The Revolution of 1911 refers to the bourgeois-democratic revolution that broke out in China in191/year (the third year of Qing Dynasty). It happened on the basis of the increasingly decadent Qing Dynasty, the further deepening of imperialist aggression and the initial growth of Chinese national capitalism. Its purpose is to overthrow the autocratic rule of the Qing Dynasty, save the nation from peril and strive for national independence, democracy and prosperity. This revolution ended China's two thousand years of absolute monarchy, and it was a great revolutionary movement. The Revolution of 1911 was a bourgeois democratic revolution in modern China. Politically and ideologically, it has brought immeasurable liberation to the people of China. The revolution has made the concept of democracy and harmony deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. The anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle, taking the Revolution of 1911 as a new starting point, was launched at a deeper level and in a wider scope.

Process:

1, Wuchang Uprising

Hubei New Army was originally a "Jiangnan Self-Strengthening Army" trained by Zhang Zhidong. Many middle and lower-level officers have sent officials to study in Japan, so they are all revolutionaries. Among them, the * * * Progressive Association and the Literature Society are the two revolutionary groups with the widest penetration. After the movement to protect the road triggered the civil unrest, Duanfang was ordered to lead the Hubei New Army into Sichuan to suppress it. At this time, most of Wuhan's new troops moved to Sichuan, and Wuhan's defense was very empty. Revolutionaries think this is a good opportunity to launch an uprising.

On September 24th, 19 1 1, the Literary Society and the * * * Progressive Association held a joint meeting in Wuchang attended by more than 60 leaders of both sides and representatives of the new army. At the meeting, the uprising headquarters, the leading organization of the uprising, was established. Jiang Yiwu, head of the Literary Society, was elected as the Commander-in-Chief, and Sun Wu, head of the Council of Directors, was elected as the Chief of Staff. * * * Gong Liu, head of the meeting, was elected as the Prime Minister of the Political Preparatory Office. The uprising headquarters is located in No.85, Xiaochao Street, Wuchang, and the preparatory office is located in Baoshan Li 14, Russian Concession in Hankou. The uprising organ was designated as191101October 6th (Mid-Autumn Festival on August15th of the lunar calendar), but the uprising date was postponed to1June/kloc due to insufficient preparation.

On October 9th, 65438/KLOC-0, participant Sun Wu was accidentally injured while secretly making a bomb at Baoshan Li 14, a Russian concession in Hankou. Russian patrol came to search, and the injured Sun Wu and others escaped, but the documents and flags of the uprising were searched away, and Gong Liu's younger brother Liu Tong was taken away from his residence in neighboring Gong Liu. When Ruicheng, governor of Huguang, heard about it, he ordered the whole city to impose martial law and search for revolutionaries. After hearing the news, Jiang Yiwu, head of the literary society, decided to launch an uprising that night and sent messengers to the camps. That evening, Peng Chufan and Liu Fuji were arrested at the uprising headquarters, and Yang Hongsheng was arrested on the way to transport ammunition. On the morning of June+10 10, 65438, three people were beheaded.

After the new army engineering camp, people decided to start the uprising ahead of time, and led the officer (equivalent to the company commander) as the temporary commander of the uprising army and the chief of staff. 1911010 (in August of the lunar calendar19) at 8: 00 p.m (at this time, the event has not been verified, and it can only be determined that it happened after sunset but before midnight). Cheng Dingguo (the old saying is that Xiong Bingkun is more correct) fired the first shot of Wuchang Uprising, the soldiers of the Uprising. Wu,, and led the rebels to attack the Huguang Governor's Office. Under the bombardment of Nanhu artillery, the rebels occupied the Governor's Mansion before dawn the next day, and Ruicheng, governor of Huguang, fled.

At the dawn of 65438+ 10/1,the insurgents gathered in the conference hall of Hubei Consultation Bureau Building, and Cai, the quartermaster of the 29th Battalion of the 15th Regiment in the Eighth Town of the New Army, called a meeting to discuss the formation of the military government and the appointment of the viceroy. In addition to Wu Xinghan and other more than a dozen revolutionaries, Tang Hualong, Speaker of the Senate, Deputy Speaker, Congressman and veteran officer Wu were also invited to attend. The meeting was presided over by Tang Hualong. Wu proposed that Li, the leader of the 2 1 Hunchenghui, should be the governor-general, which was unanimously supported by the constitutionalists. There are also revolutionaries who were killed because Huang Xing and Song were not in Wuchang, and Peng Chufan, Liu Fuji and Yang Hongsheng were killed and Sun Wu was injured. Jiang Yiwu was forced to flee without the consent of a better candidate. Therefore, the meeting adopted Li as the viceroy and Tang Hualong as the chief of civil affairs (the General Staff).

1 1 in the morning, Wuchang was completely recovered. Set up a strategy office at night. Under the auspices of the Ministry of Strategic Affairs, the military government of the Republic of China (Hubei military government of the Republic of China) was announced, the military government's campaign and the Anmin Proclamation were announced, the name of the country was changed to the Republic of China, the name of Xuantong country in the Qing Dynasty was abolished, and the Yellow Emperor era was changed to 4609. The military government established the General Staff Department, the Military Affairs Department, the Political Affairs Department and the Foreign Affairs Department. The office is located in the building of the Consultation Bureau, and the eighteen-star flag is the military flag. In the name of the military government, the Ministry of Justice issued a "national power-on notice" and a "provincial language notice" to power the whole country.

10 On June 5438+02, the revolutionaries of the 21st mixed association launched an uprising in Hanyang and recovered Hanyang. Then Zhao Chengwu led the rebels to capture Hankou. At this point, all the three towns in Wuhan are in the hands of the revolutionary army.

The alliance between the revolutionary party and the constitutionalists.

2. Yuan Shikai is out of the mountain.

65438+ 10 65438+April 4, Yi Kuang, Xu Shichang and Na Tong suggested that Zai Feng, the Prince of Regent Alcohol two years ago, be appointed as deposed. Yuan Shikai, who is now recuperating in Zhangde, is the governor of Huguang, and Yuan Tuo is ill. 65438+1On October 22nd, Hunan became independent. 65438+1On October 23rd, Jiujiang, Jiangxi became independent. 10 year 10 On October 27th, Yuan was appointed as an imperial envoy and led the Beiyang army to attack Wuhan. Inspector Yuan went to Hubei and stayed in Xiaojiagang, Xiaogan.

Prime Minister Yi Kuang said that he was ill and had resigned. The Regent was forced to dissolve the royal cabinet, appointed Yuan as Prime Minister and formed a cabinet.

165438+1On October 2nd, after Yuan Shikai captured Hankou, he held his ground and began secret peace talks with the South. 165438+1October 3, the Qing government promulgated Article 19, a major creed of the Constitution. 165438+1On October 6th, Emperor Xuan Tong declared himself guilty and released revolutionary assassins, Huang and Luo Shixun. 1 13 10 13, Yuan Shikai arrived in Beijing with the guards and became the Prime Minister of the Cabinet. 1 16 10/6, Yuan Shikai's cabinet was formed. On February 6th, 65438, Yuan Shikai forced Zai Feng, the prince of alcohol, to resign as the national regent and return to his mansion. 12 16, Feng was transferred to replace the chairman of the Guards, and the First Guards Association of Liangzhou was dissolved. The guard artillery team was transferred to support the encirclement and suppression of the Shanxi Revolutionary Army, and the guards were scattered. In the name of preparing for the war, he transferred the guards out of the city and ordered Duan to form another army and stay in the city. Beijing is completely controlled by Yuan Shikai. 18 February 18 before the start of the North-South talks, there was an armed uprising in Shanhaiguan 18 province, including Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Jiangsu (including Shanghai), Guizhou, Zhejiang, Anhui, Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Sichuan/kloc-0.

3. Subsequent development of the revolution

165438+ 10. On 8 October, with the planning and support of the members of the League, the ninth town of the new army took control of Xu and announced an uprising at Molingguan, 60 miles outside Nanjing. Xu and Shanghai Commander-in-Chief Chen and Jiangsu and Zhejiang Rebel Generals agreed to form a joint army to attack Nanjing, with Xu as Commander-in-Chief. On June165438+1October 1 1 day, the Allied Command was established in Zhenjiang. 165438+ 1 year1From October 24th to February 24th, under the unified command of Commander-in-Chief Xu, the allied forces successively captured the strongholds of Wulong Mountain, Shogunate Mountain, Yuhuatai and Tianbao City. Later, Huang Xing joined the command. 65438+ February 2 captured Nanjing City in one fell swoop (Nanjing War). At this point, all the south of the Yangtze River belongs to the revolutionary army.

In any case, the Qing navy attacked the Qing navy in Wuchang in mid-June 165438+ 10. Navy prefect Sa Zhenbing and Li are in love between teachers and students, and fleet staff Shang Xiangming and Tang Hualong are Kun Zhong, so they are advised to do it anyway. 165438+1In mid-October, all ships sailed from Wuchang to Jiujiang. Sa Zhenbing said that he was ill and left the ship for Shanghai for medical treatment. Huang Zhongying was appointed as the commander of the fleet. After being persuaded by Lin Sen of Jiujiang, the fleet joined the revolutionary army.

Neutrality and mediation of great powers

On February 2, 65438, through the mediation of Ge Fu, the British consul in Hankou, the Wuhan Revolutionary Army and the Qing Army reached an armistice agreement.

On February 6th, 65438, Yuan Shikai forced Zai Feng, the prince of alcohol, to resign as the national regent and return to his mansion.

6543810.2, Jiang Guiti, Feng, Zhang Xun, Zhang, Cao Kun, Wang Zhanyuan, Chen Guangyuan, Chun Li, Zhang, etc. 15 generals of the Qing army called the cabinet, vowed to oppose peace with * * *, and asked dear ministers to withdraw their deposits in foreign banks. On the same day, Luanzhou Uprising took place in JD.COM.

654381October 3, Lu Zhengxiang and other foreign envoys demanded the abdication of the Qing Emperor. On October 5th, 65438/kloc-0, Duan retreated from Hankou to Xiaogan.

On October 7th, 65438/KLOC-0, Jin, the general counselor of the First Army of the Qing Dynasty, went to Beijing from Hankou to seek unity among the armies and demanded peace. On the same day, Japanese ships delivered 12000 rifles, 20 million bullets, 6 machine guns and 6 mountain guns to Nanjing.

In June 65438+10/October 10, the Qing army Wang Huaiqing suppressed the Luanzhou Uprising.

12 10/2 12, at the princes' meeting, he handed over the political power on preferential terms, but Zaize, Zaixun, Shan Ji and Prince Gong Pu Wei opposed it. He fought with religious parties such as Bi, Wei and so on.

16 10/6 On the way to the next dynasty, Yuan Shikai was assassinated by a bomb organized by the Beijing-Tianjin League branch. Ten people, including the captain, died, but Yuan survived.

On October 20th, 65438/kloc-0, Nanjing Provisional Government formally offered Yuan Shikai preferential conditions for cleaning rooms.

654381October 22nd, Sun Wen issued a statement that Yuan Shikai would resign and give way to Yuan Shikai as long as he was in favor of the abdication of the Qing emperor. After receiving this guarantee, Yuan Shikai stepped up the process of forcing the palace. Yuan Shikai bribed Yi Kuang and Na Tong, the princes of the Qing court, and bribed Zhang Lande (known as Zhang Xiaode), the eunuch favored by Queen Yulong, with money, threatening Queen Yulong to say that the tide was over. If the revolutionary army kills Beijing, the royal family's life will be in jeopardy, and if it agrees to give way, there can be preferential conditions.

On October 22nd, 65438/KLOC-0, British Minister John Newell Jordan, together with French, Russian and Japanese ministers, announced his support for the abdication of the Qing Dynasty. The United States does not want to interfere in internal affairs and has not participated.

On October 26th, 65438/KLOC-0, Duan led 47 Beiyang generals and jointly convened the Cabinet, the Military Affairs Advisory Office, the War Department and various princes and ministers, proposing that the People's Army had promised preferential conditions to the royal family, the royal family and all ethnic groups who returned to Tibet in the Qing Dynasty. Chen Qing said: "It was during the two months of the armistice that the People's Army recruited more soldiers everywhere. Our army had no backup and its strength was too weak." By February 2, the number of co-signatories had increased to 50.

On October 29th, 65438/kloc-0, the Qing court held a command meeting, at which it decided to abdicate in order to get the preferential treatment of revolutionaries. On February 3rd, Empress Yulong granted Yuan Shikai full authority and agreed to the conditions of the Nanjing Provisional Government on the abdication of the Qing Emperor.

On February 4th, Duan, together with Wang Zhanyuan, He, Chun Li, Wang Jinjing, Bao Guiqing, Li Houji, Ma Jizeng, and other nine people, sent a second telegram, demanding * * *, which was specially sent to "support all the princes, receive all the princes, and be ministers of all ministries and academies", saying that "I would like to lead all the soldiers into Beijing and show my interest with the princes".

On February 10, the Nanjing Senate passed the Preferential Conditions of Clearing House and the Imperial edict on abdication of the Qing Dynasty drafted by Zhang Jian. The first part of the preferential conditions is the preferential conditions after the resignation of the Qing emperor:

First, the title of Emperor of the Qing Dynasty has not been abolished, and the government of the Republic of China regards it as a gift from foreign monarchs.

Second, the Republic of China allocates 4 million yuan for the emperor's expenses every year.

Third, the emperor temporarily lived in the Forbidden Palace and later moved to the Summer Palace.

Fourth, the mausoleum of the imperial ancestral temple in Qing Dynasty will always be worshipped and protected by the Republic of China.

5. All the production expenses of Dezong Zhongling shall be paid by the Republic of China.

Six, the palace deacons, continue to retain, but not to recruit eunuchs.

Seven, the private property of the royal family, by the Republic of China to send troops to protect.

Eighth, the imperial army was incorporated into the army of the Republic of China.

In addition to the above-mentioned eight preferential conditions after the abdication of the Qing emperor, there are four conditions for the royal family of the Qing court and seven conditions for the treatment of all ethnic groups in Manchuria and Mongolia.

/kloc-In February of 0/2, under Yuan Shikai's persuasion and persecution, Empress Jade Dragon, the prime minister of the Qing Dynasty, and Emperor Xuan Tong, the mother of Puyi, accepted the "preferential conditions" of the Qing Dynasty, issued the "abdication decree", announced the abdication of Xuan Tong, and authorized Yuan Shikai to organize a temporary * * * and government.

The abdication edict was drafted by Zhang Jian and passed by the provisional Senate, but "Yuan Shikai organized the provisional government with full authority" was added by Yuan Shikai's people. At this point, the Qing Empire officially ended and was replaced and inherited by the Republic of China. The Qing Dynasty, which ruled China for 268 years, officially declared its demise, and so did the imperial system of China for two thousand years.

4. Interim President

After Xuan Tong abdicated, Sun Wen resigned on February 19 12, 2002 and recommended Yuan Shikai to the provisional Senate. /kloc-in February of 0/5, the Provisional Senate elected Yuan Shikai as the provisional president, decided that the provisional government should still be located in Nanjing, and called Yuan to take office. Before he was appointed, the government affairs were still presided over by Dean Sun. Yuan Shikai insisted on moving the capital to Beijing on the grounds of Beijing mutiny. /kloc-in April, Sun Yat-sen was dismissed in Nanjing. On April 2, the provisional Senate decided to move the provisional government to Beijing, and on April 4, the provisional Senate decided to move the hospital to Beijing.

On March 8, the Provisional Senate passed the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, trying to restrict the president's power through the cabinet system. 10 In March, Yuan Shikai was sworn in as the second interim president of the Republic of China in Beijing.

In May, Beijing Provisional Senate discussed the case of national flag unification. 14 in may, the provisional Senate decided to use the five-color flag as the national flag, the 19 star flag, which accounts for a quarter of the total flag in the upper left corner of the five-color flag, as the military flag, the Qingtian flag, which accounts for a quarter of the total flag in the upper left corner of the five-color flag, as the navy flag, and the commercial flag is applicable to the national flag, the army flag and the navy flag. When the case came to Yuan Shikai, Yuan proposed that the military flag should still use the 19-star flag and the navy flag should still use the blue sky flag, which was passed by the provisional Senate on June 5. On June 1 1, the case was promulgated and implemented by Yuan Shikai's interim presidential decree.

Question 2

In the early years of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries discussed and interpreted this revolution. 19 12 On September 3, Dr. Sun Yat-sen delivered a speech at the Beijing Five Ethnic Groups Association and the Northwest Association, pointing out that "China's revolution last year was both a racial revolution and a political revolution" and confirmed the nature of the 1911 National Democratic Revolution.

The process of revolution, as he described in the article "Eight Years Today": "Today, it is the day when revolutionaries and shooting attacks forced the Qing Dynasty to unite with Li to form a revolutionary army in Wuchang. Then Feng burned Hankou, and then Yuan Shikai became ill ... Without party member all over the country and responding everywhere, the situation in the Qing Dynasty was out of control. So the north and the south make peace, so it is not Yuan's theory. When he was in London, he was busy solving diplomatic problems. Just when he began to sympathize with the world, he repeatedly urged * * * and the speed of the state system, but the establishment of a formal government was delayed. He wants to take this opportunity to ask for recognition from friendly countries. There are still people who advocate the constitution of the Qing dynasty. They were afraid of the failure of the revolution, so they had to give up the opportunity of diplomacy and return to China ... So the government was established in Nanjing, and the determination of * * * and the country was decided. " This is not only Sun Yat-sen's personal experience, but also outlines the historical context from Wuchang Uprising to the establishment of Nanjing Provisional Government, which is the core content of the Revolution of 1911. At the same time, it also praised the historical achievements of the revolutionaries in building the Republic of China.

In this commemorative article published in191910 June10, Sun Yat-sen also felt "What day is it today?" This is a day when bureaucrats are in power, soldiers are bossy, politicians are making trouble, and the people are miserable. ""Today's Republic of China has become the world of national subjugation scholars. "Although" the revolutionary army started and the Republic of China was founded, the revolutionary cause has not been successful and the revolutionary purpose has not been achieved ". China Kuomintang further developed and explained the conclusion that the revolution has not yet succeeded.

1939, Mao Zedong pointed out in The Direction of Youth Movement that the Revolution of 1911 "had both successes and failures. You see, the Revolution of 1911 drove the emperor away. Isn't this a victory? Failure means that the Revolution of 1911 only drove away one emperor, and China was still under the oppression of imperialism and feudalism, and the revolutionary task of anti-imperialism and feudalism was not completed. " . The social nature, status and success or failure of the Revolution of 1911 were reviewed. 1945, Mao Zedong further elaborated the success or failure of the Revolution of 1911 in How to Study the History of China Party. The conclusion that the Revolution of 1911 was both successful and unsuccessful was expounded by the Producers' Party of China from the perspective of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism, which was different from the perspective of whether the Kuomintang of China realized the task of the Three People's Principles. Mao Zedong's judgment on the nature, status and success or failure of the Revolution of 1911 was formed in 1930s and 1940s, and gradually became a widely accepted view.

Brief description of the main reasons: * * and democracy were not really implemented after the Revolution of 1911. In his letter 192 1 to Russian Foreign Minister Ruan Qilin, Sun Yat-sen mentioned that "now all my friends admit that my resignation was a huge political mistake", and Sun Yat-sen also charged in his will that "the revolution has not been successful, and comrades still need to work hard".