Homesickness: Author: Yu Guangzhong, Taiwan Province poet. He is the author of poems such as Elegy of Zhou Zi, Percussion, White Jade and Bitter Melon. Understanding of the topic: "Homesickness" is a feeling of deep yearning for one's hometown, and it is an inner feeling that a wanderer living in a foreign country is most likely to have. Yu Guangzhong's "homesickness" rose from his personal thoughts of hometown to his thoughts of home and country. Central content: The author places homesickness on relative images in chronological order: stamps, boat tickets, graves and straits. People on both sides of the strait have placed ardent expectations on the early reunification of the motherland. ?
2. I use the broken palm: Author: Dai Wangshu, formerly known as Dai Mengou, a modern poet, whose representative works include My Memory, Wang Shucao, Wang Shushi, Disaster Years, Rain Lane, etc. Understanding of the topic: "I" refers to the poet himself, and "broken palm" is both real writing and imaginary writing. It is an image that appears many times in the poem. This poem is a song dedicated to the motherland by the poet behind the bars of the invaders. Central content: In imagination, the poet stroked the land ravaged by the Japanese invaders with his damaged palm, expressing his grief and indignation for the people in the occupied areas and his deep yearning for the liberated areas. ?
3. Motherland, my dear motherland: Author: Shu Ting, formerly known as Gong, a contemporary poetess, whose representative works include "Two Masts Ship", "Aria", "Shu Ting's Poems" and "Ships and Gifts". She is one of the representative poets of the misty poetry school in the new period. Stylistic common sense:? The representative figures of misty poetry school are Shu Ting, Gu Cheng, He Jiang and Bei Dao. Understanding of the topic: In the face of the disaster-stricken and newborn motherland, the poet projected the image of "I" on the background of the motherland and expressed the voice of this generation. ?
Central content: The poet casts the individual "I" in the big image of the motherland, reveals the flesh-and-blood relationship between "I" and the motherland from different angles, and expresses the poet's strong patriotism and historical responsibility. ?
4 "Motherland": Author: lermontov,19th century Russian poet. His works include the long poem The Devil, The Child Monk, The Masquerade, and The Contemporary Hero. Understanding of the topic: lermontov compares his feelings for the motherland to "love" and chooses the scenery that best represents the beauty of Russian mountains and rivers to express his "love" for the motherland. Central content: By arranging the natural scenery of Russia and people's life scenes, the "love" for the motherland is expressed. ?
Black people talk about rivers: Author: Hughes, a famous American poet and leader of the Black Renaissance, is called "Poet Laureate of Harlem". ? Understanding of the topic: The river in Black Talk about the River is a highly concise image, which can be understood as a symbol of history. Black people's tracing back to rivers is the root of their ancestors and homes. Central content: The poet expressed his love for his ancestors and native land through the tracing of the river by blacks. ?
5. Kong Yiji: From The Scream. About the author: Lu Xun, formerly known as Zhou Shuren, was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, a modern writer, thinker and revolutionary in China. The first vernacular novel, Diary of a Madman, consists of a collection of novels, Scream, Wandering, Prose Collection, Prose Poetry Collection, Weeds and Prose Collection, Tomb Raider Justice Collection. Stylistic knowledge: the novel focuses on shaping the characters, and reflects social life through the narrative of the story and the description of the environment. The three elements of the novel include characters, story lines and environmental descriptions. The plot structure of the novel is divided into four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending. Environment includes social environment and natural environment. Understanding of the title: The article takes the name of the hero of the novel as the title, which indicates that the plot will revolve around this character and the theme will be revealed by the character. And this strange name also corresponds to the character's personality, and also lays the ironic tone for the article. Central Content: Through the description of several tragic life scenes in Kong Yi's later years, this novel successfully portrayed the image of the lower-class intellectuals who were devastated by the imperial examination system in the last days of feudalism, accused the evils of the feudal system, and revealed the apathy and numbness of the people. ?
6.？ Liu Pu Family: Author: Liu Shaotang, a contemporary writer. His works are fresh and simple in style, fluent in writing, calm and natural in description, concise and complete in structure and full of local color. Understanding of the topic: Liu Pu's family originally refers to people who build houses with cattail and willow branches, and here refers to ordinary poor farmers. Central content: This article mainly shows aunt's boldness, shrewishness and love, as well as the chivalry and boldness of Dr. He, just like a vivid genre painting, showing people's lofty character. ?
7. "Chameleon": Author: Chekhov, Russian writer, masterpiece: The novel "The Man in the Condom" and the script "Uncle Vanya". Understanding of the topic: The author compares the protagonist Ralph to a chameleon, which shows that he is a loyal lackey of the czar, good at have it both ways, obsessed with superiors, bullying subordinates and willful and shameless. Central content: By describing have it both ways and Ralph, a police officer who bullies and flatters the czar, the novel subtly exposes the reaction and hypocrisy of the Russian police system and criticizes its anti-people nature. ?
8. Love life: selected from love life. Author: Jack? London, American novelist. He has published many short stories, commonly known as "Northern Stories". ? Understanding of the topic: As long as you don't give up your life easily, the embarrassing environment can be reborn. ?
Central content: This paper describes the story of a gold digger who finally killed the wolf and drained the blood of the wolf in a contest with the same sick wolf, successfully portraying the image of "this man" who is indomitable and fearless of difficulties and obstacles, and enlightening people that people must fight against all kinds of difficulties and obstacles when they are alive. ?
9. Talking about life: Author: Bing Xin, a children's writer. Formerly known as Xie Wanying. He is the author of poems such as Stars and Springs. His poetic style is beautiful, gentle and elegant, and he is called "spring water". Prose collections include For Young Readers, After Your Return, For Young Readers, For Young Readers, Ode to Cherry Blossoms, About Women, etc. Early prose is graceful and elegant, concise and smooth, and is called "Bing Xin Ti". Understanding of the topic: The author compares life to "a spring river" and "a small tree" and expresses his unique feelings about life. Central content: This paper takes A Spring River and A Little Tree as metaphors to reveal the process and general law from growth to growth, and then to weakness, as well as the will to fight for the pain and happiness in life and the open-minded and optimistic spirit. ?
10 Tree: Author: Wang Dingjun, a contemporary Taiwan Province writer. His main works include essays Three Books of Life, Things and Chess, Broken Glass, Inspiration, and novels The Body Temperature of a Single Man, Perspective and Clock. Understanding of the topic: That tree is a strong one in nature. It brings shade and shelter to the earth. But in the process of human civilization, there are contradictions between man and nature. Trees have become the experience of human civilization, which shows the contradiction between human development and environmental protection. Central content: This essay describes the story that a big tree that has benefited mankind for many years was finally cut down by human beings, expressing the author's regret for the fate of the big tree, the advantages and disadvantages of the development of urban civilization, and the deep thinking and deep feelings about the relationship between man and nature. ?
1 1. Thinking about underground forest: Author: Zhang Kangkang, a contemporary female writer. The first novel The Lamp, the novel The Boundary Line, The Invisible Companion, the short story The Right of Love, Summer, etc. Understanding of the topic: The forest written in this article grows in a dark and deep canyon, so it is called "underground forest", which means fragmentary and fragmentary feeling. Although feelings are fragments, the author feels strongly, the theme is profound, contains philosophy and has the power to touch people's hearts. Central content: Facing the miracle of underground forest created by nature, the author developed rich imagination, described the history of underground forest formation with beautiful and vivid language, enthusiastically praised the tenacious vitality of underground forest, and expressed infinite admiration for the canyons that gave birth to underground forest. ?
12. Life: Author: brandeis, Danish literary critic. He is the author of mainstream literature in the19th century. ?
Central content: This paper takes "tower", "cave", "vast field" and "workshop" as metaphors, describes different situations of human life journey from different angles and horizons, and expresses the author's profound understanding of human life and the essence of human social life, as well as his firm outlook on life and values that make life meaningful. ?
13. Merchant of Venice: selected from Merchant of Venice. Author: Shakespeare, a Renaissance English playwright and poet, was called "the greatest comic genius of mankind" by Marx. Representative works include: comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream, Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night, historical drama Richard III, Henry IV and tragicomedy Romeo and Juliet. The four famous tragedies are Hamlet (also called Revenge of the Prince), Othello and King Lear of Macbeth. Four misers: Abagong in Mauriere's Miser, and Eugénie? Grandet in Grandet, Shylock in British Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, and Pushkin in Russian Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's The Dead. ?
Cultural common sense: the composition of drama literature usually includes two parts: one is the playwright's stage tips, including the list of characters, time, place, scenery, costumes, props and the psychological emotions, movements and ups and downs of characters' lines; The first is the characters' own lines, including dialogue (duet), narration (singing) monologue (solo) and so on. General knowledge of literature: the classification of drama literature (1) can be divided into drama (main types), opera, ballet and so on according to the forms of expression. (2) According to the nature of content, it can be divided into tragedy, comedy and drama. A drama refers to a drama with both tragicomedy and comedy factors. (3) According to the aspects involved in the theme, it can be divided into modern drama, historical drama, divine drama, science fiction drama, pantomime and children's drama. (4) According to the length scale, it can be divided into full-length dramas and one-act dramas. Central content: The play shows the process of the Venice court hearing the contract dispute case of "cutting a catty of meat", and reveals the ruthless, greedy and ruthless class nature of usurers; At the same time, it eulogizes the profound friendship between the people of the new bourgeoisie and the moral thought of valuing righteousness over profit, and embodies the author's humanistic ideal. ?
14. Face/Guan: Author: Wei Minglun, a famous Sichuan Opera writer, known as the "genius of Bashan". Representative plays include Yi Dan, Four Girls, Wonder Mountain in the Sunset, Chinese Princess Durando, etc. ?
Understanding of the topic: Changing face initially refers to the emotional makeup in Chinese drama, and later refers to a performance stunt that changes facial makeup many times in an instant. ?
Central content: The drama describes the tortuous process of finding out that the dog baby is a girl, abandoning her and finally taking her in. It shows the deep-rooted preference for boys over girls, and also shows the misfortune of girls in the lower class and their helpless struggle against fate. Their experiences also reflected the living conditions of the people at the bottom of society at that time. ?
15. Zao Er: Author Sun Hong, playwright. Understanding of the title: the title "jujube" refers to both the real jujube and the name of the old man's son in the text. In addition, "jujube" is a clue that runs through the whole play, and the author gives it profound symbolic significance. Central content: The play tells the intimate communication between an old man and a boy about picking dates. The old man recalled the past of "Zaoer" and expressed his thoughts for his son. The boy wants to leave "dates" for his father to eat, which shows his hope for a famous father. The whole play expresses their sincere feelings of calling for the return of their loved ones. ?
16. The Sound of Music was written by American playwright Lerman. The Sound of Music has also been translated into the following translations: Yue Xian is everywhere, true, good and beautiful, tender and sweet, with music in the heart and natural charm. Central content: This paper describes the scene of a nun Maria singing a happy play, and the scene of the abbot and mothers talking about Maria in the monastery, and depicts the girl Maria's love of singing, beautiful mind, lively and free, pure and happy character. ?
17. Lost: selected from Mozi. The book Mozi is now generally regarded by his disciples and their re-disciples as a compilation of Mozi's words and deeds. Mozi: Mingzhai was the founder of Mohism during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Literary common sense: Prose of pre-Qin philosophers came into being in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. His major works are The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Xunzi and Everything is done wrong. Most of the essays of pre-Qin philosophers are full of literary talent, and they make good use of metaphors to tell things and argue right and wrong, which enhances their persuasiveness, while the extensive use of rhetorical devices such as parallelism and exaggeration makes the articles more colorful. Understanding of the topic: The article "Public Losing" tells the story that Mozi prevented Chu from attacking Song Dynasty. At that time, Mozi heard the news that Chu was going to attack Song. He "walked for ten days and ten nights and ended the war". Central content: This article tells the story of Mozi's discouraging Chu from attacking Song State, and vividly shows Mozi's spirit of hard practice and tenacious struggle in order to realize his own ideas. ?
18. "If you get the Tao, you will help more, but if you lose it, you will help less": selected from Mencius? In the ugly sunshine. Mencius, written by Mencius and his disciples, is one of the Confucian classics. Mencius: Mingke, a jade son, was called "Yasheng" during the Warring States Period and was a disciple of Kong Ji, the grandson of Confucius. He advocated "benevolent government" and put forward the slogan "people are more expensive than kings" Literary common sense: Mencius is one of the classic works of Confucianism, which describes Mencius' words and deeds, political opinions, philosophical opinions and personal cultivation. Understanding of the topic: The "Tao" advocated by Mencius is the practice of benevolent government. Central content: Discussed the viewpoint that "the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as human harmony"?
Born in sorrow and died in happiness? Tell your son. " Understanding of the topic: "Born in sorrow and died in happiness" means living in sorrow and declining in indulgence in happiness. Central content: it is pointed out that "harmony between people" is the first condition to defeat the enemy. ?
19 I want what I want: selected from Mencius? Sue. " Common sense of literature: the main points of Mencius' theory of good nature: (1) "good" means human nature; (2) There are four "initial intentions" of human beings: sympathy, shame, respect and right and wrong. The moral norms of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom came into being. (3) The deterioration of human nature is due to the influence of external things, not the expression of nature. (4) Nature also needs "nurturing". Understanding of the topic: Mencius advocates that human nature is good. He believes that people are born with a secret heart, a shame heart and a resignation heart. As long as these "kindness" are not lost, there will be "benevolence, righteousness and reason" in morality. Central content: This paper takes fish and bear's paw as metaphors, discusses that the choice of life should focus on "righteousness", and if necessary, it can "give up life for righteousness" and criticize those who forget righteousness. ?
20' Two Stories about Zhuangzi': Selected from' Zhuangzi? Autumn water. Zhuangzi is an anthology of Zhuang Zhou and his later studies, and it is one of the Taoist classics. Zhuang Zhou: Warring States period, philosopher and representative of Taoism. Content: Keiko Xiang Liang satirizes the faces of those who are obsessed with fame and fortune, and shows Zhuangzi's lofty and self-sustaining attitude. His sleeves are like a "rotten mouse". ?
"Zhuangzi and Keiko Wandering" describes an argument between Zhuangzi and Keiko, showing their differences in thought, character and temperament. ?
2 1 Cao Gui debate: selected from Zuo Zhuan. Zuo Zhuan, also known as Zuo Chunqiu and Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan, is said to have been written by Zuo Qiuming. It is China's chronological history books, historical works and literary works. Cultural common sense: it is a chronological history book that records the politics, economy, military affairs, diplomacy and culture of the vassal States in the Spring and Autumn Period. A large number of ancient historical materials are preserved in the book, with beautiful words. Especially good at describing wars and complex events, but also good at showing characters' personality characteristics through dialogue and action. ?
Topic understanding: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi and Lu were neighboring countries. At that time, Qi was strong, Lu was weak, and Lu was on the defensive. This paper tells the story of learning the correct strategy and tactics from Lu Zhuanggong and finally defeating Qi State. Central content: This paper narrates the dialogue between Cao Gui and Lu Zhuanggong about Qilu War and the historical facts of the battle of commander Shao, and expounds that it is necessary to win the trust of the people, use correct strategies and tactics, and master the skills of soldiers when fighting? The truth of victory shows Cao Gui's political foresight and military talent, and praises Cao Gui's patriotism. ?
22 "Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi to be admonished": Selected from "Warring States Policy"? Qi Zeyi. According to legend, The Warring States Policy is a collection of historians or military strategists from various countries during the Warring States Period. In the Western Han Dynasty, it was compiled by Liu Xiang, with 33 articles, which was a work of national history. The basic content of the Warring States Policy is to record the struggles of strategists and strategists during the Warring States period and their related discourses or remarks. At the same time, it is a collection of essays with thorough reasoning, vivid language and vivid characters. Understanding of the topic: This article is selected from The Warring States Policy? "Qi Ce Zou Yiji" Qi people in the Warring States period. Euphemism of satire, protest, suggestion and metaphor. King Qi refers to Qi Weiwang. Accept, adopt, accept. The remonstrance generally refers to the minister's outspoken persuasion to the monarch, and the subordinate's outspoken persuasion to the boss to make them correct their mistakes. Main content: This paper tells the story that Zou Ji realized the truth of governing the country from the comparison with Xu Gong, and then satirized the Qi King Zhang Yi with the comparison of beauty, so that Qi could govern the country. Explain that only by listening to real opinions with an open mind and doing "coaching" things can we do things well. It also shows Zou Ji's self-knowledge. He is a wise, meticulous and good at reasoning, and satirizes the image of the King of Qi with the help of small things in life. ?
23' Yu Gong Yi Shan': Selected from' Liezi? Tang asked. Liezi, a famous writer, also known as Yu Kou and Zheng Guoren, was one of the representatives of Taoism in the early Warring States period. Advocating quietism, this edition of Liezi has eight articles, most of which are folk stories, fables and myths and legends. Understanding of the topic: This article is selected from Liezi? This is a fairy tale. Through the story of an old man who is nearly ninety years old digging a mountain every day, he finally touched God and moved away the mountain, which embodies the ideal of human beings to conquer nature. ?
Central content: This fable reflects the success of Gong Yu's moving mountains, the great boldness of vision and strong perseverance of the ancient working people in China to transform nature, and shows that as long as they are not afraid of difficulties and persist in struggle, they can succeed in their careers. ?
24 Two Poems of The Book of Songs: Selected from The Book of Songs. Cultural common sense: The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in China, including 305 poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, also known as "300 poems", which are divided into three parts: style, elegance and ode. "Wind", also known as "national wind", is a ballad in various places, which expresses the thoughts and feelings of working people and their understanding of social life, as well as their artistic creativity, and is the essence of the Book of Songs. The poetic form of The Book of Songs is mainly composed of four words, which generally adopts the method of "fu, bi and xing", and has the characteristics of overlapping sentences and repeated singing in composition. The Book of Songs is the source of China's realistic literature. ?
Understanding of the topic: Is Guan Ju selected from the Book of Songs? Nan Zhou, the first poem in The Book of Songs, is an excellent love poem. Jia Jian is selected from The Book of Songs? Qin Feng's Jia Xu Reed. Central content: Guanju describes the process of the protagonist's love, yearning and pursuit for a girl who picks leeks by the river, and shows the bold and persistent pursuit of love and marriage by the ancient working people. ?
Jia Xu shows the protagonist's process of seeking friendship (or love) and his psychological activities of final disappointment, profoundly expresses his sincere feelings of seeking Iraqis and vividly depicts the sadness here and now.