What is the order of English sentences,

The descriptions of words in the two languages are similar:

1 has a stable structural form.

Both have relatively independent concepts.

3 is the structural component of the sentence.

Difference:

1 Pronunciation

2 in written form.

Word formation contrast

Words are the basic units of language, but they are not the smallest meaningful units, and can be divided into smaller units.

Common English word formation: affix, composition, compound, spelling, transformation and reverse formation.

The common word-formation methods in modern Chinese include overlapping method, addition method, compound method and abbreviation method.

1. 1 additional method

In English, it is extremely active. Derivative words of the country

There are obviously not as many affixes expressing part of speech in Chinese as in English, and their productivity is not as good as that in English. Hometown, tiger, noisy, sour

1.2 composite method &; compound

Chinese: Word formation order is mainly restricted by logical causality and syntactic structure.

Ancient and modern, down, good and evil, relatives and friends, stranded, white, unfolding

English: Restricted by the morphological changes of words, try to make the latter word reflect the part of speech of compound words.

Hotline, hardliners, brainwashing, heartbreak.

Pressure mode: "high chair-a chair for babies."

High chair-noun phrase

1.3 abbreviation clip

English: 1 A part of the word is removed, and the left part is more concise in writing form and pronunciation, and the meaning and part of speech are generally the same as the original word. The words thus formed are called abbreviations.

2 acronyms:

Three-letter abbreviation

English: 1 Compress a complex noun into a simple noun, and some abbreviations have been fixed and gradually become new words. For example, educated youth, the People's Liberation Army, and chemical industry.

Summarize the characteristics or components of a group of words with numbers to form new words. For example, five grains and four modernizations.

1.4 overlapping method

English: Reduplicated words are mostly words that imitate sounds.

Chinese: Reduplication is more active.

The use of reduplicated words not only has some emotional significance, but also can bring the effect of harmonious phonology and rhythm, render the atmosphere and enhance the expressive force of language.

The ticking of sleet on the frosted window awakened me from my sleep.

Everything is jumbled up on the luggage rack.

(3) Running soil is called Shui Sheng Arch, but the child is shy and clings tightly behind him.

(4) Science is honest knowledge and needs hard work.

Reduplicated words are a unique phenomenon in Chinese, and almost all entity words can be used reduplicatively. The overlapping forms of Chinese verbs and adjectives have no corresponding forms in English, so it is often difficult to translate from Chinese into English.

(5) The monkey jumped several times in a row and didn't catch the apple.

After retirement, he usually reads books, plays chess and chats with old friends, but he is not lonely.

Part of speech contrast

Vocabulary in English and Chinese is traditionally divided into two categories: notional words and function words, which are subdivided into different categories according to their collocation characteristics.

The division of parts of speech is basically the same However, the collocation ability of the same part of speech in the two languages is not the same, and the components in the huge sum are also different. English is a comprehensive analytical language, and words have morphological changes. Chinese is a typical analytical language, and words have no morphological changes. In addition, there are a certain number of function words in both languages, which are not only inconsistent in classification, but also quite different in usage. This part mainly compares nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions and prepositions to find out the similarities and differences between English and Chinese corresponding parts of speech.

2. 1 noun comparison

Classification and comparison

English: countable nouns and uncountable nouns; China people: countless changes.

In English, we can directly use the plural form of countable nouns to express vague quantitative relations, while in Chinese, we should use other means, such as quantitative phrases, adverbs and overlapping forms. For example,

He has changed since we separated.

At the graduation ceremony, a thousand words touched these unruly students.

Translation example:

They walked along the street, passed the shops, crossed a wide square, and then entered a huge building.

There is a canteen around the campus.

There is no doubt that the opponent is strong.

The ancient town is located among beautiful mountains.

(5) The cold night sky is full of stars.

Word formation contrast

The doctor arrived very quickly and gave the patient an unusually careful examination, which made him recover quickly.

(7) It is very necessary to attend academic seminars.

(8) The irrefutable facts prove the objectivity and correctness of this report.

(9) The heater can prevent fog from forming on the window.

Grammatical function contrast

English nouns cannot be used as predicates, but Chinese nouns can. Limited to nouns indicating time, weather and place of origin.

(10) Today is Friday. We are free tomorrow.

(1 1) Rice is two yuan a catty.

Modifier contrast

English generally does not accept the modification of adverbs.

There is a man on the top of the mountain, standing on an old pine tree, facing the scorching sun just coming out of thick clouds, illuminating the farmers who are cutting wheat in the field and three pedestrians on their way home.

The same is true of Chinese.

The positional relationship between modifiers and headwords

The person who attended our party was a professor from a famous foreign university.

(13) Who is that chatterbox?

The man standing at the corner is Tom's brother.

Quantitative modifier

Flowers are everywhere in the yard.

The road was crowded with men and women.

The lion is the king of animals.

(18) Three months have passed and there is still no news from them.

Clause modifier

English: attributive clauses and appositive clauses

(19) The inspired priest taught him the sanctity of life and the importance of behavior, but he was left empty-handed.

He insisted on buying another coat, although he didn't need it.

We know that a cat's eyes can absorb more light than ours, so it can see clearly at night.

The plan was original, independent and heroic, which satisfied all of them.

He walked through the middle of the garden, moving his fingers, and her greeting made his fingers numb.

2.2 Verb contrast

There are many differences:

The biggest difference is that English verbs have grammatical morphological changes and express various grammatical meanings; Chinese verbs have no morphological changes, and the morphology itself cannot express grammatical meaning.

English verbs are the core of English sentences; Chinese sentences can be without verbs.

Transitive verbs with or without objects.

English verbs are not as frequent as Chinese verbs.

A contrastive study of grammatical meanings of English and Chinese verbs

English verbs involve six grammatical categories: person, number, tense, aspect, modal voice and modality/mood.

Chinese verbs have no morphological changes, and the realization of grammatical meaning is reflected by context and vocabulary (time words, adverbs, auxiliary words, etc.). ) and intonation. Verbs can flexibly choose the way to express grammatical meaning.

This difference should be noted.

I am a middle school teacher, and my dream is to teach college students.

He knows about you.

When you are at home, I will lie in bed.

Who hasn't suffered at my age?

The boys were having fun when the wire caught fire.

A contrastive study of sentence-making functions of English and Chinese verbs

In English sentence-making, a clause generally contains at least one subject-predicate structure, the predicate must be a verb phrase, and the verb is the core of sentence-making.

China pays attention to harmony in making sentences, but the verbs are not necessarily. Except that verbs are sentences, adjective predicate sentences, noun predicate sentences and subject-predicate predicate sentences abound.

A contrastive study of transitivity between English and Chinese verbs

English transitive verbs with objects are mandatory, while Chinese transitive verbs often have no objects.

Example:

Please correct me if there are mistakes in my speech.

That guy lives by borrowing money.

Can the students at the back hear you clearly?

If you have the answer, please write it on the blackboard.

Comparison of Verb Usage Frequency between English and Chinese

In English, verbs are used less frequently than nouns, and vice versa.

Chinese verbs are used more frequently than English verbs.

Example:

Reading makes a full man, discussion a ready man, and writing an exact man.

Xu Beihong paints horses very well.

The thieves realized that the police had found them.

2.3 Comparison of adjectives

Contrast as a supplement

Chinese adjectives as predicates (English can't)

Make a comparison between the subject and the object

A. Comparison of complements

In the SVOC structure with adjectives as complements, verbs mainly express the meanings of "causing" and "thinking", which is very similar to the sentence pattern with "ba" sentence and subject-predicate phrase as objects in Chinese.

Example:

She dyed her white hair black.

She found the child fast asleep.

Chinese adjectives, as complements, have extremely complicated semantic orientation, which can be the subject, object and predicate verb of a sentence.

Example:

Wipe the table clean.

Everyone agrees that it's up to you this time.

B. Chinese adjectives as predicates

Example:

It is too noisy in the room.

His desk is clean and the papers are neat. What a neat young man.

The child quieted down.

It's getting dark

C. comparison of subject and object

Example:

A policy requires many unemployed people to either find jobs or receive full-time training or higher education.

Modesty makes people progress.

Work is beautiful.

2.4 adverb contrast

In spoken English, the use of English simple adverbs exceeds 60%, and in written English it also exceeds 30%. The usage rate of ly adverbs is 20% in spoken language and over 55% in written language. The color of Chinese style is not as obvious as that of English.

For example, he seldom visits me.

That's good.

He is physically weak, but mentally healthy.

What movie is on tonight?

The child is very happy.

2.5 Connection comparison

Difference 1: English conjunctions must be used, Chinese can sometimes be omitted, and logical relations are expressed in word order.

coordinating conjunction

He knows everything, but he knows nothing.

The teacher opened the lecture as usual and began to read aloud.

They have finished half of it, which is not bad.

subordinate conjunctions

As the police said, anything you say may be used as evidence against you.

Grasping the main contradiction, all problems can be solved easily.

Difference 2:

English subordinate conjunctions can only lead to subordinate clauses, while Chinese conjunctions can lead to main clauses.

I can drive, but I'm not skilled enough.

I found that she was not as good as she pretended to be.

Difference 3:

English clauses can be before the main clause (for emphasis) or after the main clause (usually); The position of clauses in Chinese is generally fixed: the partial sentence comes first and the positive sentence comes last.

Try to compare:

A. (Although) I can drive, but my skills are not good enough.

B.* But the technology is not good enough, (though) I can drive.

A.he didn't go with us because he was very busy.

B.he didn't go with us because he was very busy.

Difference 4:

In English, except for a few subordinate conjunctions that can be used with some adverbs to emphasize the relationship between the main clause and some fixed related subordinate conjunctions, subordinate conjunctions are generally used alone; Chinese adverbial conjunctions are usually used in pairs.

If .. then, then ... that ... although ... however ...

You're not as stupid as you look, are you?

Although/but, if/only, even/also

Difference 5:

There are many polysemy and multi-function phenomena in English subordinate conjunctions, while Chinese adverbial conjunctions generally have the same meaning and relatively fixed functions.

The vigorous development of contemporary American English is undeniable.

She hoped that he would arrive on time.

She felt so little sympathy for him, which made him sad.

2.6 preposition contrast

Variance 1:

English prepositions have a wide range of collocation, strong collocation ability and complex usage. Mainly because English prepositions, especially simple prepositions, are generally polysemous words, and each meaning can only be expressed in specific collocation, which is usually fixed. In addition, English prepositions, as a means of connection, cannot be omitted at will, otherwise sentences with grammatical obstacles will appear, which is mandatory.

The meaning of Chinese prepositions is not so rich. In many cases, prepositions can be omitted without affecting the expression of meaning.

Difference 2:

English prepositions can be followed by clauses and adverbs, but not Chinese.

so far

You can take anything with you except what mentioned above.

Difference 3:

English prepositions can form fixed collocations, and Chinese is not like fixed phrases.

At home, at school, at hand, at the dinner table, by chance …

These phrases can only be accumulated and memorized in the process of learning, rather than a simple rule or two.

Defective buildings were the cause of the crash.

The police are responsible for maintaining public order and safety.

A people's government is responsible to the people.

Difference 4:

Some English prepositions imply comparative meaning and negative meaning. Prepositions that indicate implied comparative meaning are usually prepositions that indicate time or orientation.

He graduated a year later than me.

The economy of remote inland areas is at least 20 years behind that of coastal areas.

I won't pay any more money than the stipulated price.

His performance is far beyond our imagination.

Prepositions that indicate negative meanings are usually prepositions that indicate time or orientation.

He has no right to make such a decision.

This translation is still not perfect.

Semantic contrast

3. 1 contrast of referential meaning

Referential meaning: design meaning/naming meaning

Because of different history, different cultural backgrounds and different ways of thinking, different nationalities have different ways and angles to understand and describe the objective world.

A. the phenomenon of complete equivalence between English and Chinese referential meanings

Common in special words, technical terms or natural phenomena.

the United Nations (UN)

Pacific Pacific Pacific

Earthquake earthquake

B. partial correspondence between English and Chinese referential meanings

Words have different meanings in their own languages, of which only one or several meanings are the same, while other meanings are completely different.

The concept or meaning range of words in English is wider than that of corresponding Chinese words.

This river is very clear.

He has a runny nose.

He runs a bookstore.

He spent all his money.

The ship hit the rocks.

This novel has been published in ten editions.

The concept or meaning range of words in English is narrower than that of corresponding Chinese words.

Error analysis:

Can you introduce me to a book?

Take the word eat for example. The Chinese definition provided in the dictionary is usually "eat". But eat is generally limited to eating things like food, and many other uses of "eat" in Chinese often cannot be translated into eating, as shown in the following examples:

take medicine

regret

Be surprised

Suffering

suffer wastage

Live on past gains/achievements

Very popular

He has booked a train ticket to Beijing.

The two sides reached a ceasefire agreement.

They have made a production plan for next year.

She ordered herself a pizza.

C. the phenomenon that English and Chinese reference meanings are completely different

This kind of vocabulary often carries a nation's extremely unique cultural connotation or has a special background.

For example, when water gate is used as a common noun, its corresponding meaning in Chinese is "sluice", and when Watergate is used as a special noun, it refers to the leak scandal in Watergate Building where the headquarters of the Democratic Party of the United States is located, June 1972. Because there is no corresponding word in Chinese, it is translated into "Watergate Incident or Scandal" through interpretation. Another example is:

3.2 Lenovo meaning comparison

Connotative meaning, also known as connotative meaning, refers to the special information, value or emotional attitude of words in different contexts, or in different discourses, or when they are used by speakers with different identities.

In the process of language learning, it is more difficult to determine the associative meaning of words than the referential meaning, because the associative meaning of words mainly comes from various contexts and is often subtle and elusive; No dictionary can contain the possible associative meanings of words. This requires learners to master not only enough language knowledge, but also extensive background knowledge.

A. the phenomenon of similar associative meanings in English and Chinese

* * * The human mind.

"Pig": an inferior, stupid, vulgar and dirty animal, because of its breeding environment and life temperament, it may be associated with ugliness or even disgust.

Take pigs to the wrong market

Bag pigs

Living in clover like a pig

Teach pigs to play the flute

Pigs may fly (if they have wings).

We may win! Pigs may fly.

Chinese: What are the expressions related to "pig"?

Similarity of associative meaning is more common in proverbs:

fish in troubled 【muddied】waters

pour oil on the fire

Wall has ears.

Strike while the iron is hot.

B. Contradictions between English and Chinese associative meanings

Personality of human thinking

For example: Haiyan in the Storm.

dog

Every dog has its own day.

Help the lame dog cross the fence.

Smart dog

Lucky dog

How do you feel if Lu Xun's Sangguquan and Reservoir Dogs are translated into stray dogs and dogs in the water?

Syntactic contrast

English attaches great importance to hypotaxis, emphasizing the integrity of sentence structure and the standardization of structural form.

Chinese emphasizes parataxis and logic.

There can be modifiers before and after English sentence components, and there is obvious correlation between the main clause and the subordinate clause. Phrases form overlapping multi-level phrases, and the resulting sentence is like a "towering tree with branches".

Short sentences are commonly used in Chinese, and related words are often omitted between clauses. The logical relationship and semantics of sentences are reflected by the order of clauses. Nouns are not allowed to have post-attributes, and the pre-attributes cannot be too long. The resulting sentence is still like "blue waves rippling, step by step."

Comparison of basic sentence patterns

Similarities: they are all arranged in the order of subject and predicate.

Differences: English requires a complete subject-predicate structure and must contain finite predicate verbs; Not all Chinese are.

Sentence structure hierarchy

In English compound sentences, clauses are syntactically hierarchical, with one clause as the sentence component of the next higher-level clause, such as:

He is the man whom we mentioned at the meeting.

Sentence structure hierarchy

There are logical and semantic relations between clauses in Chinese complex sentences, while syntactic relations are independent, equal and parallel relations, not hierarchical relations in English.

Although he is knowledgeable, the students don't like him very much because he always squints at people. (Causality)

sentence constituent

Subject and predicate verbs are the basic components of English sentences.

Chinese sentences can be divided into subject-predicate sentences and non-subject-predicate sentences, and almost all parts of speech in subject-predicate sentences can be used as predicates.

He is twenty-five years old.

She is very beautiful.

But in Chinese:

Today is my birthday.

The scenery here is really beautiful.

Take an English exam tomorrow.

It's windy

The weather is sunny!

Comparison of English and Chinese subjects

Instinctive subject and spiritual subject, subject-predicate sentence and unowned sentence as subjects

Inanimate subject and spiritual subject

There is a very spiritual saying: take people or animals as agents.

Instinctive sentence: taking inanimate things as agents (not much Chinese)

There are a large number of inanimate sentences in English, which can be roughly divided into three types: personification, semi-personification and non-rhetoric.

Considering the rhetorical color of the original sentence, anthropomorphic sentences can be directly transformed into anthropomorphic sentences in Chinese.

Make the language vivid, especially proverbs and aphorisms.

However, some English verbs are difficult to find corresponding verbs in Chinese, so we can only use other ways besides personification.

Semi-anthropomorphic inanimate sentence

Although some lifeless sentences can bring some associations to people, the personification color has faded. This kind of sentences often use verbs such as see and witness as predicates to express some experience.

Semi-anthropomorphic inanimate sentence

This kind of sentence often takes time and place as the subject, and when translated into Chinese, time and place are often used as adverbials.

There are exceptions to the principle of changing the subject occasionally.

An inanimate sentence without rhetorical color

Some inanimate sentences have lost their anthropomorphic rhetoric. Common verbs in such sentences are: find, bring, give, escape, surround, kill, delay, seize, send, know, inform, allow, invite, take away, drive away, be happy, possess, etc.

English sentences often take things or abstract nouns as the subject, which are rigorous in structure, concise, implicit in tone and infectious, and reflect the sense of humor of westerners. Chinese usually takes a specific noun or person as the subject. When translating, we should translate English inanimate sentences into Chinese inanimate sentences-the principle of animation.

Subject-predicate sentence and unowned sentence

There are many sentences without subjects in Chinese, and English needs subjects and predicates except imperative sentences.

Chinese sentences without subject are divided into five categories.

There are some students playing ball games on the playground.

There are many flowers in the yard.

3) Natural phenomena (including time and season) for example: hail.

4) Slogan slogan: No smoking!

5) Proverbs and aphorisms. Shepherd would rather lose wool than sheep.

1) "You" as the predicate verb is equivalent to being … do/do/want to do.

There is a car waiting outside.

A window was broken by a child.

2) The existence, appearance or disappearance of the table-there are generally three translations.

A new bridge was built over the river.

There is a new film on tonight.

3) It is a natural phenomenon and is generally used as the subject.

It is already late autumn.

It's eight o'clock in the morning

4) Slogans

If it appears in a title or slogan, it usually appears as a non-predicate

No smoking!

Go all out to overcome difficulties.

If it appears in an article, it usually appears in the form of a sentence.

5) Proverbs and aphorisms are regarded as phrases, imperative sentences or complete sentences.

The subject is usually the executor of the action or the object stated by the predicate. However, in some English sentences, the subject contains adverbial meaning, and the principle of subject-like can often be adopted when using meaning.

When derived from, derived from, attributed to, etc. Are used as predicates, the subject indicates the result, and the part behind the predicate indicates the reason. This kind of sentence is often expressed by causal sentences in Chinese.

Comparison of English and Chinese Predicates

1) Nouns as verbs as predicates

2) Adjectives as verbs as predicates

3) Verbs with causative meaning act as predicates

4) Static predicates

1) Nouns as verbs as predicates

Although English can't use nouns as predicates directly, a large number of nouns can be transformed into verbs as predicates, which makes the language more concise, compact and vivid and is often used as metaphors.

Sometimes nouns are metaphors when they are converted into verbs, and similes when they are translated into Chinese, such as "like …, like"

2) Adjectives as verbs as predicates, translated as "become, or make ..."

3) Verbs with causative meaning act as predicates

In English, the actor of some predicate verbs is not the subject, but the object, and the subject only urges an action. This kind of sentence is equivalent to make+ compound object, and it is usually translated into a part-language form when translated into Chinese.

4) Static predicates

In Chinese, verbs have no morphological changes. Besides being predicates, they can also be used as subjects, attributes, forms, complements and objects. In English, verbs can only act as predicates and serve as nouns, adjectives, adverbs or non-predicate forms needed by other components. Verbs appear frequently in Chinese, showing dynamic characteristics, while verbs appear less frequently in English, such as weak verbs (be, become) and fuzzy verbs (have, make, take, bring, etc. ) is often used to make English static.

In English, weak verbs are often used instead of specific verbs with strong actions.

Using grammaticalized verbs is more in line with English habits. Fuzzified verbs are mostly polysemous verbs. When they are used as predicates, their meaning is weakened, while the meaning of the following action noun verbs is enhanced.

Logically, adjectives and adverbs modify verbs.

He is an excellent performer.

He is regarded as a poor loser.

My family are all early risers.

As we all know, he made many enemies.

He is a heavy smoker.

He is a good listener, and they like talking with him.

I am not very good at sailing.

Be+adjective+n

We should adopt this model in Chinese-English translation.

She dresses in fashion.

She is very well dressed.

I'm afraid of flying.

I am a nervous pilot.

He always speaks directly.

He has always been an outspoken man.

This structure is of decisive significance.

Comparison of English and Chinese Objects

Same root object

Special verb-object structure

Chinese "Ba" Sentence and English Compound Object

Differences between English and Chinese Object Expressions

1 homologous object

There is a kind of intransitive verb in English, and its noun form can be called cognate object. There is no similar grammatical phenomenon in Chinese, so we should pay attention to Chinese habits in English translation.

Homologous must have adjectives.

2 Special verb-object structure

In English, there is a kind of verb followed by "possessive pronoun+action noun". Although these verbs act as predicates and adverbials of manner in sentences, they need to be adjusted in translation.

She smiled her thanks.

3 Chinese "Ba" sentence and English compound object

The Chinese word "ba" is equivalent to English sentence patterns "get" and "have sth done" (the action is done by others).

The "ba" sentence in Chinese has many expressions in English.

1). We haven't made a long-term plan yet.

A hard day's work exhausted me.

When the table "regards A as B", English can use "regards … as …, regards … as … etc."

At first we all thought he was a coward, but soon we found ourselves wrong.

Double object ba sentence

In Chinese, the object of the object is often placed before the verb, and the object of the person is placed after the verb. In English, two objects are usually placed after verbs.

4 Differences between English and Chinese expression objects

Nominative and accusative

Reflexive pronouns as objects

"mutual" representation

Formal object it

Too ... right sentence patterns

Nominative and accusative

In Chinese, pronouns have no morphological changes and there is no distinction between subject and object, while in English, the situation is just the opposite.

Reflexive pronouns as objects

Mutual representation

To each other/each other/each other

Formal object it

His timely help enabled us to succeed.

Too ... right sentence patterns

This dress is too small (for me).

A comparison between English and Chinese attributives

Attributive position contrast

Formative attributive clause

Separation attribute

Dual possessive case