Receiving purchase plan-inquiry and negotiation-decision-making-purchase order-review-follow-up-receipt-payment-return. Relevant documents include: purchase requisition, purchase order, inquiry, purchase receipt, purchase receipt, purchase exit, abnormal purchase exit, etc.
Related ERP documents include: purchase requisition, purchase order, temporary purchase receipt, purchase receipt, purchase exit, abnormal purchase exit, etc.
Procurement process: information collection, inquiry, price comparison, negotiation, evaluation, sample application, decision-making, purchase requisition, ordering, coordination and communication, expediting, incoming inspection and collection, and payment arrangement.
Question 2: How to analyze and determine the purchasing demand of enterprises? Generally, only one company does miscellaneous procurement, unlike raw material procurement, which is more detailed. Of course, you need an invoice, so sometimes you'd rather get a ticket than post it yourself, and the company doesn't recognize it! When the reserve fund is insufficient, it is inevitable to pad miscellaneous purchases. The system does not support it. Make your own account book and record the ins and outs. EXCEL formulas are also very powerful. After the basic data is entered, others can be set by formula.
Question 3: What is the narrow sense of purchasing mode?
Procurement refers to the procurement process in which an organization obtains corresponding resources that meet the quality, quantity and price requirements from the target market, which includes determining procurement requirements, selecting suppliers, negotiating prices, determining delivery and related conditions, signing contracts and collecting payment as required.
Purchasing is actually a process of unifying business flow and logistics.
Generalized meaning
Procurement is a process in which the buyer obtains all the goods, services, capabilities and knowledge from the external target market (suppliers) that make the operation, maintenance and management of all activities of the company in the most favorable position. It not only refers to the transaction process, but also includes business management between suppliers, reciprocal trade agreements, hiring temporary personnel from external institutions and concluding advertising contracts.
First, the traditional procurement model.
Based on the application, in order to fill the inventory, the inventory backlog is large.
Second, the purchase mode of the ordering point
Order-point procurement refers to that the purchaser determines the order point, order batch or order cycle and the highest inventory level of each variety according to the demand and order lead time of each variety, and then establishes the inventory inspection mechanism. Once the ordering point is found, the inventory will be checked and the order will be issued. The size of the order batch is determined by the prescribed standards.
Ordering point procurement includes two major procurement methods, quantitative ordering method and regular ordering method.
Quantitative ordering method is to determine an order point and an order batch in advance, and then check the inventory at any time. When the inventory drops to the order point, the order is issued, and the size of each order batch is the same.
Regular order method is to determine an order cycle and the highest inventory level in advance, and then take stock of the inventory regularly and order according to the specified order cycle. The order batch is not necessarily the same every time, and the size of the order batch is equal to the difference between the actual inventory at that time and the specified maximum inventory level.
The purchase mode of order point is based on demand analysis, aiming at filling inventory, adopting some scientific methods, giving consideration to meeting demand and controlling inventory cost, with scientific principle and simple operation. However, due to many random factors in the market, this method also has the defects of large inventory and insensitive market.
Third, MRP procurement mode
MRP (Material Requirements Planning) procurement is mainly used in manufacturing enterprises. It is realized by purchasing personnel of enterprises using MRP software to make purchasing plans.
The principle of MRP procurement is to gradually calculate the production time and quantity, or ordering time and quantity, of all parts and raw materials of the main product according to MPS (master production plan) and BOM (bill of materials or product structure document) and the inventory of the main product and its parts, that is, to generate the production plan and procurement plan of all parts and raw materials. Then make a purchase according to this purchase plan.
MRP purchasing mode is also based on demand analysis, aiming at meeting inventory. Because the plan is more detailed and strict, its market sensitivity and inventory level are improved compared with the above methods.
Fourthly, JIT procurement mode.
JIT procurement, also known as just-in-time procurement, is a kind of procurement method based entirely on meeting demand. The demander sends an order to the supplier according to its own needs, requiring the supplier to deliver the specified variety and quantity to the specified place within the specified time.
The characteristics of JIT procurement are mainly manifested in the following aspects:
1. Face the demand
2. Send directly to the demand point
3. What kind, quality, quantity, time, etc. User needs should meet the needs of customers.
JIT procurement realizes sensitive corresponding market, meets users' needs and minimizes users' inventory. Because users do not need to set up inventory, realize zero inventory. It is a scientific and ideal purchasing model.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) VMI purchasing mode
VMI(VENDOR MANAGED INVENTORY), its basic idea is that under the supply chain mechanism, procurement is no longer operated by buyers, but by suppliers. VMI procurement is a procurement mode. Users only need to transmit their own demand information to suppliers in time, and suppliers can predict their future demand according to their own demand information, and make their own production plans and delivery plans according to this prediction. The inventory size of users is determined by suppliers.
It is an ideal and scientific procurement model, and the biggest beneficiary is ...
Question 4: What should be included in the requirements analysis? Requirements analysis refers to a complex process of understanding users' needs, reaching an agreement with customers on software functions, estimating software risks and evaluating project costs, and finally forming a development plan. In this process, users are really in a dominant position, and requirements analysis engineers and project managers are responsible for sorting out users' requirements and laying the foundation for subsequent software design. The demand analysis stage includes:
1. business requirements-reflect the high-level target requirements of the organization or customers for systems and products, and are usually explained in the project definition and scope documents.
2? User requirements-describe the tasks that users must complete when using the product, which is explained in the use case or scenario script.
3? Functional requirements-define the software functions that developers must realize, so that users can complete tasks by using the system to meet business needs.
4? Non-functional requirements-Describe the behaviors and operations presented by the system to users, including the standards, specifications and constraints that products must abide by, the specific details and structural restrictions of the operation interface.
5? Requirements analysis report-The functional requirements described in the report fully describe the external behavior that the software system should have. "Requirements Analysis Report" plays an important role in development, testing, quality assurance, project management and related project functions.
Question 5: What do you need to know about purchasing? Basic! Procurement practice can be divided into two parts: strategic procurement and conventional procurement. Strategic procurement refers to the procurement personnel (business manager) making and implementing the material procurement plan of the procurement enterprise according to the business strategic needs of the enterprise. Through the analysis of internal customer demand, external supply market, competitors and supply base, the long-term and short-term procurement goals, procurement strategies and action plans needed to achieve the goals are set on the basis of benchmarking comparison, and suitable supply resources are found through the implementation of actions to meet the comprehensive indicators of enterprises in terms of cost, quality, time and technology. Purchasing objects are divided into BOM materials and MRO materials. Direct materials will be used to constitute all or part of products or services provided by purchasing enterprises to customers, and indirect materials will be used and consumed in internal production and operation activities of enterprises. Procurement is a process that commercial organisms seek to absorb from the outside world in order to maintain normal operation. Procurement refers to obtaining the required materials, tools, machinery, etc. It is convenient for the manufacturer to undertake the responsibilities and actions. Therefore, a purchasing technology must be considered in purchasing activities to obtain the most suitable quality and quantity of materials, tools, machines, etc. Maintain the continuity of material sources at the most appropriate total cost, at the most appropriate time and with the highest efficiency. Usually, the main contents of purchasing business are: besides the necessary abilities of buyers, there must be a reasonable purchasing plan, abide by the 5R principle, select suitable suppliers, and add them into management to continuously improve. Reduce the procurement cost without affecting the normal production of enterprises.
Responsibilities of the buyer: purchase plan and demand confirmation, supplier selection and management, purchase quantity control, purchase quality control, purchase price control, delivery time control, purchase cost control, purchase contract management and purchase record management.
Procurement process: information collection, inquiry, price comparison, negotiation, evaluation, sample application, decision-making, purchase requisition, ordering, coordination and communication, expediting, incoming inspection and collection, and payment arrangement.
Calculation of purchase quantity: quantity to be purchased in this period = production demand in this period+planned inventory at the end of this period-estimated inventory in the previous period-purchased inventory in the previous period.
How to reduce the procurement cost reasonably: make a reasonable procurement plan in advance, inquire about the current market situation, and master the factors and events that affect the cost. Find a group of qualified manufacturers to quote, make the bottom price or budget, and use bargaining skills. Afterwards, choose the manufacturer with the right price to sign the contract, and use the quantity or cash discount.
The composition of purchase price: supplier's cost, specification and quality, supply and demand of purchased materials, production season and purchasing opportunity, delivery terms and payment terms.
Cost composition of outsourced goods: engineering or manufacturing methods, required special tools and equipment, direct and indirect material costs, direct and indirect labor costs, manufacturing costs or outsourcing costs, marketing costs, taxes and profits.
What is the right price: the highest goal of purchasing price should be to reach the right price. The buyer must analyze the quality and price changes of materials according to the purchasing demand and market conditions, and choose high-quality and cheap materials for purchasing.
How to judge whether the purchase price is reasonable: conduct cost analysis, price analysis, market research, and quotations from many manufacturers.
How to find suppliers: make use of existing information, solicit in public, introduce by peers, read professional publications, associations or procurement consulting companies, and participate in product exhibitions.
Supplier classification: raw material suppliers, small service suppliers and temporary suppliers.
Criteria for qualified suppliers: excellent enterprise leaders, high-quality managers, stable employees, good machinery and equipment, good technology and good management system.
How to analyze suppliers: price, quality, service, location, inventory policy, flexibility.
What is a good supplier? On the premise of ensuring 5R. You can provide technical support and market information. Can * * * take risks together.
What is the procurement supply chain? The development process of deepening professional division of labor and reducing transaction costs. All links between supply and demand, demand-oriented value-added integration.
Question 6: Detailed analysis of demand analysis in a broad sense: demand analysis includes a series of demand items such as demand acquisition, analysis, specification, change, verification and management. Demand analysis in a narrow sense refers to the process of demand analysis and definition. Requirements analysis is to analyze what the needs of software users are. If a lot of manpower, material resources, financial resources and time are invested, but no one wants the developed software, then all the investment will be in vain. If you spend a lot of energy developing a software, but in the end it doesn't meet the requirements of users and you have to re-develop, this kind of rework is heartbreaking (I believe everyone has experience). For example, users need a linux software, and you neglected the running environment of the software in the early stage of software development, forgot to ask the user this question, and took it for granted that you were developing software for windows. When you worked hard to develop it and submit it to users, you found something was wrong. At that time, you wanted to cry and find a piece of tofu to die. Requirement analysis is important because it plays a decisive, directional and strategic role and it plays an important role in the process of software development. Everyone must pay enough attention to demand analysis. In the development of large-scale software systems, its role is far greater than programming. The work in the requirement analysis stage can be divided into four aspects: problem identification, analysis and synthesis, specification formulation and evaluation. Problem identification: It is to understand the software from the system point of view, determine the comprehensive requirements for the developed system, and put forward the realization conditions of these requirements and the standards that the requirements should meet. These requirements include: functional requirements (what to do), performance requirements (what indicators to achieve), and environmental requirements (such as model and operating system). ), reliability requirements (failure probability), security requirements, user interface requirements, resource usage requirements (memory and CPU required for software operation, etc.). ), software cost consumption and development schedule requirements, as well as the prediction of the possible goals of the system in the future. Analysis and synthesis: gradually refine all software functions, find out the relationship among system elements, interface characteristics and design restrictions, analyze whether it meets the requirements, eliminate unreasonable parts and increase needed parts. Finally, the detailed logical model of the system to be developed (the model of what to do) is given by synthesizing the system solution. Formulate specifications: that is, prepare documents, and documents describing requirements are called software requirements specifications. Please note that the result of the requirements analysis phase is the requirements specification, which will be submitted to the next phase. Review: Evaluate the correctness, completeness and clarity of functions and other requirements. Only after the approval can the next stage of work be carried out, otherwise the demand analysis will be carried out again. There are many methods of requirement analysis, and only the prototype method is emphasized here. Other methods, such as structural method and dynamic analysis, have never been used and will not be discussed here. Prototype method is very important. Prototype is an early operational version of the software, which realizes part or all of the functions of the target system. Prototype method is to build a rough system as soon as possible and realize some or all functions of the target system. However, the system may have defects in reliability, friendly interface or other aspects. The purpose of constructing such a system is to examine the feasibility of a certain aspect, such as the feasibility of algorithm, the feasibility of technology or whether it meets the needs of users. For example, in order to see whether it meets the requirements of users, we can use some software tools to quickly build a prototype system, which is just an interface, and then listen to the opinions of users and improve this prototype. The future target system will be developed on the basis of the prototype system. There are three main types of prototypes: exploratory, experimental and evolutionary. Exploratory: The purpose is to find out the requirements for the target system, determine the expected characteristics, and explore the feasibility of various schemes. Experimental type: used to check whether the scheme is appropriate and the specification is reliable before the implementation of large-scale development. Evolutionary type: the purpose is not to improve the specification, but to make the system easy to change, and gradually evolve the prototype into the final system in the process of improving the prototype. There are two different strategies when using prototype method: discard strategy and append strategy. Abandonment strategy: first, establish a model system with simple function and low quality requirements, and modify it repeatedly to form a better idea, so as to design a more complete, accurate, consistent and reliable final system. After the system was built, the original model system was abandoned. Exploratory and experimental types belong to this strategy. Additional strategies: First, construct simple functions and low quality requirements ... >>
Question 7: What are the design requirements? What is included? The website demand analysis and design demand is what kind of page, structure and theme your customers need you to make. In the final analysis, how to make your customers' products and companies attract more people's attention and improve the conversion rate.
This is what you can get only by communicating with customers, not by your own wishful thinking ~ ~ ~
Question 8: How to write a demand analysis report? Resource introduction teaches you how to write demand analysis report ~ ~? Requirements analysis instruction 1, system function structure diagram (HIPO diagram) (select a subsystem in the function structure diagram to decompose layer by layer) 2, system function description (describe the function of the subsystem selected above) 3, business flow diagram and description of the existing system (draw the business flow diagram of manual system or old computer system for the subsystem selected above and make a simple function description) 4, Business flow chart and description of the new system (draw the business flow chart under the computer system (after reorganization) for the selected subsystems and make a simple functional description) Purchasing management system analysis Purchasing is an economic activity that the material supply department of an enterprise obtains all kinds of materials needed for the production and operation activities of the enterprise through various channels such as market purchasing, processing and ordering according to the established material supply plan, and the status of purchasing business will affect the overall operation of the enterprise. Generally speaking, the purchasing department of an enterprise usually carries out purchasing business-the manufacturing department makes a production plan according to the sales order, and the manufacturing system of the enterprise generates a purchasing plan according to the relevant material quota information provided by the production technology department and the production plan provided by the manufacturing department, considering the existing inventory situation. The purchasing department conducts domestic procurement and foreign procurement respectively according to the procurement plan. The purchase management system mainly manages purchase orders, purchase receipt documents and purchase business. After the purchase business occurs, the purchase department will enter the purchase into the purchase management system. When purchasing materials are put into storage, the storage and transportation department of the purchasing department will enter the storage list into the inventory management system according to the acceptance certificate. The finance department makes purchase settlement according to the purchase and material acceptance sheet, and the system automatically generates relevant vouchers and registers relevant inventory accounts. What documents should be submitted for course design? Curriculum design report should be submitted, including the following aspects: ① cover, ② content, ③ system feasibility analysis report, ④ system analysis report, and ⑤ list of members of the curriculum design team. How to write a course design report? The curriculum design report includes two aspects, one is the system feasibility analysis report, and the other is the system analysis report. Feasibility analysis report: In short, we ask you to write two contents. First, we describe the current situation of enterprises and point out that enterprises need to use computers for management (that is, they need information systems). Then we explain whether enterprises have the corresponding conditions from the aspects of economy, technology and management, and finally draw the conclusion that the system is feasible. Our curriculum design is based on system feasibility. Describing the above contents clearly in words is our feasibility analysis report. The fastest data exchange algorithm between threads can effectively avoid lock contention. The problem of downloading information explosion through IBM storage solution. HTML5 audio API develops game music. Your IT security comes from "From Limited Resources to Unlimited Development Potential" downloaded by System X server. New business opportunities in Windows App Store.
Question 9: How to analyze user requirements 1. concept
The definition of requirements includes explaining requirements from the user's point of view (external behavior of the system) and from the developer's point of view (some internal characteristics).
The key problem is to write requirements documents. I have witnessed all developers being replaced in a project and customers being forced to sit with new requirements analysts. The system analyst said: We want to talk to you about your requirements. The customer's first reaction is: I have told your predecessor all my requirements, and now I just want to compile a system for me.
A man who claims to know everything.
In fact, UGGs, requirements are not documented, so new analysts have to start from scratch. So if there are only a bunch of emails, meeting minutes or some fragmentary conversations, you can be sure that you have understood the needs of users, which is completely self-deception.
Another definition of requirements is that requirements are what users need and can trigger program or system development. Some requirements analysts have extended this concept: features, functions and attributes that satisfy users can be found from outside the system. These definitions emphasize what the product is like, not how the product is designed and constructed. The following definitions are further transferred from user requirements to system characteristics:
Requirements are specifications that indicate what must be achieved. It describes the behavior, characteristics or attributes of the system, and it is a constraint on the system in the development process.
From these different definitions, it is not difficult to find that there is no clear and ambiguous demand term. The real requirements actually exist in people's minds. This person mainly refers to the customer. However, in general, users can't describe their own needs. They just need system analysts to sort out the relevant requirements according to their own language descriptions, and then check with customers. System analysts and customers need to ensure that all project stakeholders must * * * understand the terms describing requirements.
Any documented requirement (such as the requirement specification described below) is just a model and description.
2. The task of demand analysis
The most difficult part of developing a software system is to explain exactly what to develop. The most difficult conceptual work is to write detailed technical requirements, including all interfaces of users, machines and other software systems. At the same time, this is also the part that will eventually bring great damage to the system once it is wrong, and it is extremely difficult to modify it later.
At present, there are many domestic products, and an enterprise may have several systems running in parallel. The interface between them is the biggest headache for system developers.
For commercial end-user applications, enterprise information systems and software are obviously products as part of a larger system. But for us developers, we didn't write the requirements document approved by customers. How do we know when the project will end? If we don't know what is important to our customers, how can we satisfy them?
However, even non-commercial software requirements are necessary. For example, libraries, components, and tools are used internally by development teams. Of course, you may occasionally agree with others without documentation, but it is more common that the cost of reprogramming code far exceeds the cost of rewriting a requirements document. These bloody lessons are happening to domestic software developers.
Recently, I met a development team who developed a set of computer-aided software for internal use, including a code editor. Unfortunately, when they finished developing this tool, they found that this tool could not print source code files, and users certainly wanted this function. As a result, the team had to manually copy the source code document for code inspection. This shows that even if the requirements are clear and accurate, if we don't write documents, the software can only blame itself for not achieving the expected goals.
On the contrary, I have seen a simple interface integrated into an error tracking system to write a page of requirements description. However, operating system administrators find a simple list of requirements very useful when dealing with scripts. When they tested the system according to the requirements, the system not only clearly realized all the necessary functions, but also found no errors.
In fact, requirements documents have always played a guiding role in the development process.
3. Demand analysis process
The whole software requirement can be engineered ... >>
Question 10: Demand Analysis-Enterprise 1, Preface
At present, the Coca-Cola Company owns carbonated drinks such as Coke, Eye-catching, Fanta and Sprite, and juice drinks such as Queer. Since it was put into the market in 2002, purified water with ice dew has not been advertised with brand image as the core like other beverage brands of Coca-Cola. For example, Coca-Cola's slogan: Grasping the sparkle of Sprite and letting your heart pass through has become the current fashion language. As one of Coca-Cola's beverage products put into China market, it did not carry out brand operation, but quietly appeared in front of consumers overnight. Doing a good job in advertising planning and implementing its advertising strategy will help to shape the brand image of iced pure water suitable for Coca-Cola Company and enhance its position in the eyes of consumers.
Second, the market analysis
1, market prospect
In recent two years, although a new round of functional sports drinks is emerging after the upsurge of low-concentration fruit juice drinks, bottled water has always occupied 30% of the beverage market. Although other kinds of drinks have been trying to carve up the market, bottled water still has an irreplaceable position because of its low price and natural purity. The per capita consumption of bottled water in China is only 1/5 of the world average, so it can be said that the bottled water market in China is still very young.
2. Current competitors
Main competitors: Wahaha, Robust and Nongfu Spring.
Other competitors: small brand bottled purified water, local brand bottled purified water.
The survey results show that Wahaha, Robust and Nongfu Spring occupy most of the bottled water market. Among the bottled water brands that consumers often drink, 35.2% of the respondents chose Wahaha, 28.3% Robust and 17.8% Nongfu Spring, which shows that people have a strong sense of brand consumption when buying bottled water, and brands are the life of enterprise products. With the arrival of the era of brand consumption, how to carry out brand marketing has increasingly become one of the core tasks of enterprises, and the success of the three famous bottled water represented by Robust is largely due to its correct brand planning and strategic implementation.
3. Consumer acceptance
Although the emergence of soft drinks such as mineral water and fruit juice has impacted the dominant position of pure water, the survey shows that in seven central cities in China, 30. 1% people still like pure water, and 2 1% consumers say it doesn't matter.
The survey shows that some consumers are influenced by advertisements when they buy bottled water, but they don't know until they drink it. The recommendations of salespeople, relatives and friends are 38.3%, 25.4% and 1 1. 1% respectively, which shows that advertising is the best shopping guide for bottled water consumers.
Third, advertising strategy.
1, target policy
Through advertising, the brand awareness of iced dew purified water will be increased to 90% and the sales volume will be increased by 50% within X months, making it the top three bottled water sales in China.
2. Positioning strategy
Ice dew purified water is positioned as a popular brand and is attractive to young and middle-aged consumers.
3. Media selection
Television, newspaper, car body, platform and supermarket advertisements.
4. Appeal strategy
Ice dew pure water advertisement appeals for a quality and creates a strong and lingering brand image.
5. Advertising creativity
Print advertising copy
Title: ice dew, never give up!
Slogan: believe in yourself!
Text:
Life is full of countless stadiums,
Facing one powerful opponent after another,
Who will be the winner forever?
Failure is never the end,
Being strong does not mean forever.
Heart, still as strong as ice,
It's just water flowing on your face,
This is a strong comfort to ice.
Lose, try again,
Ice dew, never give up!
Short article: Ice dew purified water is produced by Coca-Cola Company, which has international quality and gives you an unusual sense of purity.
Tv advertising copy
Slogan: ice dew, I can't do it without you!
Figure 1: Luxurious track and field, cheering and frustrated people at the finish line.
Figure 2: Open track and field, one-man competition.
Schreiber: Who will be the champion without an opponent?
Figure 3: Close-up close-up, the loser's frustration, holding a mouthful of ice dew pure water, and then pouring it down from his head, showing an indomitable expression.
Schreiber: Losing is not terrible. The terrible thing is that you will never know your opponent ... >>