangxu, but she was afraid to act because of opposition from all countries, and she held a grudge. In addition, foreign powers tried to carve up China, renting harbors in succession and dividing their spheres of influence, which also increased Cixi's xenophobia. 2) Boxer Rebellion

Boxer boxing is a boxing organization in Shandong province, which was used by Shandong Governor Yu Xian to fight against the church and intimidate its members to leave the church. After being persecuted by foreign countries, Yuan Shikai was sent to Shandong to be banned, and the Boxers fled to all parts of Zhuozhou outside Beijing. At that time, Cixi trusted the ignorant conservative minister and actually listened to Yuxian's words, believing that members of the group could be "invulnerable" and that guns would not hurt people, and encouraged Cixi to use the Boxer Rebellion to exclude foreigners. Empress Dowager Cixi sent the military minister to Zhuozhou to inspect, but she was resolute and called Cixi "the Boxer Rebellion from heaven destroyed the ocean". Therefore, the Boxer Rebellion entered the Forbidden City in Beijing under the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries". Boxers killed foreigners and Christians everywhere, burned churches, tore down power lines, destroyed railways and occupied Tianjin Concession. Ministers of various countries asked the Qing court to ban the Boxer Rebellion, but there was no response.

On June 1900, 1 1, Seymour vice admiral of England led more than 2,000 people from Eight-Nation Alliance to seize the train from Tianjin to Beijing. The brutal aggression of imperialism aroused the loyal opposition of the Boxer Rebellion. /kloc-in June of 0/2, the Boxer Rebellion joined forces with Dong Fuxiang and Nie Shicheng of the Qing army to cut off the contact between the invading army and Tianjin. /kloc-June 0/4 to/kloc-June 0/8, the invading army was surrounded by the Boxers in Langfang, Luodai and Yangcun. Facing the invading army armed with modern guns, the Boxer Rebellion bravely killed the enemy and showed great courage and patriotic enthusiasm. More than 300 people were killed or injured, and Seymour was forced to follow. In mid-June, the imperialist navy invading China, under the command of Russian naval generals, jointly attacked Dagukou Fort, which was attacked by the loyal opposition of the defenders. The Qing army was injured and sank six enemy ships with more than 200 enemy soldiers. When the war was fierce, Luo Rongguang, the garrison commander, was unfortunately shot and killed. The Qing army lost its command and Dagubao fell. At about this time, the secretary of the Japanese embassy was executed as a spy by Qing soldiers when he went to Yongdingmen to meet Seymour Coalition forces. German ambassador to China Klund was killed by defenders in Dongdan archway. 2 1 year, the Qing government declared war on all countries. After the fall of Dagukou, thousands of reinforcements from Russia, Britain, Germany and the United States invaded Zizhulin Concession on the west bank of Haihe River in Tianjin and launched a fierce attack on Tianjin and its periphery. Boxers rose to defend Tianjin. Dong Fuxiang led the Boxer Rebellion to attack Laolongtou Railway Station, killing more than 500 Russian troops and occupying the station many times. Zhang Decheng led the Boxer Rebellion and the Qing army to besiege Zizhulin, leveled the minefield with the "Fire Bull Array" and rushed into the concession. Nie Shicheng's Qing army stuck to Guang Hai Temple in the south of the city. On July 9, in the Battle of Balitai, Nie Shicheng was shot seven times and his abdomen was broken. He still insisted on fighting until he died of dragon blood. 14, Tianjin was captured by the allied forces. On August 4th, more than twenty thousand allied troops invaded Beijing from Tianjin. 13, enter the Beijing gate and attack Dongbianmen, Chaoyangmen and Dongzhimen. The British army took the lead in attacking the city from Guangqumen. 14, Beijing fell. The next morning, the Western Empress Dowager and Emperor Guangxu fled hastily. After the Allied Forces entered the city, the Boxer Rebellion's siege of Dongjiaominxiang and Xishiku Church was lifted, and the Boxer Rebellion was forced to withdraw from Beijing and turned to other places to persist in fighting the invaders. On the way to exile, the Western Empress Dowager appointed Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary to negotiate with the great powers, and issued an order to completely eradicate the Boxer Rebellion. The vigorous anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the Boxer Rebellion was stifled by the reactionary forces at home and abroad. After Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Beijing, he sent troops to attack the city and expanded his aggression. In September, when Russian troops invaded Qinhuangdao and Shanhaiguan, they concentrated huge forces and occupied the northeast of China in five ways. In June 5438+10/mid-October, German commander Vadexi led 30,000 troops to China to capture Baoding and Zhangjiakou. Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China has brought profound disasters to the people of China. Wherever the invading army went, it killed, set fire, raped and plundered, and countless villages and towns were reduced to ruins. Tianjin was burned by a third, and Beijing was in ruins. Even the commander-in-chief of Eight-Nation Alliance, Wadesi, admitted that "the details of all the damage and robbery suffered by China this time will never be found out, but the number will be extremely considerable". Eight-Nation Alliance plundered openly in Beijing, and countless treasures of the Qing Palace were washed away, and a large number of people were killed. 190 1 On September 7th, 2008, Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" with imperialism on behalf of the Qing court. The treaty stipulates that China will pay 450 million yuan in silver; The embassy district in Beijing and the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan were handed over to foreign troops; People's organizations and anti-imperialist organizations in China are prohibited. The Xin Chou Treaty preserved the power of the Qing government and strengthened the imperialist rule over the people of China, thus making the Qing government a puppet of imperialism.