1937, Japanese imperialism created the Lugouqiao Incident in an attempt to create a second Manchukuo in North China. China's high command knows that war is inevitable. According to the first situation of the national defense plan, the army first prepares to concentrate its forces to annihilate 3,000 Japanese marines in Shanghai, and the navy prepares to blockade Jiangyin and annihilate the Japanese Yangtze River Fleet. However, the secret leaked out, and the Japanese Yangtze River Fleet fled the Yangtze River estuary in a hurry.
China's army will never tolerate the presence of Japanese Marines in Shanghai, when the war has already started in North China.
Moreover, from the beginning of the war, the stipulation that China's army could not be stationed in Shanghai after the1/October 28th incident was naturally invalid in China's view.
On August 13, the China army secretly stationed at Hongqiao Airport fought for the Battle of Songhu, killing the Japanese captain Dashan Yongfu who came to scout.
The Battle of Songhu (known as the Second Shanghai Incident in Japan) broke out on1August 937 13. This was the first important battle between China and Japan in China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and it was also the largest and most tragic battle in the whole Sino-Japanese war.
This campaign marked the real beginning of a full-scale war between the two countries, and the regional conflict after the Lugouqiao Incident escalated into a full-scale war.
1937 August 13 at 9: 00 am 15, Japanese heavy artillery bombarded Zhabei.
A Japanese Marine Corps, from Tiantong 'an and Hengbang Road, crossed Songhu Road, rushed into Baoshan Road and shot at our security team near Xibaoxing Road.
Our army fought back in self-defense.
The August 13th Sino-Japanese War in Shanghai began.
The reason why the word "incident" was used instead of "fighting" was because Japan's war of aggression against China was seriously underestimated at that time.
The battle was fought in the urban and suburban areas of Shanghai, the largest city in the Far East at that time.
Only the French Concession in Shanghai and the half of the Shanghai Concession south of Suzhou River are armed and neutral, and they are divided into defense zones of French, British, American and Italian troops respectively.
Gongxian Concession to the north of Suzhou Creek and its cross-border road-building area belong to the Japanese defense zone and are the operational bases of the Japanese army in Shanghai.
China and Japan have about 6,543,800 troops fighting.
The movement itself lasted for three months and can be divided into three stages.
In the first stage, from August of 13 to September of1/0/,the National Revolutionary Army defended the city and prevented the Japanese from landing. In the second stage, from September to June in 12165438+14 October, the two armies were involved in bloody street fighting for the control of the city. In the final stage,165438+1From October 5 to the end of the month, the China army was attacked by the Japanese flank and retreated.
Shanghai fell 165438+ 10/0/2.
Although China was defeated in the Battle of Shanghai and Shanghai, it paid a very expensive price.
But this has bought time for the inward development of China's national industry.
It makes the world clearly see China's position that it will not wait for Japan to conquer and embezzle territory piece by piece, and also proves that China will never surrender to Japan.
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8 13 Battle Time of Songhu: The Cause and Background of the Battle of Songhu
Introduction: The Japanese ruling clique has determined the mainland policy of invading China. During the "September 18th" invasion of northeast China and its expansion to north China, Japanese interests accelerated the pace of aggression against China.
In 1930s, Japan's national economy developed rapidly, and the industrial production index rose from 100 in 929 to 1936, reaching 150 and 1937.
The average annual growth rate in eight years is 6.8%, but the growth rate of Japanese industrial production can not be examined by normal domestic production.
1930 and193 were in economic crisis, so it began to develop at an average annual growth rate of 9% in 1932, which was 12.7% higher than that in 1936.
The invasion of China with a certain scale has gained such great benefits that the first step of the mainland policy has become a reality, and the invasion of China will be more actively expanded.
Japan's industrial structure, 1930, the ratio of heavy industry to light industry is 38: 62, 193 1, and in the 32 years after the war of aggression against China, the military industry has developed greatly, reaching 193? In, the proportion of heavy industry and light industry dominated by military industry became 58: 42.
The economy that served the war of aggression developed to a certain extent, which in turn promoted the war.
Japan's politics also quickly embarked on the fascist rule of imperial power system.
1936 On February 20th, the Liberal Democratic Party just won a majority in the parliamentary elections, and on February 26th, a fascist military coup took place. "Emperor Zong" officers led1more than 500 officers and men to attack Prime Minister Capgemini Okada, killing many cabinet officials, including 1932.5- 198.
After the coup, Hirota Hong Wen was appointed Prime Minister of the Cabinet, and a military-led cabinet was formed. Significantly increase the military budget and vigorously promote heavy industry with military production as the mainstay.
After the "226" coup, Hirota's cabinet began Japanese imperial fascism.
In the following more than a year, although the cabinet was frequently mobilized, the fascist rule was increasingly intensified.
1937, 1 1 year, the imperial base camp was established, and the war command was concentrated in the hands of Lu Haijun generals, who acted under the direct power of the emperor; All suspects with liberal or radical tendencies were arrested. By the end of June, 1937, 12 and 37 1 had been arrested.
Japan completely practices military fascism.
1In August, 936, the Cabinet of Hirota, Japan, held a five-phase meeting of Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, Tibet, Mainland and Ocean, and determined the outline of the national policy, taking "ensuring the status of the empire in East Asia and developing to the South Ocean" as Japan's "fundamental national policy".
The Outline stipulates that foreign countries should "eliminate the threat of the northern Soviet Union, guard against Britain and the United States at the same time, realize the close system of Japan, Manchuria and China" and "seek Japan's national and economic development from the South Ocean, especially South Asia (Indonesia)"; Internally, "measures must be taken to guide and unify domestic public opinion and take measures to' improve national thinking'" to strengthen fascist rule.
According to this plan, the army has formulated a five-year expansion plan centered on the large-scale expansion of the air force and troops in the northeast; The navy has also made a grand shipbuilding plan. 1937, Japan's military budget accounted for more than 60% of the national budget.
1937 Battle of Songhu: An inch of mountains and rivers and an inch of blood fought for a tragic position.
The Battle of Songhu was the battle of China's army against Japanese invaders attacking Shanghai from August 1937 to 165438+ 10/2, also known as "August 13th Battle of Songhu".
Songhu area is located at the intersection of Huangpu River and Wusong River in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and it is the gateway of the Yangtze River.
Due to the restriction of the "Songhu Armistice Agreement" after the 1932 "1.28" incident, China's army could not enter Shanghai and its surrounding areas, and only two regiments, the Shanghai Garrison Corps and the Jiangsu Security Force, which were under the jurisdiction of the Songhu Garrison Commander yang hu, entered the urban area, with weak forces.
However, after the "December 28th Incident", Japan stationed heavy troops in Hongkou and Yangshupu, Shanghai, and established the Japanese Marine Corps Command in Shanghai. There are more than 3,000 marines stationed in Shanghai, and a large number of Japanese ships patrol the Yangtze River and Huangpu River all the year round.
(1) attack phase
At August 1 1 Sunday 2 1, the 87th and 88th divisions of the 9th Army, which were on standby in the open air on both sides of the highway as early as the beginning of the month, entered the urban area overnight after receiving the telephone order to advance to Shanghai, and the 87th division was pushed to the north outside the Japanese concession in Jiangwan New District, and the 88th division also quickly arrived at the North Station for protection.
Zhang Zhizhong, commander-in-chief of the group army, plans to besiege the Japanese naval headquarters in Zhabei with the 88th Division and advance to Dagong Cotton Mill with the 87th Division. The two divisions quickly cleared the Japanese strongholds, and then blocked Haikou to prevent enemy backup troops from landing.
14 In August, 10, the China Air Force bombed the Japanese strongholds such as Huishan Wharf, Japanese Navy Command, and Cotton Mill of Polytechnic University with limited resources. It was the 87th Division and the 88th Division that began to attack day and night (although the Battle of Songhu was called 8 13 in history, the actual situation was 8 14, which was actually a small-scale conflict before). 39866.88868888686
However, it turns out that the preparations of the national army are not sufficient, and neither the understanding of the enemy nor the training of the troops (especially the training of artillery) is far from ideal, so the attack was immediately resisted by the Japanese army. The National Army's 15mm German heavy artillery was helpless in the face of the prestigious fortifications around the enemy headquarters (Mr. Jiang once said to Zhang Zhizhong before the war: "The reinforced concrete of the Japanese camp is really as strong as a fortress. Can fifteen years of heavy howitzers and 500 pounds of bombs be destroyed? I hope we can discuss it again. "
In fact, the artillery who participated in the war did not know how to command the enemy's fortifications at close range with heavy artillery. At the beginning of the war, they didn't get the surprise attack effect and the "first Mover" advantage, and the enemy and I quickly formed a stalemate.
For three days in a row, although the soldiers of the national army maintained high morale for the country and launched three fierce attacks on the enemy head-on, causing heavy casualties to the enemy, the effective method of killing the enemy is basically individual weapons plus flesh and blood.
On August 20, the newly established third war zone readjusted its operational deployment with the aim of "quickly besieging the enemy near Shanghai urban area and crushing its attempt to land along the river and coast".
On the morning of August 20th, the 87th and 88th Divisions, which had been struggling for 6 days, adjusted their attack direction with the help of the 36th Division (Song Xilian Division, just transferred from Xi 'an) (former enemy commander-in-chief Chen Cheng inspected the front line and Zhang Zhizhong decided). At the cost of heavy casualties, they broke through the depth of Japanese positions on August 2 1 and once captured Huishan Wharf, which is expected to encircle enemy marines. However, because the enemy reinforcements have landed and arrived one after another, attack force stopped attacking and split his troops to land against the threat of the left wing, thus losing a chance to turn the situation around.
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What did the Japanese army experience for China in the three months of the Battle of Shanghai and Songsong?
Introduction: On July 1937, 1 1, Hasegawa, commander of the 3rd Fleet of Japanese Navy in China, arrived in Shanghai by flagship.
In the afternoon, a special safety meeting was held on the ship, attended by: naval attache Honda Fu, Sasuke Chongye, Tanaka, chief of staff of the 3rd Fleet Iwamura, commander of the land team Okauchi, army attache Sido, etc. To discuss the so-called protection of overseas Chinese in Japan.
On July 23rd, a large number of overseas Chinese from Japan arrived in Shanghai and returned home by "Shanghai Maru".
On July 24th, Japanese troops stationed in Shanghai conducted several days of military exercises in Jiangwan.
Marines stationed in Shanghai and Japan threatened that a sailor was missing, and suddenly deployed a post near the border of China in Zhabei to search pedestrians.
(The missing sailor named Masao Miyazaki fled for fear of prostitution and drowned himself in Jingjiang County. I saved him and sent him to Nanjing on the 28th. His personal book conveyed the truth and was accepted by the Consulate General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
)
On July 29, the General Staff Department decided on the "Central Command's Operational Plan for China", proposing to "fight near Qingdao and Shanghai" with some troops.
On August 8, Ito Tanigawa, commander of the Third Fleet of the Japanese Navy, was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the attack on Shanghai.
Kong Xiangxi's finance minister told American reporters: China is rich in financial resources, and it is worth going to war with Japan.
On August 9th, Japanese Navy Yukio Hatoyama and others made trouble at Hongqiao Airport.
There are 10 Japanese ships on the Yangtze River carrying more than 2,000 Japanese marines to Shanghai.
On August 10, more than 20 sasebo warships and 5 transport ships were ordered to set off for Shanghai.
And mobilized the Shanghai-Japan Marine Corps, soldiers and volunteers to the countryside, and about 10,000 people participated in the war.
More than 30 warships from Japan 1 and the Third Fleet gathered in the Huangpu River and the ports below Liuhe River in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
The Hongqiao incident was jointly investigated by China and Japan.
On August 1 1 day, China * * * continued to order Zhang Fakui, commander of the Jiangsu-Zhejiang border region, to send the 55th division, 57th division and 20th brigade of the independent regiment to Pudong and Shanghai suburbs, concentrate the main forces in East China, and prepare to sweep the enemy bases in Shanghai, prevent the enemy from landing, ensure the two wars in Shanghai and consolidate Nanjing.
Japanese ship 14 arrived in Shanghai.
China * * * made the Beijing-Shanghai garrison commander Zhang Zhizhong lead two heavy artillery regiments of the 87th Division, the 88th Division and the 36th Division to advance to the besieging line scheduled by Shanghai, ready to meet them.
The next morning, our army arrived in Shanghai.
The 87th Division entered Wusong, and its main force was stationed in the central area of Shanghai. The 88th Division entered between the North Station and Jiangwan; Zhang Zhizhong is headquartered in Nanxiang (the 36th Division arrived in Shanghai from Xi 'an on August 16, 2006).
On August 12, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China issued a statement on the Hongqiao incident: "China will never give up any part of its territory. In the case of aggression, it can only respond by exercising its natural right to self-defense. " Our army sank the merchant ship at Shiliupu and blocked the Huangpu River to prevent Japanese ships from attacking upstream.
Four more Japanese ships arrived in Shanghai.
The death toll in the battle of Songhu was 800 Li. What was the result of the battle of Songhu?
37 days after the Lugouqiao Incident broke out, the Japanese invaders launched a large-scale attack on Shanghai.
China's army fought bravely for three months in the Battle of Shanghai and Shanghai.
On August 9, 1937, two officers and men of the Chinese marine corps drove into Hongqiao airport for armed provocation, and were immediately killed by Japanese defenders.
/kloc-in August of 0/3, the Japanese army used this as an excuse to attack Shanghai on a large scale (August 13th Incident).
The Ninth Army of the Chinese Army led by Zhang Zhizhong rose to resist.
* * * * * has mobilized more than 700,000 people from six group armies to participate in the war and won the first battle.
From August 23rd, from late September to early June 10, Japanese reinforcements landed in Shanghai one after another.
At dawn on September 30th, the Japanese army stormed the China army, and the China garrison was in a bitter struggle, with heavy casualties.
165438+1On October 5th, the Japanese army landed in Hangzhou Bay, detoured to the defenders and surrounded Shanghai.
The defenders were forced to retreat.
165438+1October 12, Shanghai fell.
In the last stage of the campaign, on the evening of 10/0/26, more than 400 people (called "eight hundred heroes" by the press) of the 2nd Battalion of the 524th Regiment, 88th Division of the Chinese Army, guarding the stadium defense line, were ordered to hold the four-row warehouse on the north bank of Suzhou Creek under the command of Xie Jinyuan, the deputy head of the regiment, and Yang Ruifu, the battalion commander, to cover the main force's westward withdrawal overnight.
Under the heavy encirclement of the Japanese army, the China army guarding the four-row warehouse fought alone for four days and nights, repelling dozens of enemy attacks under the cover of planes, tanks and artillery.
At the same time, the people of Shanghai also supported and encouraged these brave men with great patriotic enthusiasm.
People risked their lives to send condolences and medicines to the four-row warehouse to support the strong men in fighting against the Japanese army.
On 30th, the defenders received an order to retreat, and the defenders of China rushed out of the tight encirclement and retreated into the British Concession.
In this heroic battle, China's army was outnumbered and killed more than 200 Japanese soldiers, which was praised as a miracle by the international community.
Japanese imperialism attacked Shanghai, which seriously threatened Chiang Kai-shek's rule, and * * * * was forced to fight against Japan. Since then, the whole country has entered War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
What was the ending of the battle between Shanghai and Song in eight hundred heroes?
Eight hundred heroes fought a bloody battle with the Japanese army for four days and nights in the four-row warehouse, killing more than 200 people, and killing more than 30 people himself, successfully completing the task.
On June1937165438+1October 12, all Japanese troops withdrew from Shanghai, and the Japanese troops surrounded the concession. The lonely military camp has become an island in an island and the last spiritual fortress of Shanghai's anti-Japanese war.
For a period of time, ordinary people in the camp were not restricted, and Shanghai compatriots could contact the camp at will. On the way to the lonely military camp, people come and go every day, like saints flocking to the holy land.
With the change of the situation in Shanghai, Japanese and puppet activities are increasingly rampant. They threatened and lured Xie Jinyuan and others in an attempt to make them defect, but Xie Jinyuan did not waver.
Seeing that the lure was ineffective, the enemy was ready to kill him.
1941On the morning of April 24th, when Xie Jinyuan was leading his morning exercise, four people, including Hao Mou, a lone traitor bought by the enemy, were suddenly attacked and died.
After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Japanese army broke into the solitary camp in19412, detained all the solitary troops and sent them to Wusongkou for custody, ending the four-year solitary camp life.
Since then, the Japanese army has done all kinds of harm to the solitary army, forcing them to dig trenches and do coolies, and later took them to Nanjing Tiger Bridge Prison.
Even in this cruel environment, 800 heroes still showed indomitable spirit and fought against the enemy.
In order to disintegrate the solitary army, the Japanese army still held 800 heroes in solitary confinement, and sent some of them to Hangzhou, Nanyang and other places for hard labor. Only after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War did the survivors regain their freedom.
The influence of the Battle of Songhu on War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression changed the strategic axis of China and Japan.
The Battle of Songhu was the first large-scale battle between China and Japan in China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and it was also the largest and most tragic battle in the whole Sino-Japanese war.
For China, this battle marks the real beginning of an undeclared all-out war between the two countries. ...
First, the lasting influence on China politics.
Impact on Shanghai's urban growth: The three-month battle between Songhu and Shanghai was unprecedentedly fierce, which greatly changed the spatial pattern of Shanghai's urban growth.
The area north of the Gusu River in Shanghai, including the Shanghai Volkswagen Concession and the northern and eastern areas of Zhabeihua Street, was once the most agile area in Shanghai in the early 20th century. Because it controlled the despicable coastline of Huangpu River, it took the train by land genre.
During the Battle of Songhu, Zhabei and Hongkou became the confrontation line between the Chinese and Japanese armies. Near Zhabei 100% was destroyed by bonfires, and losses in Hongkou and Yangshupu reached 70%. The losses in other southern suburbs and Wusong are also quite tense.
Several buildings were buried in the fire, and millions of local residents were forced to flee to the concession area south of Gusu River.
Later, the elite of Shanghai metropolis was completely integrated in the limited concession area south of Gusu River, and the area north of Gusu River declined nervously, which had a lasting impact on the growth of Shanghai's later metropolis.
The ruins of the battle later formed a large number of poor households and refugees living in them, which used to be a very eye-catching urban landscape in Shanghai for a long time.
Second, influence the Japanese front.
At present, the Japanese army has a strong fighting capacity, but its resources are insufficient and its war potential is not great. At the same time, we should also prepare for Russia. If we can concentrate our superior forces at the beginning of using force against China, destroy China's force in the shortest time, and force China to make peace before the foreign powers interfere or help, Japan can achieve the effect of a quick victory.
Judging from the activities of the Japanese army in Northeast China for many years, it is easy for the Japanese army to point to Ping Jin in the early days, but the capture of Ping Jin will not force China to surrender. If the Japanese army can take advantage of the geographical situation in North China, which is conducive to motorized troops and artillery activities, it will quickly go south along the Pinghan Railway and point to Hankou, and another army will go north along the Yuehan Railway from Guangzhou and point to Wuchang. Once the Japanese army in the north and south quickly divides Wuhan, it will force China to be isolated from the east and the west. The manpower and material resources of the richest areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China cannot be moved to Sichuan, and China cannot continue to fight. At the same time, the Japanese army can capture the main force of China Army in the east of Pinghan-Yuehan Railway, and the Japanese army can use its powerful firepower to defeat the China Army, which has lost its supply line and has no favorable terrain to use.
China's existing combat power is not strong. If we want to make a quick decision on the Japanese army, we can only take advantage of other superior conditions in China, adopt the strategy of continuous consumption, avoid a decisive battle with the Japanese army too early, consume the Japanese army's fighting capacity at the same time, and actively cultivate its fighting capacity. After the Japanese army's offensive is shaken, we will take an offensive to annihilate the Japanese army.
Although there is a saying in Sun Tzu's Art of War: One soldier is more expensive than long.
Fighting a protracted war of attrition will do great harm to China. However, due to two objective conditions, China has many brave people and vast advantageous terrain. It can not be afraid of the enemy's killing, can exchange space for space, and use the advantageous terrain to stop the enemy from advancing.
From the foregoing analysis of the Japanese quick-fix battle route, we can see that if China wants to wage a protracted war of attrition, it must prevent the Japanese from gaining control of Wuhan too early and being attacked by the north and south, and then it must change the direction of the Japanese battle route.
At the beginning of the Battle of Songhu, the Japanese first sent five divisions from China to fight in Shanghai. After struggle, it transferred two Japanese divisions and a detachment fighting on the Pinghan railway line in North China to Shanghai to fight. 1At the beginning of 0/0, the Japanese army shifted its main battle from North China to Shanghai.
At the same time, the Japanese army going south along the Pinghan Railway was threatened by the China army in Shanxi, and the soldiers marched into Shanxi in two ways, which delayed the Japanese army's going south.
Reasons for the failure of the Battle of Songhu —— Analysis of several problems in the Battle of Songhu
Introduction: 1937 "8. 13" Battle of Songhu was considered as the symbol of China's all-round war of resistance. In this three-month earth-shattering campaign, China and Japan mobilized more than one million troops (the Japanese mobilized about 250,000 troops, with more than 40,000 casualties; China mobilized about 750,000 troops with more than 250,000 casualties). Chiang Kai-shek won the respect of western countries for China's indomitable spirit of anti-Japanese war with the tragic fighting sacrifice of the most elite troops, which also made * * * and various warlords really trust Chiang Kai-shek to lead the anti-Japanese war (in the past, in order to prevent Chiang Kai-shek from using the anti-Japanese war to destroy dissidents, various warlords adopted a perfunctory attitude); More importantly, the Battle of Songhu completely shattered Japan's wild talk of "national subjugation in March" and dragged Japan into the quagmire of war.
1937 August 13 at 9: 00 am 15, Japanese heavy artillery bombarded Zhabei.
A Japanese Marine Corps, from Tiantong 'an and Hengbang Road, crossed Songhu Road, rushed into Baoshan Road and shot at our security team near Xibaoxing Road.
Our army fought back in self-defense.
The August 13th Sino-Japanese War in Shanghai began.
Analysis of ground combat process and some problems.
I. Analysis of the strategic situation between the two sides before the war
1, strength and combat power of both sides:
China Army: The total strength is about 50,000.
A. Army: 87th, 88th and 36th Divisions, 20th Brigade, Shanghai Police Corps, Jiangsu Guard, 2nd Artillery Corps, 1st Battalion.
B. navy: about ten ships of various types.
C air force: about 250 aircraft can support operations.
Japan: The total ground force is about15,000 people.
A. Army: An infantry brigade has about 2 100 people, and there are about 3,600 people in rural areas.
B Navy: There are more than 30 ships and about 3,200 marines, and about 3,000 sailors are transferred to join the Marine Corps.
C. air force: there are about one hundred new planes.
In terms of the number of troops, China's army is more than twice that of the Japanese army, but the Japanese army has stronger fighting capacity and firepower.
2. The positions of the forces of both sides:
The Japanese army can make amphibious landings from the south bank of the Yangtze River estuary and the north bank of Hangzhou Bay, and then break into the two wings of China's army, divide it on the Beijing-Shanghai line, cut off the supply line and retreat of China's army, and completely surround China's army.
China's army faces the river and the sea, and there is nowhere to penetrate, and its strike force is insufficient. The Japanese army landed on both wings, was divided and was wiped out.
3. The relationship between the two forces and their supply lines:
The main base of China's army is Nanjing, and the supply lines are mainly the Beijing-Shanghai line and the Jiaxing-Xing Wu-Nanjing line. The supply line is perpendicular to the front line, but it is interfered by the Japanese air force.
The Japanese base is located in the northeast of China and its mainland. The supply line is very long, and it is supplied by sea, but it can be covered by its navy and air force, so it is safe.