First, pay attention to prepositions in sentences.
The use of prepositions is difficult in itself, because prepositions mostly come from the fuzziness of verbs. Like verbs, they can take objects, and the boundary between them is very vague. They often put the subject of the whole sentence into their own pockets, which leads to the loss of the subject. This kind of prepositions mainly include: you, because, Jing, after, right, right, when, middle and right. Pay attention to these words in the exam. These words appear very frequently in the exam questions of sick sentences, and the frequency of mistakes is also very high. For example:
1, grass, is disgusting to cultivators. (The subject and object are reversed. )
2. Reforming the system of free medical care and implementing medical security cannot be accepted by the broad masses of people at once. (for the same reason as above, the first sentence is "for". )
Three years ago, "surfing the Internet" on the computer might be strange to people. (Etiology as above)
4. It was possible to plant a herbicide-resistant rape on a large scale in Britain, but due to the intervention of protest groups, the plan finally fell through. (because "the protest group", the main body of "manufacturing", is put into its own "bag". Just remove "because" or "manufacturing". )
After more than 80 days' efforts, The Journey to the West, a sixteen-episode TV series with new plots, new actors and new technologies, finally met the audience. The preposition "after" leaves its subject "crew" outside its sphere of influence, and the two should be reversed. )
Through the exhibition of hundreds of patriotic films and their theme concerts, the audience was baptized by patriotism again and again. Put the theme of the whole sentence "exhibition and its theme concert" in your own bag.
7. When Galileo was forced to sign the verdict in 1633, he solemnly declared: "The earth is still turning!" Put the subject of the whole sentence "Galileo" in your own bag. )
8. At present, TV channels all over the country are becoming more and more specialized, programs are seeking new breakthroughs, and a screen war is in the ascendant. "Fang" means "Zheng". )
Second, attention adverbs
Adverbs are generally used to modify adjectives, and there are generally no mistakes, but you must pay attention to them when they appear in exam questions. Be sure to carefully analyze whether the adjective behind contains the meaning of the adverb itself and whether it is semantic repetition. Such adverbs mainly include "ten", "very", "very" and "excessive". Otherwise this adverb will cause ambiguity. The most common phrase is "inappropriately ...". For example:
1. In recent years, many newspapers boast about stars, and excessive praise has contributed to the pride of some stars. The word "flattery" itself means "excessive praise" Coupled with "excessive", it causes semantic repetition. )
2. 1 month 1 day, people who love winter swimming participated in the fourth "polar bear" winter swimming in Vancouver, Canada. ("Cool" means "very". )
3. Strengthening the education of environmental awareness of the whole people is a very important issue at present. ("vital" means "very". )
This is a very scarce medicine, and you can't use it unless you have to. In addition, there are phrases such as "very (very) spoiled" and "excessive ...".
Third, pay attention to words with two sides.
Two-faced words, that is, words themselves express two opposite meanings. Such as success or failure (success or failure), gain or loss (gain or loss), good or bad, high or low, with or without, with or without, etc. Because they express two uncertain meanings, it requires that the context of the sentence must have corresponding words or semantics. Otherwise, it will cause semantic asymmetry. For example:
1. Whether our city can seize the opportunity and develop rapidly in the strategic planning of western development depends on accelerating the training of a group of talents from all walks of life. (The second half of the sentence only talks about one aspect, and the word "whether" should be added before "accelerating". )
2. More and more rural cadres realize that convenient transportation is an important condition for attracting investment. ("Yes ..." This clause only says one aspect. )
3. Choosing the most reliable and suitable materials often plays an important role in the success or failure of an article. "The most reliable and appropriate" is one-sided, and "success or failure" is two-sided. )
It is not very important whether the voice of the masses can be recorded in the book. The most important thing is to see him keep the things of the masses in mind and implement them in action. Just add "whether" before the word "ba" in the second clause. )
It is necessary for students who love liberal arts to strengthen the counseling of liberal arts, but can they ignore the study of science? Do you want them to learn math, physics, chemistry and biology well? In the long run, we don't think it is appropriate to do so. ("Whether" and "whether" are two-sided and uncertain, while "doing so" is one-sided and certain, and it is impossible to give consideration to both before and after. )
6. In order to develop the national economy, are there any personal gains and losses that we producers can't give up? ("gain" can be discarded, "loss" can't. "Gains and losses" should be changed to "benefits". )
Fourth, pay attention to coordinate phrases.
The juxtaposition of sentence components and sentences is a very complicated problem, and it is also the most error-prone place, which often leads to the mistake of paying attention to one thing and losing the other. Of course, there are many kinds of mistakes. Therefore, when you do the problem, you should pay special attention as long as you see the coordinate phrases. Generally speaking, coordinate phrases have the following forms:
① Use conjunctions "he", "he", "follow", "same", "and", and so on.
(2) the juxtaposition of pause. This kind of juxtaposition is most easily overlooked, because many students don't know that pause means juxtaposition. It can also be seen from many test questions that the coordinate relationship represented by pause has a high error rate and the situation is the most complicated.
③ The juxtaposition between clauses expressed by commas. This juxtaposition is also easily overlooked. Because it is a juxtaposition between sentences or sentence components, its mistakes are hidden, so we should pay special attention to them. For example:
1. The development of the western region must be based on sustainable development, and the ecological environment, natural environment and social environment should be raised to a new height, and the old road of development at the expense of the environment must never be taken. This is a special case. None of the three coordinate phrases can match the verb "promote". )
2, four years of experience in the sea, let her taste the ups and downs, but also broaden her horizons, it is very important to cultivate accurate observation and keen judgment. (This example itself is not a mistake of coordinate phrases as sentence components, but a mistake of improper restriction, but it also appears in coordinate phrases, which should also attract our attention. "Accuracy" and "acuteness" should be interchanged. )
3. The author successfully and consciously draws lessons from the unique techniques of "montage" and "voice-over" in film art, and the picture combination is quite successful. This is a coordinate phrase expressed by pause, which is logically wrong and has an improper word order. These two phrases should be interchanged. )
The mobile booksellers and a large number of books on agricultural science and technology sent by Xinhua Bookstore have been warmly welcomed by farmers. The dotted line is a noun coordinate phrase, and only "book cart" can be used with "dispatch". The word "carrying" or "selling" should be added before "large quantity". This is a mistake of "focusing on one thing and losing another". )
At the mobilization meeting of the new semester, Director Li particularly emphasized that the ideological and political course should be reformed, combined with reality, paying attention to actual results, and combining political common sense with cultivating students' good moral character. This coordinate phrase does not conform to the rules of coordinate phrases. Coordinate phrases require two or more items to coordinate, and the parts of speech or phrase structure must be consistent. However, the "political common sense" in front of this "parallel" phrase is a phrase with a biased structure, while the "cultivating students' good moral character" behind it is a verb-object phrase. Verbs such as "professor" or "research" should be added before the first phrase. )
6. This paper makes a concrete analysis of environmental pollution and introduces the basic knowledge of environmental science, which has aroused people's attention to environmental science. This is the juxtaposition between clauses expressed by "simultaneous". This coordinate form needs to pay attention to the logical relationship between clauses. Analyzing the main components of these two sentences, we can easily find that "making a concrete analysis" is higher and deeper than "introducing the basic knowledge of ……" in level and depth, and the positions of the two should be reversed. )
7. You can read precious documents, books, audio and video materials that you have never seen before on the Internet. This is a coordinate phrase expressed by pause and conjunction "he", but "record" can't be matched with the previous "read". )
8. The value and significance of life lies not in how others worship, admire and envy themselves, but in what contribution they have made to society and the progress and development of history. This situation is quite tricky, because it is not a collocation problem in the general sense, but a word order problem. These three words have different meanings. Generally speaking, they should be arranged from light to heavy. This sentence is just the opposite, so "worship" and "envy" must be interchanged. )
9. Poetry is a literary genre. From the content, there are generally narrative poems, lyric poems, epics, heroic hymns, story poems and so on. There is also a script composed of poetic dialogue, called poetic drama. This sentence is more difficult to recognize than the eighth sentence, but when it comes to this kind of juxtaposition, we must pay special attention to it and distinguish it carefully. This sentence belongs to the situation of logical confusion and inconsistent classification standards. Among them, narrative poems, lyric poems and story poems are not divided from content, but from form. )
10. As a stock investor, you must fully understand and master the risks and benefits of stock investment, and try to avoid investment risks in order to obtain the maximum investment benefits. This sentence uses two coordinate phrases. The first is the verb coordinate phrase, which is the predicate of the whole sentence; The second is a noun coordinate phrase, which is the object of the previous phrase. After careful analysis, it is not difficult to find that "understanding" is no problem with the back collocation, while "mastery" can only be matched with "situation" but not with "risk" )
1 1. The head of the Indian military recently said that India has sent hundreds of tanks, armored vehicles and military vehicles to the India-Pakistan border area. (Tanks and armored vehicles belong to military vehicles, and the common concepts are not juxtaposed properly. This situation is not uncommon. )
Fifth, pay attention to the judgment sentence
Judgment sentence is one of the error-prone sentences, because the most striking feature of judgment sentence is that the subject and object are consistent and the object cannot be missing. However, in practice, due to the long sentence or complex structure, there are often cases where the object is missing or the subject and object are inconsistent. This kind of sick sentence often appears in test questions, so you must check whether the object is missing when you encounter a judgment sentence. For example:
1. The construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is an important measure to speed up the development of the western region and an important link of national unity. This sentence consists of two judgment sentences, the first sentence is fine, and the second sentence is not suitable for using the subject of the first sentence "Building the Qinghai-Tibet Railway", because "Building the Qinghai-Tibet Railway" is an act and measure, which is not the same thing as "ties" and cannot constitute a judgment sentence. The words "this railway" should be added before the second sentence. )
2. Looking at the development of countries all over the world in the 20th century, we can clearly see that the strength of a country and the rejuvenation of a nation depend on many factors, and good national quality is undoubtedly the most important and potential. Look at the last sentence, the subject is "national quality", which is a "factor". It can be seen from "depending on many factors" that the object behind "yes" is "the most important and potential"? Obviously not, because it is an adjective and cannot be used as an object, the nominal head word "factor" is missing at the end of the sentence. )
The majestic Great Wall of Wan Li is magnificent. She is the crystallization of the wisdom of our working people and the natural barrier of the great motherland. The Great Wall is a natural barrier. )
6. Pay attention to negative words and sentences.
In the examination questions, negative words and sentences are also the focus of examination. The frequency of occurrence is also quite high, which cannot be ignored. There are mainly the following negative words: prevent, stop, discourage, prevent, avoid and forget. Negative sentences should mainly focus on double negatives and sentences with negative forms in interrogative sentences. The common mistakes in these words and sentences are opposite meanings or triple negation. Especially in the first case, it is very confusing and easy to be ignored by candidates, resulting in misjudgment. Triple negation is often regarded as a correct sentence by candidates, because it is difficult to judge whether it is right or wrong. Let's analyze a few examples.
1, once the switch is turned off, the current can be blocked. ("Stop" has a negative meaning, followed by a negative "No more", which makes the meaning confusing and ambiguous. "No more" should be deleted. )
2. Many people of insight believe that insecurity, infringement, dishonesty and prevention of cultural pollution have become the biggest bottlenecks restricting the further development of the Internet industry. This sentence abuses negation and has the opposite meaning. Both "prevention" and "no" should be removed. )
3. Because of this, Zhuangzi said: Do good deeds, not for the purpose of pursuing honor; Don't forget to break the law when doing bad things. (in turn, express meaning. )
We don't completely deny that this book doesn't reveal hope, but this hope is very slim. (Abuse of negation constitutes triple negation, and the meaning is expressed in turn. "None" should be deleted and adjusted appropriately. )
Experts believe that reducing the harm of tobacco, especially discouraging teenagers from quitting smoking, is of great significance to prevent lung cancer. Both "discouraging" and "quitting smoking" have negative meanings, but this usage reverses the meaning. )
6. For your personal safety and safety, please don't start the household appliances with your left hand. ("just in case" and "foolproof" have negative meanings, so using them will express the meaning backwards. )
Seven, pay attention to several complex sentences
Complex sentences are more complex in meaning and more logical than single sentences, so people are particularly prone to make mistakes when using complex sentences. There are several kinds of compound sentences that often make mistakes:
(1) Causal complex sentence. Causal complex sentences should have the lowest error rate, but it is precisely this that makes it more difficult for candidates to judge. More likely to be wrong. Needless to say, the signs of causal complex sentences are mainly "so", "so" and "so". When we encounter this kind of words, we should first consider whether the sentence before and after constitutes an inevitable causal relationship, that is, whether the "fruit" behind is caused by the "cause" in front, and whether the "cause" in front can definitely deduce the "fruit" behind. For example:
1. Because it takes hard work to obtain these certificates, we are prepared to take good care of cadres and workers. There are obvious mistakes in this sentence. First, the word "because" in "so" is repeated with the previous word "because". Second, there is no necessary causal connection between the former sentence and the latter sentence. The former "cause" can't deduce the latter "result" anyway.
I didn't write this novel to tell a tortuous and bizarre story, so I chose the first narrative technique to let people know Beijingers in their bones. (Impose cause and effect)
(2) Progressive complex sentences. This kind of complex sentence is generally divided into two types, one is sequential transmission, that is, from light to heavy meaning, from small to big things, from shallow to deep understanding, and the other is reverse transmission, which is just the opposite of sequential transmission. The most commonly used is forward delivery, and reverse delivery is only used under special circumstances. The main problem is delivery. For example:
1. A new understanding of the mystery of cognition will not only bring about a revolution in educational science, but also open a new revolution in information technology. (The meaning of "bringing revolution" is obviously more important than "initiating change", so the two should be interchanged. )
2. He can not only use the relevant theories of Marxism to guide his work, but also understand the spiritual essence of these theories. ("understanding" is the first, light, "guiding" and finally, heavy. )
(c) The difference between "notwithstanding" and "regardless"
Although there is only one word difference between these two words, the relationship they use to express is quite different. "Although" is slightly equal to "Although", indicating a turning point, followed by "but" or "but". "It doesn't matter" is slightly equal to "it doesn't matter", and the conditional relationship expressed is generally taken care of by words such as "du" that represent the whole range. If either of these two words appears in the sentence, we should pay attention to whether the word after it is needed. In addition, these two words are also very special, that is, adverbs followed by "although" are often definite words such as "so", "so" and "so", while "regardless" is followed by uncertain words such as "how", "how" and "how". These words are an important basis for us to judge whether there is a problem with the sentence, and we should not take them lightly. For example:
1、"9? After the "1 1" incident, the relationship between the United States, India and Pakistan entered a delicate stage. Although the relationship between the United States and India is ambiguous, the trend of military cooperation between the United States and India is quite clear. We should change "how" to some words, such as "so".
2. Pigment cells in fish scales are divided into different colors. However, despite the ever-changing colors of modern goldfish, it is still nothing more than the arrangement and combination of black, orange and light blue pigment cells. ("Dan" is put before "still" to take care of "although". )
3. In terms of economy and trade, whether Sino-US relations will become closer due to China's entry into WTO or not, we should also see that trade frictions and disputes between China and the United States will not decrease, but will probably increase. (This phenomenon is quite common in exam questions. Related words used in complete sets must be matched and cannot be replaced at will. The word "no matter" in this sentence should be replaced by "although" to match the word "but" that follows.
Eight, pay attention to pronouns
Pronouns are a way to simplify the expression of articles, and the purpose of using pronouns is to simplify the writing. However, if used improperly, the meaning of the text will be blurred, which will make readers unable to understand or misunderstand. In sick sentences, the use of pronouns is also a common question type. So when we do the problem, we are still very sensitive to people. As long as there is a pronoun in a sentence, we should carefully analyze it to see if the object it refers to is clear and unique. Otherwise, it is necessary to quickly judge that the sentence in which it is located is a sick sentence. For example:
1. Was Zhongjun Li Xiucheng brave before his execution? According to some records, this is not the case. There are two meanings mentioned above: brave or not. What exactly does the pronoun "so" mean? The sentence expression is rather vague. So it should be changed to: not very brave or really brave. )
2. Wang Jian and his brother went to visit their aunt in other places, but at this time they lost their beloved pen. (When exactly is this time? Is it "when I was about to leave" or "when I saw menstruation"? )
3. After reading her works, Mr. Qi Gong, the former chairman of China Calligraphy Association, praised her works as "profound charm and unique strength". (Qi in this sentence can be interpreted as "her" and "her works" here. The "its" here means fuzzy. )
Director Zhang and technician Xiao Li are talking. He told him, "If you have this pass, you can try it." (Who told who? The expression here is very vague. If you designate either of the two "he" as someone, the meaning will be clear. )
5. It is not easy to collect historical materials, and it is even more difficult to identify, sort out and use historical materials. Most historians in China used to devote themselves to this research. There are two "not easy" in front. Which one does "this" mean? I don't know. )
6. This afternoon, Chairman Zhang, General Manager Wang and other company leaders attended the development zone investment promotion project fair held in our city. This is a special case, that is, when using pronouns, ambiguity arises because of unclear restrictions. "Other" can restrict "company" and "leader" here, and should be changed to "other leaders of the company". )
Nine, pay attention to the number phrase
Quantitative phrases can be divided into two categories: noun phrases (modified nouns or noun phrases) and momentum phrases (modified verbs or verb phrases). Generally speaking, there are few problems in the use of momentum phrases, and most of them appear when using noun phrases. And it is generally ambiguous. Its main feature is that there are two or more nouns after a noun phrase, and these nouns can be restricted by this noun phrase. Of course, there are concepts such as numeral phrases and momentum phrases. Accurate numeral phrases limit the collection (such as a piece of cloth, 30 cars, 50 flowers, more than 30 policemen, etc. ). For example:
1. At this Qutan Festival, teams from more than 20 provinces and cities across the country performed more than 1000 programs. The quantitative phrase "more than 20" in this sentence can define both "provinces and cities" and "teams", thus causing ambiguity. )
The director told the leaders of several schools that the work in the new semester must be improved. ("minority" can restrict "school" and "leader", thus causing ambiguity. It can be changed to "several leaders of the school". This happens most frequently and needs special attention. )
The colorful scenes of the world are reflected in their minds, forming one attractive question mark after another. "One by one" is a noun phrase, but it is used as a momentum phrase to limit the verb "formation". This is the typical difference between name and potential. Here we should put this noun phrase after "formation" and let it act as the attribute of "question mark". )
Ten, pay attention to some special phrases
Some phrases are often used in our daily oral English, and the frequency of use is quite high. People have become accustomed to this, and there is nothing wrong with it, because in most cases, it has not caused confusion or misunderstanding. However, written language requires absolute accuracy and cannot allow ambiguous understanding. Especially in some official documents, those irregular usages are not allowed. It is also impossible for us to demand or restrict standardized written language with nonstandard spoken language. Just as we can't use people's daily behaviors to regulate laws, we can only use laws to regulate people's behaviors. Therefore ... in this case, we must get rid of the concept of "this is what we usually say" and consciously use standardized Chinese grammar to check those irregular usages. Some nonstandard usages often appear in sick sentences. I briefly summarize the following, hoping to attract everyone's attention.
1, "the purpose is". In this phrase, "purpose" and "in order" both mean "purpose", which leads to the repetition of terms, any of which must be deleted. For example:
The purpose of American military strikes is to destroy Iraq's bases for producing weapons of mass destruction, and also hope to get rid of Saddam Hussein through military strikes.
2. "Mainly ...". "Give priority to ..." implies the meaning of "most" and is also the repetition of the term. You should also delete any of them. For example:
Most of the applicants for the mascot design of the emblem of this National Games are young teachers and students in colleges and universities, as well as designers in enterprises.
3. "reduced ... times". In Chinese, "times" means "more than ……", so "times" cannot be used for "subtraction". "Reduce" can only use scores (percentage or "success"), but we can often see or hear this statement on TV, newspapers and radio, but it is unscientific. It should be corrected. For example:
The daily passenger flow of the station is usually 20,000 to 30,000, but this year, due to SARS and other factors, the daily passenger flow is only 6,000 to 7,000, which is three times less than in previous years. (It should be changed to "70% reduction" or "70% reduction")
4. "About … or so" and "near … or so"; "Xie Yu ... or so"
Among these three forms, "about" and "near" in the first two means "near" and "insufficient", that is, not exceeding a certain amount, while "left and right" means "approaching or exceeding", thus causing semantic contradictions. "X" means "extra" a certain amount, which also contradicts the meaning expressed by "left and right". Therefore, this situation is an irregular usage and should be corrected. For example:
1. A recent survey shows that about 65% of young people in our country believe that "honesty and trustworthiness" and "helping others" are excellent traditional virtues and the basic principles of being a man.
2. The county's industrial and commercial departments investigated and dealt with more than ten major cases of counterfeit and shoddy goods with a value of 10 million yuan within one year.
5. "Over", "Less than" and "Over"
In these two phrases, "big" means reaching a certain point in a large amount, which in itself means "exceeding", so "exceeding" in the first phrase is redundant, while "below" and "big" in the second phrase are contradictory. Redundancy and errors in the third phrase. You can't use it like this. For example:
(1), Hegang Bridge was built in 1960s, and its own weight is less than 10 ton. ...
② According to the statistics of Beijing Physical Examination Center, there were 84,362 candidates who took part in the physical examination of Zhao Gao in Beijing last year, accounting for 18%, with limited majors and more than 6,900 candidates.
Of course, mastering the above points can't fundamentally solve the problem of identifying sick sentences, because these things can only summarize part of the reasons for the occurrence of sick sentences, even if it is a small part, so students should not regard it as a golden rule, not just this, but just as a reference. However, in my opinion, these phrasal diseases appear frequently in important exams or usual training, so I made a simple induction and analysis, hoping to help our candidates improve the accuracy of identifying sick sentences and enhance our confidence in dealing with them. Criticize me.