Tongzhi of Mu Zong in Qing Dynasty
Aisingiorro Zai Chun (A.D. 1856- 1874) succeeded to the throne after Xianfeng's death. /kloc-died of smallpox (or syphilis) in 0/3, at the age of 19. Buried in Huiling (now northwest of Zunhua County, Hebei Province). Arrival time (186 1- 1874)
Zai Chun, the Tongzhi Emperor, was born in the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856) on March 23rd. His mother is Ye Henala (that is, Cixi). After Xianfeng186/KLOC-0 died in July, 2008, he succeeded to the throne in front of the coffin on the same day and changed his country name to "Kai Xiang".
Emperor Tongzhi ascended the throne, which was the most logical and uncontroversial among the Qing emperors. Emperor Xianfeng had two sons, Tongzhi was the eldest son, and the second son died at the age of three, so Tongzhi became the only legal heir to the throne.
Tongzhi acceded to the throne when he was only six years old, and was assisted by eight ministers, including Zai Yuan, Duan Hua and Su Shun. This year 10, Zai Chun's biological mother, Empress Dowager Cixi, was dissatisfied with the autocratic power of eight ministers and conspired with Prince Gong Yi Kuang to launch a Xinyou coup. The royal family returned to Beijing from Jehol, Zai Yuan, Duanhua and Su Shun were executed, the other five were dismissed or sent, and the two queens "listened to politics" and took charge of their own power, changing the title to "Tongzhi" and taking the second year as the first year of Tongzhi.
Cixi was appointed as the king of parliament and minister of military affairs, managing the government of the prime minister; Relying on the armed forces of Han landlords such as Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo, and colluding with foreign aggression forces, they implemented the policy of counterinsurgency with foreign soldiers, successively suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Nian Army, the Miao people and the Hui people, delayed the ruling crisis of the Qing Dynasty, and temporarily stabilized the Qing Dynasty. On the one hand, she adopted the policy of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" of the Westernization School, started some emerging industries, and trained the navy and army to strengthen the political power. On the other hand, she supported the die-hards to contain the Westernization School in order to strengthen the centralization of the court. It was called "Tongzhi Zhongxing" by the ruling class of Qing Dynasty.
Tongzhi was a juvenile urchin when he was young. As a young emperor, he really failed to live up to the ardent expectations of the ruling and opposition parties. Tongzhi is more dissolute than his father Xianfeng. He has many concubines, but he often takes two trusted eunuchs, puts on casual clothes, sneaks out of the palace, makes love in the prostitute area of Cheng Nan, the capital, and never returns to the palace at night. It is said that after a long time, I contracted syphilis and fell ill. At first, I only felt fever, thirst, backache and poor urination. Doctor too much can't figure out what's wrong, just treat it as a common cold. For several days, the fever did not go away. Constipation, purple erythema on neck, back and waist. In the year of1874165438+10, purple bright spots appeared on the head and face, and the spots on the left cheek were scratched, oozing blood, and the cheek was swollen badly, with both upper and lower lips protruding outward and purulent waist, and a disgusting stench could be smelled far away. Empress Dowager Cixi was afraid that Tongzhi would be frightened when she saw her old face in the mirror, so she ordered the eunuch to take away all hall of mental cultivation's mirrors and cover them with red silk. Tongzhi ordered people to look in the mirror, and the queen and others also dissuaded them on the grounds that patients should not take pictures.
In order to protect the emperor's respect, the palace covered up the case of Tongzhi getting syphilis, saying only that it was smallpox. One day, the Tongzhi Queen went to hall of mental cultivation to visit the sick and told him that Empress Dowager Cixi scolded her again for trivial matters and burst into tears. Cixi didn't like this daughter-in-law, and set up eyes and ears to monitor. On this day, Cixi heard that the Empress was going to visit the Emperor, so she came to hall of mental cultivation Dongnuange to eavesdrop on their conversation. As soon as she heard that the queen was wrong, she flew into a rage, grabbed the queen's hair, raised her hand and hit her, and told the eunuch in the imperial palace to prepare a stick to teach the queen a good lesson. Tongzhi was stunned when he saw it. Cixi did not punish the queen. Tongzhi's illness became more and more serious, and he died in Dongnuange, hall of mental cultivation on the fifth day of December in the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874).
After the death of Tongzhi, the temple was named Mu, which was called Emperor Tongzhi in history.
Guangxu
Aisin-Gioro Zaitian (1871-kloc-0/908) was the son of Yi Yin, the seventh son of Daoguang Emperor, and the nephew of Empress Dowager Cixi. Emperor Tongzhi succeeded to the throne after his death. As the ninth emperor who entered the customs in Qing Dynasty, he reigned for 34 years and died at the age of 38 (on the other hand, he was poisoned by Cixi or Yuan Shikai). Buried in chongling (now fifty miles west of Yixian County, Hebei Province).
Zai Tian, Emperor Guangxu, was born in Chunwangfu, Taiping Lake, Xuanwu Gate, Beijing on June 28th, during the decade of Tongzhi (187 1). After the death of Emperor Tongzhi, there was no son. In order to properly manage state affairs, Cixi personally appointed the second son of Prince Chun, who is also his sister's own son. Zai Tian, who was only four years old, succeeded to the throne.
At that time, Arut, the queen of Tongzhi Emperor, was pregnant. Cixi worried that Arut would have a son in the future and her status would be threatened, so she ordered that Arut's diet be cut off. I have to rely on some food from my mother's house to make a living. Arut secretly wrote a note to her mother's house and asked her father what to do. Her father wrote the word "Queen Ming Sheng", which means that no one can save you, only you can decide. In desperation, Arute committed suicide by swallowing gold at midnight on February 20th, 875/kloc-0.
Many ministers strongly opposed Cixi's decision, and suggested that Wu even carry out "corpse remonstration". He swallowed Shengya tablets in advance and then went to see Cixi. Without kowtowing, he said loudly, "You know that Zai Tian is not the direct heir, so you only chose him because he is your sister's son, so that you can continue to listen to politics and hold power. My deputy objected to your doing so. Prince Pulun, the younger brother of the first emperor (Tongzhi), should be the heir to the throne! If I dare to say these words today, you will torture me. But I've swallowed the pills and I'm going to die soon. Before I die, I must let you know that you chose Zai Tian to inherit the first emperor, which is really hated by everyone! " Say that finish, he ran to the Tongzhi tomb and fell dead. Empress Dowager Cixi was unmoved and became emperor in February 1874 and 65438+. In the second year, the year number was changed to Guangxu.
After Guangxu succeeded to the throne, Cixi was in charge. By Guangxu 16, Cixi had "returned to politics", but she still held real power. In the 20th year of Guangxu (A.D. 1894), the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1894 saw the rebellion of the East Learning Party in Korea. The Japanese army took the opportunity to invade Seoul, sink South China's troop carrier and attack the Qing army stationed in Asan. On July 1 day, China and Japan officially declared war. After the defeat of the Qing court, treaty of shimonoseki was signed, which was called the Sino-Japanese War.
Seeing that the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 brought great pain and shame to China, the young Emperor Guangxu was "unwilling to be the king of national subjugation" and wanted to make a difference. He accepted the political reform proposed by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, and prepared to carry out capitalist reform to improve China's international status. Once became the "savior" in the hearts of reformists. In the 24th year of Guangxu (A.D. 1898), Emperor Guangxu wrote a letter of reform, and Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong and others carried out the New Deal, which increased their magic power. Guangxu issued some imperial edicts that were beneficial to the development of capitalism, but the reform endangered the interests of feudal conservative forces and was blocked by the Qing nobles, mainly Cixi. Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong and others of the reformists pinned their hopes on Yuan Shikai, the provincial judge of Zhili who was in charge of the new army, and sent Tan Sitong to meet Yuan Shikai late at night, asking him to send troops to remonstrate and help Guangxu carry out the New Deal. Yuan Shikai also expressed his firm loyalty to the emperor and will do it. But after Tan Sitong left, he went to tell on Rong Lu. Because she got a tip-off from Rong Lu in the Summer Palace, Cixi immediately returned to the Forbidden City. Guangxu, expecting that things were exposed, sent a letter to Kang Youwei and others, asking them to flee for their lives. He was taken to the town hall by Cixi, forced to write a letter of abdication, handed over all political power to Cixi, and then was locked in Yingtai, a four-bay bungalow in the middle of the lotus pond in the South China Sea, cutting off all contact with the outside world. His closest princess was also detained elsewhere by Cixi. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled to Japan. Tan Sitong and others were killed, and the Reform Movement of 1898 failed, which stifled the opportunity for the Qing Dynasty to change the old chapter. The political reform only lasted 103 days, also known as the Hundred Days Reform.
Guangxu was imprisoned in Yingtai, guarded by four eunuchs close to Cixi. He either sits on the terrace with his hands crossed on his knees, anxious and sad, or sleeps on a wooden bed and thinks hard. The eunuch kept a diary secretly because of lax surveillance. In this way, I was detained for almost two years. In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), the Boxer Rebellion broke out in northern China with the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries", which caused invasions from Britain, Russia, France, Germany, the United States, Japan, Italy, Austria and Hungary. When Eight-Nation Alliance approached Beijing, Guangxu fled to Xi 'an with Cixi. Before the temporary, Empress Dowager Cixi ordered eunuch Li to push Zhen Fei into a well in Donghuamen. During her escape, Cixi ordered the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion. In the 27th year of Guangxu (A.D. 190 1), the year was ugly. On September 7th, the Qing government concluded the most harsh treaty with other countries in Beijing, with compensation as high as 450 million taels, which was the most harsh among unequal treaties. In January of the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), Guangxu was brought back to Beijing by Cixi and was still imprisoned in Yingtai. Emperor Guangxu didn't have the courage to break the shackles of feudal ethics. "He is always unhappy" and he is in a very sad mood. His life is a tragic fate of humiliation and sadness.
In October of the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), Guangxu was ill in bed. At this time, Cixi was also sick. Guangxu wrote in his diary: "I am very ill now, but I feel in my heart that Lafayette (referring to Cixi) will definitely die before me. If so, I will order the execution of Yuan Shikai and Li. "Unexpectedly, this diary was learned by Li. He immediately reported to Cixi: "The emperor wants Lafayette to die!" Hearing this, Cixi said bitterly, "I can't die before him!" On the same day (Sunday), that is, 2 1, it was ordered that Li should be responsible for all food and medicine in Guangxu. This afternoon, Guangxu's illness suddenly turned to safety and died soon. It is said that Cixi ordered the eunuch to poison him. Some scholars believe that because of Yuan Shikai's betrayal and informer, Cixi suppressed the Reform Movement. Yuan Shikai was worried that Guangxu would make a comeback after Cixi's death, and criticized him, so he had a relationship with the Qing prince and planned to depose Guangxu and make the son of the Qing prince emperor. If he fails, he will poison Guangxu. Some scholars believe that Guangxu died of illness. Guangxu was weak since childhood, and always had the weakness of the spleen and stomach. There are symptoms of nocturnal emission in adulthood, and it is getting worse every day. He has been coughing for a long time and seems to have tuberculosis. Political frustration and long-term mental depression made him suffer from severe neurosis, and symptoms such as palpitation, blindness and loss of appetite appeared one after another. One year before his death, he was seriously ill, and the direct cause of his death may be chronic failure of cardiopulmonary function and acute infection. This statement is accepted by most scholars.
After the death of Guangxu, the temple was named Dezongjing, and the history was called Emperor Guangxu.
Pu Yi
Aisin Giorro Puyi (A.D. 1906- 1967), the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, had a noble character, which was Mencius' "I am good at nurturing my noble spirit". English name Henry, Manchu. The grandson of Yi Xuan, the prince of alcohol, and the eldest son of Zai Feng. Guangxu succeeded to the throne after his death, and was the last emperor in the history of Qing Dynasty and China. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he was reborn and died of kidney cancer at the age of 60. Cremation, the ashes were placed in the side room of Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery in Beijing, moved to the main room under the direction of the Prime Minister, and then moved to Hualong Royal Cemetery.
Puyi, Emperor of Xuan Tong, was born in Chunwangfu, near Shichahai, Beijing, on the 14th day of the first month in the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906). Is the great-grandson of Daoguang, the eldest son of Zai Feng, the younger brother of Emperor Guangxu.
In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), Empress Dowager Cixi and Guangxu were seriously ill at the same time. The day before the death of Emperor Guangxu, Empress Dowager Cixi could not bear it. Since the death of Emperor Guangxu, Empress Dowager Cixi summoned the Minister of Military Affairs in Zhongnanhai to discuss the candidates for establishing the reserve team. When the minister of military affairs thinks of domestic troubles and foreign invasion, he should be an elderly man. Empress Dowager Cixi flew into a rage. Finally, she decided to let three-year-old Puyi be emperor and let Puyi's biological father Zai Feng run the country. After the minister informed Emperor Guangxu of this matter, Emperor Guangxu was very satisfied, because Puyi was his nephew and asked his brother to supervise the country. Then, Guangxu and Cixi died in two days. Half a month later, Puyi ascended the throne in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, with Emperor Yulong and Zai Feng as regents. The following year, the title was changed to "Xuan Tong", so Puyi ascended the throne of the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty.
In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), the 1911 Revolution broke out. On February 12 of the following year, the Queen Mother Yulong was forced to issue a letter of abdication on behalf of Puyi, and Puyi retired to hall of mental cultivation in the Forbidden City, announcing the demise of the Qing Dynasty and the end of the feudal monarchy that lasted for more than 2,000 years.
19 17 In June, Zhang Xun led the Braid Army into Beijing, and together with Kang Youwei and other royalists, announced the restoration of Puyi in July 1 year. 12 years, Puyi abdicated again in the national condemnation. 1924165438+1On October 5th, Feng Yuxiang sent Lu to the Forbidden City to force Puyi to leave the palace, which is known as the "forced palace incident". Puyi moved into Beifu (Zai Feng's residence) and then fled into the Japanese legation. Soon, he was escorted to Tianjin by the Japanese. 1932, 1 In March, Japan supported Puyi as the ruler of Manchukuo, the puppet regime of Japan, and the year of its establishment was "Datong". 1934, the country name was changed to "Manchuria Empire", the name was changed to "Emperor" and the year number was changed to "Kant".
On August 1945, Japan was defeated and surrendered. /kloc-in August of 0/7, when Puyi was preparing to flee in Shenyang, she was captured by the Soviet Red Army and taken to the Soviet Union. 1950 was escorted back to China in early August and studied and reformed in Fushun War Criminals Management Office. On February 4th,1959,65438+received a pardon from Mao Zedong, Chairman of People's Republic of China (PRC), saying that "the criminal has been detained for ten years. During his detention, after labor reform and ideological education, there are indeed signs of repentance, which is in line with the provisions of Article 1 of the Amnesty Order and is released. " From then on, Puyi became a citizen of China people. 1960 In March, Puyi was assigned to work in Beijing Institute of Botany. 1964 Transferred to the Literature and History Research Committee of China People's Political Consultative Conference as a member of information and the fourth Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Puyi was married four times and married five women. Puyi wrote an autobiography, My First Half Life, which was published by Popular Press in April. 1964. His unique and dramatic experience has been adapted into film and television works for many times, among which the film The Last Emperor won the Oscar gold medal.
From 65438 to 0967, Puyi suffered from uremia. When Premier Zhou Enlai heard the news, he personally called the staff of China People's Political Consultative Conference and instructed them to cure Puyi's illness. Later, he was ordered to arrange a consultation of Chinese and Western medicine in the Capital Hospital. In the most critical situation, Premier Zhou appointed Pu Fuzhou, an old Chinese medicine doctor, to see him and conveyed Premier Zhou's regards to him.
Later, he died on 1967 10 and 17, and his ashes were placed in Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery. On May 29th, the party and government held a memorial service for Puyi. 19951On October 26th, Puyi's ashes were buried in Hualong Royal Cemetery near chongling (Guangxu Mausoleum) in the Western Jin Dynasty. Hualong Royal Cemetery is located next to chongling of Qingxi Mausoleum in Yixian County, Hebei Province, only 200 meters away from the back wall of chongling. Hualong Cemetery is a commercial cemetery operated by individuals.
Puyi had a wish before his death, that is, he hoped to rest in peace, and Qing Xiling was also the burial place that Puyi had decided before his death. Puyi's burial in this cemetery was carefully arranged by his fifth wife, Li, who personally presided over it. At the same time, Ms. Li also hopes to be buried with Puyi after her death. 65438+1June 9, 1997, Ms. Li passed away. Due to various objective reasons, the desire to be buried together has never been realized.
Historically, Puyi was called Emperor Xun and Emperor Xuan Tong. He was the last emperor in the history of China.
Attachment: Li is willing to be buried together after death.
From 65438 to 0994, Zhang Shiyi, an overseas Chinese in Tai 'an, Shandong Province, invested and built a cemetery in Xiling, Yixian County, and named it Hualong Royal Cemetery. He also contacted Puyi's fifth wife, Li, to discuss the matter of moving Puyi's ashes back to the cemetery for burial. Ms. Li agreed to fulfill Puyi's last wish. At the same time, Ms. Li also put forward an additional condition, that is, she hopes to be buried with Puyi after her death. Zhang Shiyi immediately agreed and said that all the expenses for completing these things would be paid by him. Both parties agree and sign the agreement. After Li returned to Beijing, he went to Babaoshan to go through the formalities of moving the grave to bury Puyi's ashes, and decided to bury Puyi in Qing Xiling on1October 26th 1995 65438+.
When Puyi chose a concubine, a * * * saw the photos of four people, and he felt that "everyone's figure is like a paper tube ... and really can't tell handsome from ugly". Wanrong became a queen and squeezed Wenxiu into a concubine, which was the result of the struggle between the emperor and the concubine. Graceful suspicion, exclusion, curse Wen Xiu. Although she succeeded, Puyi was disgusted. Later, Wanrong had an affair with Li Tiyu and Qi Jizhong and gave birth to a daughter. Puyi was very angry and made people put the newborn into the boiler to melt. Later, Wanrong became very ill because of drug abuse, and died in Changchun the year after Japan surrendered.
Wenxiu came to Puyi as a "palace princess" when she was less than fourteen years old. Later, Wen Xiu broke through the imprisonment and went through hardships to divorce Puyi. I'm afraid this kind of courage and behavior of "taking a break" is unique in the feudal history of China. The first half of my life (the whole book) revealed the picture of "Wen embroidery divorcing and cleaning the house" for the first time.
In order to punish Wanrong, Puyi put the new "noble" Tan Yuling "in the palace like a bird". Post-Tan Yuling won the favor of Puyi because of her naive and straightforward personality. Whether Tan Yuling's sudden death was caused by typhoid fever or Kwantung Army is still a mystery. My Life (Encyclopedia) reveals Puyi's inscription "My Dearest Yuling" on the back of Tan Yuling's photo.
Li, a "rich man", is the product of Puyi's determination not to marry a Japanese wife. Li once fled with Puyi when Kwantung Army collapsed. Later, during Puyi's stay in Fushun War Criminals Management Office, Li visited Puyi many times and wrote many letters. Finally, Li filed a divorce with Puyi.
Wanrong and Wen Xiu are legal and famous queens and empresses. They entered the palace at the same time, and their life contents overlapped. Tan Yuling and Li were pseudo-aristocrats named "Emperor Kant" by Puyi during the Puppet Manchukuo Period. Although we can't admit their status in the puppet palace, we can't help but regard these two ladies as Puyi's wives. There is also a knot after Puyi's Amnesty.
Li, a married wife, these ladies have experienced earth-shaking historical changes in Puyi's life.
As queens and empresses of the Qing Dynasty, as pseudo-aristocrats engraved according to the etiquette system of the Qing Dynasty, their marriage and family life can not but show the legacy of the Qing Dynasty and leave a deep imprint of the royal family of Aisin Choro. Wanrong, Wenxiu and Tan Yuling all came from famous families, and were considered as women with "aristocratic blood clan" in Qing Dynasty. Although Li was born in a civilian family, he lived in a decadent royal family for a long time. They are the last representatives of Aisingiorro's royal family who flourished in China for nearly 300 years and finally declined. We study the decline of the royal family, and they can provide strong evidence.
As wives of men who are emperors, they all have their own political ideals. While helping their husbands realize the revival of the "Qing Dynasty", they gradually recognized the faces of Japanese warlords in practice. Wanrong struggled in the ghost domain, Wenxiu broke up with Puyi because of political rift, Tan Yuling told her husband about the brutality of the Japanese invaders at the bedside, and Li sang and told stories to Puyi when she was discouraged by Japan ... They lived in a certain era background and social environment, and wrote down the fact that Japanese directors faked in their life calendars.
As the queen, imperial concubine, "noble" and wife of Puyi, the last emperor of China, their life trajectories all intersect in the most essential and profound part of Puyi's life journey, so from their experiences, we can not only find the most authentic and reliable Puyi, but also find Puyi's real political princess who is good at changing her face in complex situations. Therefore, the study of Puyi's life is inseparable from the lives of his five wives.
As female celebrities with certain typical significance, their joys, sorrows, ideals and endings can all be attributed to the cultural heritage of the Chinese nation. Wanrong, Wenxiu and Tan Yuling all came from blood and tears. One is crazy, one is gone, and one is dead. Their tragedy is not only caused by feudal social morality, but also the result of stimulation and catalysis of foreign aggression. Therefore, it cannot be said that this is only a personal tragedy of some weak women, but a cowardly and cowardly tragedy in national history. The 12-year marriage between Li and Puyi spanned two eras, and her fate was changed by New China after suffering and ups and downs. Li died as a citizen's wife, and the affection between them constitutes an eternal comedy, which of course reflects a brand-new era, a brand-new society and a brand-new concept. After Puyi was pardoned, Puyi married Li as an ordinary citizen. This is the last wife of Puyi, and this marriage lasted until Puyi died.