Compared with the penetration technology of anti-detection, the penetration technology of ballistic missile anti-interception is mainly to avoid the physical interception of ballistic missile by defense system, so as to improve the survivability of ballistic missile and ensure its successful completion of the scheduled task. If the core idea of anti-investigation is to hide the sky from the sea, then the idea of anti-interception is handy.
Anti-interception penetration technology includes ballistic maneuvering flight, multi-warhead technology and escort bomb.
1, ballistic maneuver
Ballistic maneuver penetration has the dual characteristics of anti-identification and anti-interception, which is an important development direction of penetration technology. The so-called mobile penetration means that the warhead changes its trajectory in flight, which can avoid the detection and identification of the defense system and bypass the interception of the defense system.
The flight trajectory of missile can be divided into booster phase, middle phase and reentry phase, which correspond to different ballistic phases of launch and take-off, re-entry into the atmosphere after take-off and dive attack respectively.
Because the penetration of the booster phase is the penetration of the whole missile, if the penetration effect is to be achieved, the overall design, range and accuracy of the missile will be affected to some extent. Therefore, all kinds of advanced ballistic missiles seldom use booster penetration technology.
Generally speaking, the intermediate ballistic flight time is the longest, about 700- 1200s, which is the key exhibition space of various missile defense systems and has a high interception success rate. So it is also the key direction of infiltration technology. At this stage, only the maneuverability and speed of the warhead are much higher than that of the interceptor can it avoid being intercepted. Because the mid-course of a large missile occurs outside the atmosphere, the maneuvering power used for maneuvering penetration can only be a rocket engine.
Therefore, the determination of midcourse maneuverability mainly depends on the energy of rocket engine and the grasp of maneuvering opportunity. This technology is difficult, and only a few ballistic missiles can achieve some midcourse maneuvers.
Full-ballistic maneuvering penetration means that the whole flight trajectory of ballistic missile from launch to attacking ground targets is unconventional. At this time, the orbit change maneuver is considered from the whole range, not limited to which section of the range.
Taking the boost-glide path as an example, the whole flight process is as follows: first, the boost stage boosts the glider to tens of kilometers and then closes and separates it; After that, the warhead flies inertia outside the atmosphere, leaps a distance by aerodynamic lift in the atmosphere, and flies by glider; When it reaches about 30 kilometers above the target, the seeker begins to conduct terminal guidance, dive to the target and complete the attack. The biggest advantage of this trajectory is that it overcomes the shortcomings of predictable trajectory and low flight speed of cruise missiles, and will become one of the important penetration technologies in the future.
2, multi-warhead technology
Multi-warhead technology is a penetration technology that a missile mother warhead can release multiple bullets at the same time. Breaking through the enemy's anti-missile system is actually a saturated attack strategy.
Without increasing the number of missiles, multi-warhead technology can increase the number of warheads, thus improving the strike force. Under the same number of warheads, the cost, maintenance and use of multi-warhead missiles are less than those of single-warhead missiles. Multi-warhead missiles also have greater flexibility and higher penetration probability, and other penetration devices can be installed in the mother cabin.
Multi-warhead types can be divided into three types: cluster type, split-guided type and full-guided type.
Cluster multi-warhead is the simplest type of multi-warhead, and its mother cabin and sub-warhead have no propulsion and control system. When the warhead is released at a predetermined time, the release mechanism pushes the bullet and other decoys out of the mother cabin, and the bullet flies to an area along inertia, and neither the mother bullet nor the bullet has maneuverability. The hit accuracy of this multi-warhead is equivalent to that of a single warhead.
Cluster multiple warheads are mostly used in tactical ballistic missiles, especially medium and short-range missiles.
Split-guided multi-warhead is a mature multi-warhead penetration technology with complex structure. Its mother cabin is equipped with a main engine and several attitude control engines. The control module can release bullets with different heights and trajectories at the same time or one by one, and attack different targets or attack the same target along different trajectories. The impact points of each bullet can be separated by hundreds of kilometers.
Because there is no control system on the bullet, it can only fly along the predetermined trajectory after being released from the mother cabin, which provides conditions for the anti-missile interception system to predict the interception point, which is also the disadvantage of the multi-guided warhead.
Full-guidance mobile penetration not only has the ability of dividing guidance, but also has a control system for each bullet, which can make the trajectory of the bullet unpredictable and thus improve the penetration probability. When the mother bullet releases bullets, it can be released at time intervals or at space intervals, and there is a large interval between bullets. If the data link technology between bullets and the integration technology of reentry penetration guidance are added, the missile can not only successfully penetrate, but also improve the hit accuracy of bullets.
3. Carrying escort missiles
With the continuous development of interceptor, its performance is getting better and better, and the simple penetration mode can no longer guarantee the safe flight of ballistic missiles. As a new penetration mode of ballistic missiles, some countries have attached importance to carrying escort missiles, which are suitable for ballistic missiles with relatively high cost, such as ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads.
The penetration mode of escort missile is similar to that of multi-warhead, but the biggest difference from multi-warhead is that warhead can carry multiple micro-escort missiles and can effectively attack multiple interceptors. This penetration method combines the advantages of anti-reconnaissance and anti-interception penetration methods. Because the research on escort missile penetration mode is in its infancy, coupled with security factors, there is no report on it at present.
Missile maneuvering penetration technology is to adjust the flight trajectory during the flight to avoid being detected or intercepted, or to make the missile break through the blockade of the defense system and achieve the predetermined goal by releasing multiple warheads. Facing the gradual improvement of the integrated detection and early warning system of air and space, anti-detection and anti-interception penetration technologies must be deeply integrated to achieve the goal of high probability penetration.