Basic knowledge points of chemistry 1. Scientific names, common names and chemical formulas of substances
(1) diamond and graphite: c
(2) Mercury, mercury: mercury
(3) quicklime and calcium oxide: calcium oxide
(4) dry ice (solid carbon dioxide): CO2(5) hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid: HCl.
(6) sulfuric acid: H2SO4 3 (7) bisulfate: H2S
(8) slaked lime and slaked lime: calcium hydroxide
(9) Caustic soda, Caustic soda and Caustic soda: NaOH
(10) soda ash: Na2CO3 sodium carbonate crystal, soda ash crystal: Na2CO3? 10H2O
(1 1) sodium bicarbonate and acidic sodium carbonate: NaHCO3 (also called baking soda)
(12) gallstone alum, blue alum, copper sulfate crystal: CuSO4? 5H2O
(13) Copper rust and malachite: Cu2(OH)2CO3 (substances that decompose to form three oxides)
(14) Methanol: CH3OH is toxic, causing blindness and death.
(15) alcohol, ethanol: C2H5OH
(16) acetic acid and acetic acid (16.6℃ glacial acetic acid) CH3COOH(CH3COO- acetate ion) have the commonality of acids.
(17) ammonia: NH3 (basic gas)
(18) ammonia water, ammonia monohydrate: NH3? H2O (a common alkali, which has the commonness of alkali and contains no metal ions).
(19) sodium nitrite: sodium nitrite (industrial salt, toxic)
Basic knowledge points of chemistry II. Color state of common substances
1, white solids: MgO, P2O5, CaO, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, KClO3, KCl, Na2CO3, NaCl, anhydrous CuSO4, iron and magnesium are silvery white (mercury is silvery white liquid).
2. Black solid: graphite, carbon powder, iron powder, CuO, MnO2, Fe3O4▲KMnO4 are purple-black.
3. Red solids: Cu, Fe2O3, HgO, red phosphorus ▲ Sulfur: pale yellow ▲ Cu2(OH)2CO3 is green.
4. Color of solution: Any solution containing Cu2+ is blue; Any solution containing Fe2+ is light green; Any solution containing Fe3+ is brown, and other solutions are generally not colorless. (Potassium permanganate solution is purplish red)
5. precipitation (that is, salt and alkali are insoluble in water): ① salt: white? : CaCO3, BaCO3 (soluble in acid), AgCl, BaSO4 (insoluble in dilute HNO3), etc. 2 alkali: blue? : Cu(OH)2 reddish brown? : Fe(OH)3 white? The rest is alkali.
6.( 1) Gases with irritating gases: NH3, SO2 and HCl (all colorless).
(2) Colorless and odorless gases: O2, H2, N2, CO2, CH4 and CO (highly toxic).
▲ Note: Liquid with pungent smell: hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and acetic acid. Alcohol is a liquid with a special gas.
7, toxic, gas: CO liquid: CH3OH solid: NaNO2 CuSO4 (can be used as a bactericide, mixed with hydrated lime to make a blue viscous substance? Bordeaux solution)
Three basic knowledge points of chemistry. Solubility of substance
1, salt solubility
Substances containing potassium, sodium, nitrate and ammonium are all soluble in water.
Only AgCl is insoluble in water, others are soluble in water.
Only BaSO4 is insoluble in water, others are soluble in water.
Only K2CO3, Na2CO3 and (NH4) CO32- are soluble in water, while others are insoluble in water.
2. Solubility of alkali
Alkalis soluble in water include barium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and ammonia water, while other alkalis are insoluble in water. Fe(OH)3 is red-brown precipitate, Cu(OH)2 is blue precipitate, and other insoluble bases are white. (including Fe(OH)2) Note: AgCl and BaSO4 in the sediment are insoluble in dilute nitric acid, while other sediments are soluble in acid. Such as: mg (oh) 2co3 baco3 ag2co3, etc.
3. Most acids and acidic oxides are soluble in water. Most basic oxides are insoluble in water, but soluble in water: barium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, sodium oxide (basic oxide+water? Alkali)
Basic knowledge points of chemistry four. The essence of chemistry
1. The most abundant metal element in the earth's crust is aluminum.
2. Oxygen is the most abundant nonmetallic element in the earth's crust.
The most abundant substance in the air is nitrogen.
The hardest substance in nature is diamond.
5. The simplest organic matter is methane.
6. The most active metal in the metal activity sequence table is potassium.
7. The oxide with the smallest relative molecular mass is water. The simplest organic compound CH4
8. Under the same conditions, the gas with the lowest density is hydrogen.
9. The most conductive metal is silver.
10, and the atom with the smallest relative atomic mass is hydrogen.
1 1, and the metal with the smallest melting point is mercury.
12, the most abundant element in human body is oxygen.
13, the element that constitutes the most kinds of compounds is carbon.
14, the most widely used metal in daily life is iron.
15, China first used natural gas; The largest coal base in China is: Shanxi Province; The earliest use of wet copper smelting is China (discovered in the Western Han Dynasty [Liu An's "Huainan Wanbi Book"? Zeng Qing's iron turned into copper? ], song dynasty application); The earliest discovery of electrons was Thomson of England; Lavoisier, a Frenchman, first came to the conclusion that air is composed of N2 and oxygen.
Basic knowledge of chemistry 5. In junior high school chemistry? Three?
1. The three kinds of particles that make up matter are molecules, atoms and ions.
2. Hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon, which are usually used to reduce copper oxide.
3. As a fuel, hydrogen has three advantages: rich resources and high calorific value, and the product after combustion is water that does not pollute the environment.
There are generally three kinds of particles that make up atoms: protons, neutrons and electrons.
There are only three kinds of ferrous metals: iron, manganese and chromium.
6. Elements that make up a substance can be divided into three categories, namely (1) metallic elements, (2) nonmetallic elements and (3) rare gas elements.
7. There are three kinds of iron oxides, and their chemical formulas are (1)FeO, (2)Fe2O3 and (3) Fe3O4.
8. The characteristic of the solution is three (1) homogeneous; (2) stability; (3) mixture.
9. The chemical equation has three meanings: (1) indicates what substances participate in the reaction and what substances are generated as a result; (2) The particle number ratio of molecules or atoms between reactants and products; (3) Represents the mass ratio of each reactant to product. Chemical equations have two principles: based on objective facts; Follow the law of conservation of mass.
10 pig iron is generally divided into white iron, gray iron and ductile iron.
Carbon steel can be divided into three types: high carbon steel, medium carbon steel and low carbon steel.
12. There are three kinds of iron ore commonly used in ironmaking: (1) hematite (mainly Fe2O3); (2) Magnetite (Fe3O4); (3) siderite (FeCO3).
There are mainly three kinds of steelmaking equipment: converter, electric furnace and open hearth furnace.
14. The three reaction conditions that are often related to temperature are ignition, heating and high temperature.
15. There are two ways to change saturated solution into unsaturated solution: (1) heating, (2) adding solvent; There are three methods to change unsaturated solution into saturated solution: cooling, adding solute and evaporating solvent at constant temperature. (Note: For substances whose solubility decreases with temperature, such as calcium hydroxide solution changes from saturated solution to unsaturated solution: cool and add solvent; There are three ways to change unsaturated solution into saturated solution: raising temperature, adding solute and evaporating solvent at constant temperature.
16. There are generally three methods to collect gas: drainage, upward evacuation and downward evacuation.
17, three main causes of water pollution: (1) waste residue, waste gas and waste water in industrial production; (2) Discharging domestic sewage at will; (3) Pesticides and fertilizers used in agricultural production flow into rivers with rainwater.
18, there are three commonly used fire extinguishers: foam extinguisher; Dry powder fire extinguisher; Liquid carbon dioxide fire extinguisher.
19. The change of solubility of solid substances with temperature can be divided into three categories: (1) The solubility of most solid substances increases with the increase of temperature; (2) The solubility of a few substances is little affected by temperature; (3) The solubility of a few substances decreases with the increase of temperature.
20.CO2 can put out fires for three reasons: it can't burn, it can't help combustion, and its density is higher than that of air.
2 1, simple substances can be divided into three categories: metallic simple substances; Non-metallic simple substance; Simple substance of rare gas.
22. The three most important fossil fuels in the world today are coal, oil and natural gas.
23. The three black oxides that should be remembered are copper oxide, manganese dioxide and ferroferric oxide.
24. Hydrogen and carbon have three similar chemical properties: stability at room temperature, flammability and reducibility.
25. There are three times of light blue in the textbook: (1) liquid oxygen is light blue (2) sulfur burns in the air with a weak light blue flame (3) hydrogen burns in the air with a light blue flame.
26. Three blue colors related to copper: (1) copper sulfate crystal; (2) copper hydroxide precipitation; (3) copper sulfate solution. 27. Filtering operation? Three *? : (1) The lower end of the funnel is tight * the inner wall of the beaker; (2) The end of the glass rod is light * at the third filter paper; (3) Press the edge of the beaker containing the liquid to be filtered tightly on the glass support for drainage.
28. Three major gas pollutants: SO2, CO and NO2.
29. The flame of alcohol lamp is divided into three parts: external flame, internal flame and flame core, of which the external flame has the highest temperature.
30. What medicine do you have? Three no? Principle: (1) Don't touch drugs with your hands; (2) Don't put your nose to the mouth of the container to smell the smell of gas; (3) Do not taste medicine.
3 1. Three ancient chemical processes: papermaking, gunpowder manufacturing and porcelain firing.
32. Industrial three wastes: waste water, waste residue and waste gas.
34. Three kinds of instruments that can be directly heated: test tube, crucible, evaporating dish (and burning spoon).
35. The three atoms explained by the conservation of mass remain the same: the species remains the same, the quantity remains the same, and the mass remains the same.
36. Mixing with air ignites three potentially explosive gases: H2, carbon monoxide and methane (virtually any combustible gas and dust).
37. Three products of coal dry distillation (chemical change): coke, coal tar and coke oven gas.
38. Three characteristics of concentrated sulfuric acid: water absorption, dehydration and strong oxidation.
39. There are three prohibitions on the use of alcohol lamps: burning lamps, burning lamps with alcohol, and blowing mouths.
40. Three steps of solution preparation: calculation, weighing (measurement) and dissolution.
4 1, the first three elements with the most content in biological cells: O, C and H.
42. Three equations in atoms: nuclear charge number = proton number = extranuclear electron number = atomic number.
There are three kinds of particles that make up matter: molecules, atoms and ions.
Basic knowledge of chemistry VI. Chemical experimental reaction
1, basic reaction type:
Combinatorial reaction: multivariable-decomposition reaction: multivariable
Displacement reaction: one-to-one displacement reaction: exchange ions
2. Valence of common elements (positive):
Monovalent elements such as sodium hydrogen chloride, potassium silver, divalent elements such as oxygen, calcium, zinc, barium and magnesium, trivalent metal elements such as aluminum and iron;
It is not difficult to change the valence. Silicon with two or four carbons, nitrogen and phosphorus with three or five carbons, and sulfur with two, four and six carbons are all complete.
3, the steps of making oxygen in the laboratory:
? Tea (stop), Zhuang (package), decision, order, receipt, benefit (leave) and interest (absolutely)?
? Check? Check the air tightness of the equipment? Pretend? Take the medicine and connect the equipment.
? Settings? Is the test tube fixed on the iron frame? Point? Light the alcohol lamp and heat it.
? Accept? Collecting gas? Leave? The catheter moved out of the water.
? Put it out? Put out the alcohol lamp and stop heating.
4. Experimental steps of reducing copper oxide with CO:
? One level, two points, three extinctions, four stops and five treatments?
? A phone call? Start with hydrogen. Two o'clock? Then light the alcohol lamp and heat it;
? Three extinguishes? After the experiment, put out the alcohol lamp first. Four stops? Wait until room temperature before stopping introducing hydrogen; ? Five therapies? Treat tail gas to prevent carbon monoxide from polluting the environment.
5, the experimental phenomenon of electrolytic water:
? Positive oxygen and negative hydrogen, positive one and negative two? The anode releases oxygen and the cathode releases hydrogen; The volume ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is 1: 2.
6. Elements that make up the earth's crust: adopted sons (oxygen, silicon, aluminum).
7. Relationship between outermost atoms and ions and valence formation:
? Yang loss is positive, yin gain is negative, and the value remains the same? The outermost atoms lose electrons to form cations, and the valence of elements is positive; The outermost layer of atoms gains electrons to form anions, and the valence of elements is negative; Number of electrons gained or lost = number of charges = valence.
8, chemical experiment basic operation formula:
Solids need spoons or paper slots, one free, two vertical and three elastic; It is best to use a block or tweezers, one horizontal, two horizontal and three vertical.
The liquid should be put in a flask, labeled by hand, and then dumped; The reading should be level with the tangent plane, and the upper view should be lower than the upper view.
The dropper drips with a pinch head, which is vertically suspended without pollution; Don't forget to clean it after use.
The balance of the tray should be flat and the screw should be centered; Put things on the left and put them on the right. The tweezers are big first and then small.
The test paper should be cut small first, and the glass rod should be immersed in the liquid, and the test effect is the best; Wet the test paper first, stick it on a stick and lean against the air.
The outer flame of the heating wine lamp is two-thirds of the limit; Sulfuric acid is stirred in water and injected slowly to prevent boiling and splashing.
In the experiment, the air tightness is checked first, and the cup and bottle are heated through the net; After drainage and gas collection, remove the conduit first, and then move the lamp.
9, metal activity sequence:
The order of metal activity from strong to weak is potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, tin, lead (hydrogen), copper, mercury, silver and platinum.
Potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, tin, lead (hydrogen), copper, mercury, silver and platinum.
(。 . . . * * * one hundred Jin)
10、? Cross method? Chemical formula writing formula:
? Positive price left negative price right, cross reduction to simplify numbers, writing right to test right or wrong?
1 1, filtering operation formula:
The funnel angle of the glass rod and filter paper of the beaker of the bucket frame is the same; Let stand before filtering, don't forget to tilt three times and two times.
12, the law in the experiment:
(1) When solid is heated to produce gas, potassium permanganate oxygen generator (solid-solid heating type) is selected;
The device for preparing O2 from hydrogen peroxide (solid-liquid unheated type) is used to prepare gas by solid-liquid reaction without heating.
(2) When heating the test tube solid, it should be preheated first, and the test tube mouth is slightly inclined downward.
(3) Any generated gas that is insoluble in water (does not react with water) can be collected by drainage.
Any gas with higher density than air can be collected by exhausting upwards.
Any gas less dense than air can be collected by downward exhaust.
(4) When doing the gas experiment, first check the air tightness of the device, the rubber plug 1-2ml should be exposed on the catheter, and the iron clip should be clamped at the distance from the nozzle 1/3.
⑤ When making gas with a long-necked funnel, the nozzle at the end of the long-necked funnel should be inserted under the liquid surface.
⑥ When igniting combustible gas, you must first check its purity.
⑦ When doing experiments with toxic gases, the tail gas must be finally treated.
When reducing metal oxides with reducing gas today, it is necessary to? One pass, two points, three extinguishes, four stops?
13, reaction law:
Displacement reaction:
(1) Elemental metal+acid? Salt+hydrogen
(2) Elemental metal+salt (solution)? Another metal+another salt
(3) Metal oxide+charcoal or hydrogen? Metal+carbon dioxide or water
Double decomposition reaction:
① Alkaline oxide+acid? Salt +H2O ② alkali+acid? Salt +H2O
3 acid+salt? New salt+new acid ④ salt 1+ salt 2? New salt 1+ new salt 2
⑤ Salt+alkali? New salt+new alkali
14, metal+acid? Salt +H2? Medium:
(1) The order of hydrogen evolution from the reaction of metals with the same mass with enough acid is al >；; Mg & gtFe & gt zinc (how fast or how slow)
② Different acids with equal mass react with enough metals, and the smaller the relative molecular weight of the acid, the more hydrogen is released.
③ The same acid with the same mass reacts with enough different metals to release the same amount of hydrogen.
(4) in metal+acid? Salt +H2? After the reaction, the solution becomes heavier and the metal becomes lighter.
Metal+salt solution? In the new metal+new salt:
(1) the relative atomic mass of metal >; When the relative atomic mass of the new metal is equal, the solution mass becomes heavier and the metal becomes lighter after the reaction.
② Relative atomic mass of metal
15, catalyst: one change and two unchanged (a substance whose chemical properties and quality are unchanged by changing the reaction rate of a substance is a catalyst).
Oxidizing agent and reducing agent: oxygen is obtained to reduce the reducibility of reducing agent, and oxygen is lost to reduce the oxidizability of oxidizing agent (the substance that takes oxygen is reducing agent, and the substance that loses oxygen is oxidizing agent).
16. Impurity removal connector of gas washing cylinder: long inlet and short outlet.
Connection between drainage and gas collection and washing tank: short in and long out.
Connection between exhaust gas gathering and gas washing cylinder: low density means short inlet and outlet, while high density means long inlet and outlet.
17, experimental impurity removal principle: remove other things first, and then remove water vapor.
Experimental inspection principle: water first, then water.
18, reduction of copper oxide by hydrogen
Turn on the hydrogen first, then turn on the light. When things turn red, turn off the lights. Cool to room temperature, and then stop the hydrogen.
Alcohol lamp? Late and early? Hydrogen? Come early and leave late?
? Bao Gong sat quietly in the crystal room, and the breeze was blowing gently. Suddenly, a fire rose from the ground, and Bao Gong became Guan Yunchang. Even if the clouds grow, the fire goes out, leaving only a breeze blowing in the greenhouse. ?