(1) During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius founded the Confucian School. The core of Confucius' ideological system is "benevolence", which advocates mediation and harmonious social interpersonal relations with kindness; Advocate the rule of virtue and oppose tyranny and arbitrary punishment. Rulers should cherish the strength of the people, win the trust of the people and be self-disciplined.

(2) During the Warring States Period, Mencius developed Confucius' theory, which was called Confucius and Mencius together with Confucius. Mencius advocated benevolent politics in politics and put forward the idea that "the people are more important than the monarch". He advocated "government should win the people", opposed tyranny, and opposed the rulers' "abuse of the people" and "mob"; It advocates giving farmers a certain amount of land, not infringing on farmers' working hours, and lenient punishment and thin taxes. At the same time, Xunzi put forward that "water can carry a boat, but it can also overturn it", using water as a metaphor for people and boat as a metaphor for kings, emphasizing the role of the people.

(3) During the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang practiced "burning books to bury Confucianism", which led to the destruction of Confucianism.

(4) During the Western Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu gave full play to Confucianism and made it in a dominant position. He founded Neo-Confucianism on the basis of Confucianism and the framework of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. Its core is "the unity of heaven and man" and "the divine right of monarchy". His suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" was adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and Confucianism gradually became the orthodox thought of feudal rule.

(5) Neo-Confucianism, a neo-Confucianism based on Confucianism and absorbed Buddhism and Taoism, was the main philosophical thought in the Song Dynasty. Zhu is a master of the development of Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty. He inherited the thoughts of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, the Northern Song Neo-Confucianists, and further improved and developed the objective idealistic Neo-Confucianism system, which was later called Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism. Its core content is: "reason" is the origin of all things in the universe, and it is the first; "Qi" is only the substance that constitutes everything in the universe, and it is secondary. He put "righteousness" and "human desire" in opposition, thought that human desire was the root of all evil, and put forward "preserving righteousness and destroying human desire", which actually defended the feudal hierarchy.

(6) In order to strictly control the thoughts of scholars, the Ming Dynasty established the stereotyped writing system, stipulating that the imperial examination could only be put forward from the Confucian Four Books and Five Classics, and personal opinions were not allowed to play, thus strengthening the position of Confucianism at an unprecedented level.

(7) In the mid-Ming Dynasty, Wang Yangming opposed Zhu's view that mind and reason are two different things, and founded a subjective idealism theory-mind learning, which was opposite to Zhu. In this way, Neo-Confucianism has realized the evolution from objective idealism to subjective idealism, which shows that it has gone to extremes. Li Zhi, a progressive thinker in the late Ming Dynasty, accused Confucian classics of not being "the supreme theory throughout the ages", denied Confucius as a "natural saint" and opposed "taking Confucius' right and wrong as right and wrong".

(8) Hong Xiuquan absorbed the Confucian thought of great harmony, and combined it with western Christianity and peasant egalitarianism to establish a religious theory of worshipping God.

(9)/kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, Kang Youwei wrote "An Examination of New Learning and Pseudo-Classics" and "An Examination of Confucius System Reform", which combined western bourgeois political theory with traditional Confucianism, preached the truth of political reform and gave new content to Confucianism.

(10) In the early years of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikai strongly advocated Confucius' retro style, while Chen Duxiu and others initiated the new culture movement, advocated new morality and opposed the old morality, directed the finger at Confucianism, and put forward the slogan of "punching shop" to completely deny Confucianism. The New Culture Movement has seriously shaken the dominant position of feudal orthodoxy represented by Confucianism, but the dominant position of Confucianism has not fundamentally changed.

(1 1) After the founding of New China, Marxism was in the dominant position, and the dominant position of Confucianism was completely overthrown. During the Cultural Revolution, Confucianism was severely criticized again, and its influence was further weakened.

(12) Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the party and the state have re-established the Marxist ideological line of seeking truth from facts, and the ideological circle has made a realistic evaluation of Confucianism, affirming that it contains the mainstream of the excellent traditional thinking of the Chinese nation, but also has many feudal and backward contents.

Second, how to treat Confucianism correctly

Confucianism, also known as Confucianism or Confucianism, is an ideological system with "benevolence" as the core and "people are precious". Confucianism is the most important traditional culture in China, which not only contains the mainstream of the excellent traditional thoughts of the Chinese nation, such as benevolent government, loving the people, governing the country by virtue, respecting teachers and valuing morality, etc. At the same time, there are also many feudal and backward contents, such as the three cardinal guides and five permanents, three obedience and four virtues, and so on.

For Confucian culture and Confucianism, we should draw lessons from history, and we should not belittle ourselves and completely deny it; You can't indulge in history and be bound by that pile of old paper. We should inherit its essence and carry forward its excellent parts; Eliminate its dross and criticize and deny its negative factors.