The change of historical knowledge points in Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties must be tested in the first volume of the first day of junior high school.
First, the first country in China's history, the Xia Dynasty, was "the home of the world".
1. Establishment time: about 2070 BC. 2. Founder: Yu. 3. Capital: Yangcheng. 4. Government agencies: castles, palaces, military, criminal law and prisons.
(1) Xia Dynasty became the first slave country in China;
1, the Xia Dynasty divided the people by region (Kyushu); Tribes divide people by blood;
2. Establish state institutions that oppress people: army, criminal law and prison;
3. "Hereditary system of the throne" replaced "abdication system" and began to "rule the world"
It should be a kind of social progress that "hereditary throne system" replaces "abdication system" The fundamental reason is the development of social productive forces, which leads to the emergence of private ownership and the emergence of opposing classes.
The reasons for the demise of summer are: Xia Jie is autocratic, dissolute, building large-scale projects and exploiting people.
Second, the establishment of Shang Dynasty.
In BC 1 and 1600, Shang Tang established the Shang Dynasty, with its capital in Bo.
2. Pan Geng moved the capital: 65438 BC+0300 BC.
3. Politics, economy and culture of Shang Dynasty
Politically: it was one of the largest countries in the world at that time.
Economically, bronzes are widely used in agriculture, animal husbandry and handicrafts, creating a splendid bronze civilization.
Culturally, Oracle Bone Inscriptions already has the basic form of Chinese character structure, which is a mature writing.
Third, the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty
1. Date of establishment: BC 1046.
2. Founder: Zhou Wuwang
3. Capital: Haojiang (now Xi 'an)
4. Politics and Economy of Western Zhou Dynasty
Politics: enfeoffment system
Agriculture: the variety of crops is increased and artificial irrigation is implemented.
Handicraft industry: fine division of labor (hundreds of workers); Primitive porcelain making is more common.
Construction industry: "tile" began to be used in construction.
Fourth, the demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the establishment of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
1, the time of the demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty: 77 BC1,the dog army invaded Haojing.
2. Early Eastern Zhou Dynasty: In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi (now Luoyang).
5. What are the similarities between the demise of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties? What can we learn from it?
(1) A dissolute and tyrannical monarch will be abandoned by the people.
(2) Rulers should be diligent and love the people, and policies should conform to the wishes of the people; Appoint people on their merits and learn from others.
(3) The more help you get, the less help you lose.
Function of enfeoffment system
The role of the Policy of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in the compilation of Zhou Wang's enfeoffment system by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty: "Grant land to the people" Duties of the vassal states: obey Zhou Wang, govern the vassal states and defend Zhou Wang. ...... former aristocrats based on blood, in-laws, in-laws, meritorious service and enfeoffment A. Strengthen the economic and cultural ties between Zhou royal family and vassal states. B, promote economic development and cultural development in remote areas. Second, the army, criminal law and etiquette education 1, Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties ruled the people, the army, criminal law-etiquette education by violent means-Huairou policy, military criminal law: external warfare, internal repression, resistance etiquette education: cooperate with violent repression, adjust social contradictions and stabilize social order.
The origin of the names "Spring and Autumn" and "Warring States" of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period and the seven heroes in the Warring States Period is 1. During the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), the disintegration of slave society moved from unity to division. 2. During the Warring States Period (475-22 BC1), the formation of feudal society moved from division to unity. It was compiled by Confucius, the earliest chronological history book in China.
Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC)
Reasons and purposes of feudal lords' hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period
Reason: Zhou lost his former power. (Shown in the fact that the governors did not listen to the emperor's orders and did not fulfill their obligations, and the decrees were conquered by the governors. ) purpose: in order to have the right to dominate other princes. Got the political and economic privileges that Zhou once enjoyed. )
First, Qi Huangong is dominant.
1, Qi Huangong's number one reason:
Politically and economically, Guan Zhong became prime minister, actively reforming internal affairs and developing production; (root cause)
The strategic means put forward the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries", which conformed to the political situation and people's hearts at that time.
Geographical location with superior natural conditions (a big country in the East, superior fish and salt, and rich economy)
2. The symbol of Qi Huangong's hegemony is Kwai Meng (65 BC1).
Second, win the Central Plains (Chu Jin strives for hegemony)
1, Jin Wengong is dominant: before the battle of Chengpu in 632-winning more with less (avoiding three houses)
2. Chu Zhuangwang strives for hegemony: 597 years before the Battle of Thailand (if you don't fly, you will have it, and if you fly, you will go to heaven. If you don't sing, you will.
3. Song Xianggong's hegemony: complete failure.
4. Qin Mugong dominates the West; Wuyue is fighting for hegemony in Jiangnan.
Third, unite Lian Heng.
1, the seven heroes of the Warring States were divided into Jin: Zhao, Wei and Han. The primitive countries in the Spring and Autumn Period were Qi (Tian replaced Qi and continued to use Qi), Chu, Qin and Yan.
2. Seven Heroes (Names, Places)
3. Combine with Lian Heng.
Qin Xiaogong acceded to the throne, appointed Wei Yang as prime minister, and carried out political reform, namely "Shang Yang Political Reform", which greatly accelerated the process of abolishing slavery in Qin, and its national strength increased rapidly. Qin gradually developed into the most powerful country among the seven countries.
A famous couple in Qin State: Zhang Yi.
Wei Gongsun Yan and Su Qin.
Fourth, how to treat the hegemony during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period?
Reason:
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the royal family of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty declined.
(2) The development of productive forces makes social and economic development.
(3) The strength of the vassal states increased.
Purpose:
Struggle for land, population and rule over other vassal States
Nature:
In essence, the "unjust Spring and Autumn War" and the hegemonic war are all aimed at satisfying the selfish desire of slave owners to expand their territory and plunder their wealth.
V. Influence of the Spring and Autumn War
Passivity has brought heavy disasters and pains to people.
+1 accelerated the pace of China's reunification.
2. Accelerated the replacement process of the old and new systems.
3. Promote national integration.
4. Promote economic and cultural development and exchanges.
From traditional iron Niu Geng to institutional change.
Social changes triggered by Iron Niu Geng
First, from thousand couples to individual farming, from "thousand couples to individual farming"
1, iron tools and Niu Geng
Niu Geng: It appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and was popular in the Warring States Period.
Significance: It marks the remarkable improvement of social productive forces.
A thousand coupled clouds-it's too late for public service.
Individual cultivated land is divided faster.
Second, the trend of the times competing for reform.
Wei-Li Kui; Chu State-Wuqi; South Korea-Shen Buhai; Qi-Zou Ji; Qin State-Shang Yang
Third, Shang Yang's political reform.
1, historical background:
(1) the needs of feudal economic development
During the Warring States period, the popularity of this iron tool in Niu Geng improved productivity and a new mode of production appeared ("working late, dividing fields quickly")
(2) In order to enrich Qiang Bing, the vassal states successively carried out reforms.
2. The purpose of Shang Yang's political reform is to introduce talents, enrich Qiang Bing and strengthen political reform.
3. Time: Qin Xiaogong in 356 BC.
4. The main content of Shang Yang's political reform.
5. The function (significance) of Shang Yang's political reform.
Politically, Qin abolished the old system and established a new system, which has undergone fundamental changes.
Militarily: Qin Jun's combat effectiveness has been greatly improved.
Economically: Qin has developed social economy.
6. Reasons for the success of Shang Yang's political reform.
1, the direct concrete reasons: A Qin and Hong Xiao support the content of B reform, the strategy of C quotient Yang, and the people of D.
2. Deep-seated reasons:
A conforms to the trend of the times (the fundamental reason), and B represents the interests of the emerging landlord class.
After Qin Xiaogong's death, Shang Yang was executed, so was the political reform a success or a failure? Why?
The criterion for judging the success or failure of a reform lies in whether its purpose is achieved. The personal tragedy of reformers cannot be confused with the success or failure of reform.
7. Enlightenment from the success of Shang Yang's political reform;
(1) The change will not be smooth sailing, so we must persevere.
(2) It takes courage to change, even at the cost of blood.
(3) Only by adapting to the changes of the times can we promote social progress.
How to learn the history of grade one in junior high school and do a good job in preview, listening and review. Careful preview before class can help students have a simple understanding of the historical events and people to be talked about, and find out what they don't understand, so that they can get answers or ask questions to the teacher during the lecture. Listening carefully in class is the key to understanding and mastering knowledge.
History is a subject with strong memory. The acquisition of historical events, historical figures, historical processes, historical concepts and other knowledge is completed through memory, which is the first step to learn history well. Without a firm memory of historical knowledge, it is impossible to understand and use it.