Paris Peace Conference
More than 1000 delegates attended the Paris Peace Conference, including 70 plenipotentiaries, which were later changed to a "four-person conference", namely, American President Wilson, British Prime Minister Lloyd George, French Prime Minister Clemenceau and Italian Prime Minister Orlando. Later, because Italy played little role in the war, its contribution was almost negative, and its own foundation was weak, so it was left out in the cold by Britain and France. So it has actually become a "three-person meeting". They are the three giants and masters of the Paris Peace Conference.
In the course of the meeting, the big three have their own ulterior motives.
Britain: I hope to gain maritime hegemony and colonial hegemony, and I hope that all countries in the European continent have equal strength, that is, the balance of power in the mainland.
France: the hope of European hegemony.
America: world hegemony.
Then, an interesting scene appeared. Every country will be an opponent with the other two countries and can join hands with any one of the other two countries.
Therefore, this meeting lasted more than five months.
In order to claim reparations from the defeated country, British Prime Minister Lloyd George and French Prime Minister Kerry Duhamel Du Monceau had a fierce quarrel.
"How about you get 50% in France and 30% in England?" "No, absolutely not! In this war, France suffered the most, and we should get 58%. "
"It's too much, we don't agree."
"Then we don't agree." Kerry Duhamel Du Monceau, who is 78 years old, has white hair, but he is still fierce as a beast. He really deserves the nickname "Prime Minister Tiger". And Lloyd George is also entangled in every way, without sacrificing his own interests.
American President Wilson had to juggle between Britain and France and was busy trying to find a way to go back and forth: "We don't want American money. You both made sacrifices to benefit other countries, with France getting 56% and Britain getting 28%. Is that all right? "
Kerry Duhamel Du Monceau snapped, "Yes. However, the Franco-German border can be bounded by the Rhine River: except that alsace-lorraine belongs to France, the Saar region of Germany is also ours! " If France gets the Saar region, it means that it controls the most important military industrial zone in Europe and can dominate the European continent in the future. Of course, Britain and the United States do not agree with this. They quarreled from June to April in 5438, and no one would give in. Wilson and Kerry Duhamel Du Monceau both threatened each other with resignation and peace.
After numerous disputes and bargaining, the three men finally got the result: Britain got the territory with a population of/kloc-0.0 million under the appointment system stipulated by the League of Nations, France got the areas with a population of 7.5 million such as Alsace, Lorraine and Salle (France was only allowed to occupy Salle/kloc-0.5 years and then return it to Germany), Japan also got the territory of Germany in the Pacific Ocean, and the United States opened the door.
In addition to dividing the spoils, the Paris Peace Conference has other agendas. Mainly:
He plotted to strangle the newborn Soviet Russia and decided to impose an economic blockade on it. Organize an international alliance to oppose the * * * production international founded by Lenin. The League of Nations instructed the reactionaries of various countries to carry out bloody suppression on the revolutionary people, and at the same time re-carve up the original German colonies.
June 28th is the last day of the Paris Peace Conference, and it is also the day when all the victorious countries sign the peace treaty. However, the representative of China, the victorious country, did not attend the meeting and refused to sign it.
The full name of the Treaty of Versailles is the peace treaty between the allies and participating countries to Germany. It is a peace treaty between the victorious countries (Allies) and the defeated countries (Allies) after World War I, and its main purpose is to punish and weaken Germany. The allies and allies declared a ceasefire on June191865438+1October1. After nearly six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference, they signed a treaty at the Palace of Versailles in Paris on June 28th, 2009, marking the first time. It came into effect on 1920 65438+ 10/0 after being approved by the League of Nations. The May 4th Movement broke out in China because the Paris Peace Conference could not solve the Qingdao issue between China and Japan. Instead of signing the Treaty of Versailles, it signed another peace treaty with Germany. The United States did not sign the Treaty of Versailles because the United States Congress voted against it. On October 5th, 65438/KLOC-0, the German Nazi Party was founded.
On October 5th, 65438/KLOC-0, angry Berlin workers held a protest demonstration, and a general strike broke out in Berlin on the 6th.
On October 6th, 65438/KLOC-0, the 25th President of the United States, theodore roosevelt, passed away.
65438+1October 1 1, Romania annexed Transylvania. German leaders Karl Liebknecht and rosa luxemburg were killed by reactionary officers.
18 10 18, the Paris peace conference was held in Versailles, Paris, France.
China sent,, Wang,, and as plenipotentiaries to attend the Paris Peace Conference.
19 10/9, Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao called for eliminating three evils and promoting three benefits. 1 1 In February, Liang Qichao initiated the League of Nations.
On February 20th, the North-South Peace Conference opened in Shanghai. The Beijing government sent Zhu Qiqian as the general representative; Tang is the general representative of the Guangdong provincial government.
On February 28th, peace talks between the five countries of North and South were held, and the peace talks reached a deadlock. 1 year in March, the "March 1 Anti-Japanese Uprising" broke out in North Korea. The fuse was 65438122, and the deposed korean king Li Xi died suddenly. There are rumors that he was poisoned by the Japanese.
On March 2, the North-South Peace Conference was interrupted because the North Army continued to attack the Beijing Army in Yu Youren, Shaanxi.
On the same day, the first world congress of production parties opened in Moscow.
On March 4th, the Third International was announced.
On March 2 1 day, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was formally born.
On March 23rd, Peking University, Deng Zhongxia and others launched a lecture group on civilian education in order to "enhance the knowledge of civilians and arouse their consciousness".
On March 28th, Shenbao reported: "The weather in our port was cold the day before yesterday, and the thermometer dropped to over 40 degrees. At 5 o'clock in the afternoon, it suddenly rained and froze, and the area around the west of the city was relatively large. Then there was a strong wind, lightning and thunder, and the ships coming and going in Pujiang were not as good as those who avoided it, blowing away a lot of goods, but they did not recover them. " On May 3 (the fourth day of April), this newspaper also reported that Shanghai was at about 3 o'clock in the middle of the night last night. "Suddenly there was a strong wind blowing from the northwest, and it didn't subside until 4 o'clock in the afternoon yesterday. Did Pujiang stop when the tide was high? In addition to the unaffected ships, countless people broke the chain and took the anchor. " After summer, it was raining and windy, and the disaster was more serious than before. On July 8 (June 1 1 day), the "Shen Bao" said: "Recently, there have been continuous mildew and rain, few sunny days and few sunrises, the weather is wrong, and the heat and cold are uneven. Cold, heatstroke, vomiting and diarrhea have been found in this city. Until dawn yesterday, suddenly thunder rumbled and heavy rain poured down. From morning to noon, it rained heavily, and all the streets were flooded with ankle-deep water, because the sewers did not drain, and the public concessions; Fuzhou Road, Jiujiang Road, Hubei Road, Zhejiang Road and North Zhejiang Road are low-lying and full of water. Pedestrians held back until the second half of the day when the water receded. ..... It rained cats and dogs at dawn yesterday, and the wind was strong, and the Pujiang shipwreck left the anchor. I don't know how many ... two kiln cargo ships are parked at the south pier, both of which were dumped. It rained heavily for several days, especially yesterday, when all Tian He and wheat were in full bloom. Once it rains heavily, the flower bell will fall. Older farmers expect that the cotton harvest will decrease in the future. " At the end of May (the end of April), the weather in Zhenjiang and Yangzhou was extremely hot, and it was also attacked by strong winds, heavy rains and hail. At that time, Zhenjiang "shook the mountains and shook the mountains, and the white waves in the river soared into the sky. The civilian ships moored everywhere in Jianggan broke their cables and broke down, and countless people were damaged. ..... After investigation, the damage statistics show that there are 4 cargo ships and 2 marine ships in Bajiangkou, with huge losses and 2 people drowned. Sanjiangkou also overturned a soybean boat with hundreds of stones floating away. Others, such as the lotus pond of Shatou River, the eighth largest river in Jianggan, were broken by hundreds of trees embraced by more than two people, countless people were uprooted, several adobe houses and more than 20 thatched houses were blown down, and several men and women were injured. In the city, more than a dozen thatched houses collapsed, such as the one in the gatehouse of New Henan. " Afterwards, I investigated the disaster situation in Yangzhou and found the transportation department of Yunsi Street, a house with a surname in Ximen Street of Paifang, and a house in Liuxiang Park.
On March 29th, Sun Yat-sen wrote a letter to the seventy-two martyrs in Huanghuagang.
On March 3rd1day, 26 people including Chen Yi and Li Fuchun went to France for work-study programs.
19 19 In March, Mussolini established Italy's first fascist organization "Fighting Italian Fascism" in Milan. It is a semi-military organization with veterans as the backbone. Under the banner of "socialism", it claims to reform Italy from four aspects: politics, society, military and finance. On April 4th, Mei Lanfang went to Japan to perform.
On April 5, Dali court sentenced Hong Shuzu, who instigated the assassination of Song, to be hanged.
On April 6th, Weekly Review published some articles on the manifesto of the * * * production party.
On April 7, representatives of the North and South sides began new negotiations.
In April, China Industrial Bank opened.
On April 12, the Shandong issue was discussed at the Paris Peace Conference. Japan insisted on inheriting Germany's rights in Shandong, and threatened to withdraw and peace.
/kloc-in April of 0/3, Munich workers, under the leadership of the * * * production party headed by Eugen Levin, defeated the counter-revolutionary forces and announced the establishment of the Bavarian Soviet Republic.
On April 24th, Zhan Tianyou passed away.
On April 29th, the Paris Peace Conference held a tripartite meeting of Britain, the United States and France (Japanese representatives were invited to attend), and agreed on the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty on the Shandong issue in China. On 30th, the Peace Conference decided to cede Germany's rights in Shandong to Japan, which was clearly stipulated in the peace treaty with Germany.
On April 30th, john dewey (1859- 1952), an American experimental philosopher, thinker and educator, arrived in Shanghai and was invited by the new intellectuals in China to give lectures in China.
In April, Zhou Enlai returned to Tianjin from Japan.
In April, Italian Prime Minister Orlando withdrew from the meeting and returned home early because the meeting failed to meet his territorial requirements. On May 1, the representative of Britain informed the representative of China of the resolution of the Paris Peace Conference on the Shandong issue. The representative of China protested that the Paris Conference had ceded Shandong's rights to Japan. Lu Zhengxiang telegraphed the Beijing government to report China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference. China People's Association for Foreign Affairs decided that if the Paris Peace Conference could not adopt China's proposal, it should ask the government to withdraw its representatives, and decided to hold a national conference in Central Park on May 7.
On May 2nd, the Beijing Morning Post published Lin Changmin's diplomatic warning to the people, which confirmed the news of China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference.
At 4: 00 p.m. on May 3, the Beijing National Association for Foreign Affairs held a staff meeting, decided to hold a national conference in Central Park on May 7, and called on all provinces and organizations in China to hold it on the same day. At 7 o'clock in the evening, all the students of Peking University held a meeting in the Law Auditorium, and representatives from Normal University and other schools also attended. It was decided to hold a big demonstration of student groups in Tiananmen Square on the 4th. At the same time, the provinces were electrified and a national demonstration was held on May 7.
On May 4th, an anti-imperialist patriotic movement broke out in Beijing, with students as the main body and strong support from workers and industrial and commercial circles all over the country. More than 3,000 students from Beijing 13 schools gathered in front of Tiananmen Square to hold demonstrations, and put forward slogans such as "Fighting for state power from outside, punishing national thieves from inside", "Abolishing Article 21" and "boycotting Japanese goods", advocating refusing to sign the Paris Peace Treaty and demanding that pro-Japanese bureaucrats Cao Rulin and He Lu of Beiyang warlord government be punished. Launch the massive May 4th Movement.
On May 5th, schools above secondary level in Beijing went on strike. On the 6th, Beijing Student Union was established.
On May 7th, the May 4th patriotic movement quickly spread to various places. On the same day, the National Assembly was held in Shanghai. People from Tianjin, Jinan, Taiyuan, Changsha, Jilin, Nanjing, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Nanchang and other cities also gathered to support patriotic students in Beijing. In addition, Japanese students studying in Tokyo gathered together today and wrote to the embassies of Britain, the United States, France, Russia and Italy, demanding that Jiaozhou Bay be returned directly to China. Initiated by Beijing Women's Teachers College, representatives from all girls' schools in Beijing gathered together to discuss ways to save the country and called on compatriots in the women's circles across the country to rise up and save the country. Under the pressure of the masses, the Beijing government released all the arrested students.
On May 8, the Beijing government issued another order to suppress the student movement.
On May 9th, Cai Yuanpei, president of Peking University, protested against the authorities' suppression of the May 4th Movement and left Beijing angrily.
On may 13, the north-south peace talks broke down again, and both representatives of the north-south peace talks offered to resign.
On May 14, Tianjin Student Union was formally established.
On May 9, 2009, the representative of China in Paris decided not to recognize the peace treaty.
On May 20th, Sun Yat-sen's Sun Wen Theory was published. On May 28th, Sun Yat-sen issued the Declaration on Protecting the Law.
On June 5th, New Youth published Li Dazhao's My View on Marxism (the actual publishing time was1965438+September 2009). This paper systematically introduces the three components of Marxism-historical materialism, political economy and scientific socialism.
On May 29th, a total solar eclipse occurred in Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Brazil, Liberia, French West Africa, Britain's Gold Coast, Portugal's Sao Tome and Principe, Spain's Guinea, French Equatorial Africa, Belgium's Congo, Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, German East Africa and Portuguese East Africa, and a partial solar eclipse occurred in almost all South America, Africa and some surrounding areas. Two observation teams made observations in Sobral, Brazil and Sao Tome and principe island, respectively, which confirmed the gravitational lens effect of the general theory of relativity. On June 3rd, the June 4th incident occurred in Beijing, and nearly a thousand students were arrested. On the 3rd, Beijing students gave a street speech, and 170 people were arrested. On the 4th, more than 700 people were arrested.
From June 3rd to 7th, strikes took place in Shanghai, Tianjin and Nanjing, supporting the May 4th patriotic student movement, protesting the June 3rd Incident, demanding the release of students and recalling Cao, Zhang and Lu.
On June 9, Wu protested against the government's arrest of students when they were severely suppressed in various places. On the same day, more than 40,000 people (1 20,000 people) from all walks of life in Tianjin held a citizens' meeting.
On June 10, Tianjin workers planned a general strike. Urgent telegram from Tianjin General Chamber of Commerce to Beijing Government. Xu Shichang was forced to order Cao Rulin and Lu to resign.
On June 1 1, Xu Shichang submitted his resignation to the House and Senate.
/kloc-in June of 0/6, the National Student Union was established in Shanghai.
On June 28th, the Allies and Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles at the Palace of Versailles in France, which came into effect on June 1920+ 10/0. China refused to sign the Paris Peace Treaty on behalf of Gu Weijun. On July 4th, Italy held a general strike to reduce food and food prices. On July 7th, a serious bloodshed broke out between the Italians and the French living in Fulu. During the Paris Peace Conference, Britain, France and other countries broke the London secret treaty and refused to fulfill their agreed commitments to meet Italy's territorial requirements, which caused strong dissatisfaction in Italy, and then many armed conflicts and bloodshed occurred.
On July 6, Zhang took advantage of the Japanese army to dominate the three northeastern provinces.
On July 14, Xiangjiang Review, edited by Mao Zedong, was founded.
On July 2 1 day, Tianjin Student Union Newspaper, edited by Zhou Enlai, was founded.
On July 25th, the Soviet Union issued its first declaration to China, announcing the abolition of the unequal treaties signed by Russia and China, canceling Russia's privileges in China and giving up all interests in China. /kloc-in August, 2000, Construction magazine founded by Dr. Sun Yat-sen was founded in Shanghai. Since the first issue, Sun's industrial plan has been serialized.
On August 1 1, the Weimar Constitution came into effect. Declare Germany a Republic.
On August 4th, 65438,61Sichuan students, including Chen Yi, left for France by boat.
On August 24th, New Life was published in Beijing.
In August, China successfully trial-produced the first seaplane-"A-1". 1 in September, the American * * * Production Party was founded with the name of C.P.U.S.A Its founder was Rudenberg, the left-wing leader of the Socialist Party.
In September, Li Dazhao published "My View on Marxism" in this month's "New Youth", which introduced Marxism completely.
On September 6th, 2006, Zhou Enlai organized and established the Enlightenment Society in Tianjin.
On September 25th, Nankai University founded by Zhang Boling opened.
On September 27th, the Shanghai Federation of all walks of life was established. 1 01October1day, representatives of seven provinces and cities held a second petition in xinhua gate, the presidential palace, and all the representatives were arrested that night.
101October10, 50,000 students in Tianjin clashed with the police, which led to a strike and a petition from citizens, forcing the governor to apologize and replace Yang Yide.
10 June 10, Sun Yat-sen reorganized the China Revolutionary Party into the China Kuomintang, and promulgated the articles of association, "with the aim of consolidating * * * and implementing the Three People's Principles".
65438+1October 3 1 150 Work-study students including Li Fuchun and Zhang Kundi went to France by boat. 165438+1October 5, as Prime Minister of Kim. Xu Shichang is still the president.
165438+1October 1 1, China New Newspaper introduced Marxism.
165438+ 10/2, the Japanese created the "taijiang incident", and the Foreign Ministry of Beijing government sent a protest note to the Japanese Embassy in China.
165438+ 10/6 Japanese imperialism provoked the Fuzhou incident.
165438+1October 17 With the efforts of Xu Shuzheng, the general of Anhui Province, Outer Mongolia cancelled its autonomy and resumed the rule of the Republic of China.
165438+1On October 28th, Fujian Provincial Governor Li Houji declared emergency martial law in Fuzhou. On February 2, 65438, Hunan launched a campaign to expel warlord Zhang.
On February 20th, 65438, President Zhang of Xiang Jingyu set up a middle school class for boys and girls in the university.
On February 29th, 65438, Awakening magazine, edited by Zhou Enlai, was founded.