When did the title of "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" come into being? According to the survey, You Zhu compiled the articles of the above eight essayists into the Collection of Eight Writers in the Early Ming Dynasty, and the names of the eight great writers began. The Wenbian compiled by Tang Shunzhi in the middle of Ming Dynasty only took the articles of eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, and all the articles of other writers were rejected. This has played a certain role in shaping and spreading the names of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Soon after, Mao Kun, who was highly respected, selected eight articles according to the compilation of Zhu and Tang, and compiled them into Notes of Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, so the names of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties were decided.
The Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties were the core figures who presided over the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty. They advocated prose and opposed parallel prose, which had a far-reaching influence on the literary world at that time and later generations.
Han Yu
Han Yu (768-824), known as Han Changli, was an outstanding writer, thinker and leader of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. He is the first of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" and has a lofty position in the history of China's prose development. Su Dongpo praised him as "the decline of eight generations of literature." His articles are magnificent, luxurious and unrestrained, full of twists and turns, novel and concise, logical and rigorous, blending ancient and modern. Things or lyricism have formed a unique style, reaching a height that predecessors have never reached.
liu zongyuan
Liu Zongyuan (773-8 19), with thick words, was a famous thinker and outstanding writer in the Tang Dynasty. As an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty and one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties, Liu Zongyuan opposed the glamorous style of writing that has enveloped the literary world since the Six Dynasties and advocated concise and smooth prose.
Ouyang Xiu
Ouyang Xiu (1007- 1072), whose real name is Yongshu, was an outstanding learned essayist in the Song Dynasty and an outstanding leader of the prose innovation movement? , one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Because of his concern for the country and the people and his outspoken attitude, Ouyang Xiu's career has experienced ups and downs and hardships, but his creation is "the poorer he is, the harder he works". Adhering to the spirit of Han Yu's Preface to Literature, he strongly opposes extravagant and obscure "contemporary prose" and advocates a simple, smooth and natural style of writing. His works have profound connotations, diverse forms, beautiful language, charm and musicality. Many famous works, such as Zuiwengting Ji and Qiusheng Fu, have been passed down through the ages.
Susan
Su Xun, whose real name is Mingyun, is Mei. Su Xun and his sons, Su Shi and Su Zhe, are called "Three Sus". His prose is mainly about history and politics. He inherited the argumentative tradition of Mencius and Han Yu, and formed his own vigorous style with clear language and repeated analysis of truth, which was very brilliant for strategists in the Warring States period. Sometimes you can't help but have a sophistry look, which is its shortcoming. The author of Cargill. Su Shi (1037-1101), a native of Meishan, Sichuan, was named Dongpo lay man. Great writer, painter and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty. The world is called Su Dongpo. Su Zhe (1039-112) was born in Meishan, Sichuan. Influenced by his father and brother, he read widely since he was a child and was ambitious. Song Huizong succeeded to the throne, was pardoned, returned to the north, lived in Yingchang, devoted himself to writing behind closed doors, and lived a leisurely and lonely life for twelve years. Zheng He died two years later at the age of 74. He is the author of Luan Jicheng and Luancheng Postscript.
Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi (102 1- 1086), whose real name was Jing Guogong, was later called Wang. Linchuan, Fuzhou (now Fuzhou, Jiangxi) people. A famous politician, thinker and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. China is one of the famous "Eight Masters of Tang Dynasty" in the history of prose. His prose is steep, concise, philosophical, vigorous, imposing, sharp and argumentative, which creates and develops the characteristics of thorough reasoning, rigorous argumentation, meticulous logic, clear expression and harmonious unity. A unique prose style that combines matter and debate in one furnace.
Ceng Gong
Ceng Gong (10 19- 1083), a native of Nanfeng County, Jianchang Army, was an important backbone of the new ancient prose movement in the Song Dynasty and one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Ceng Gong, who is "twelve years old and speaks amazingly", is alert and intelligent; As an adult, you came out because of literature? It was highly appreciated by Ouyang Xiu, the literary leader at that time. Ceng Gong has a strong Confucianism, advocates the theory that "Tao precedes literature" and attaches importance to the moral cultivation of writers. His academic and articles were widely known before his death, especially after his death. Ceng Gong's prose works are rich, especially his comments and records. . His argumentative paper is full of arguments, full of branches and leaves, full of twists and turns, calm and sincere; Remember? The text is clear, concise, vivid and intriguing.
Eight Records of Yongzhou
liu zongyuan
Travel notes of Shide Xishan banquet
I am a person, and I live in a state. Always anxious. Time slot also, and then give and do, long line. The sun is not far from climbing mountains, entering deep forests, returning to streams, secluded springs and rocks. When you arrive, you will sit in the grass and get drunk. If you are drunk, you will lie on the pillow and dream. The meaning is extreme and the dream is very interesting. Get up, get up, come back. I thought the scenery in the whole state was different, but I didn't know the strangeness of Xishan.
On September 28 this year, I started pointing fingers because I was sitting in Fahua West Pavilion watching the Western Hills. Then he ordered his servants to cross the Xiangjiang River, where the river was stained, hazel trees were wild, grass was burning, and poor mountains were high. Crawling and crawling, squatting and roaming, and then the soil of several States is padded below. The potential of its struggle is bleak, if it is like a cave, it is thousands of miles in size, and it can't be hidden. It is dazzling blue and looks like the sky outside. Later, I learned that this mountain is unique, not like Peiyuan, but like Haoqi. Travel with the creator without knowing his poverty. If you are full of action, you will be drunk. Pale but dusk, far away, can't see anything, but still don't want to return. The shape of the heart is in harmony with everything. Then I know I haven't started swimming yet. I have already started swimming, so I am writing for it. It's years old, yuan and four years.
The story of drilling a pool
Diamond beach, in the west of Shanxi. At the beginning, Ran Shui ran from the south to the rocks and bent to the east. Its potential is steep, and its swing is conducive to violence, so it is wide and deep, ending at the end of the stone; Foam into wheels and walk slowly. It is clear and flat, covering an area of 10 acre. There are trees and springs around.
There are people living above, so you can travel in an emergency. Once the money gate came, they said, "I can't afford to rent private tickets. I can live in the mountains. I am willing to use the pool to trade in the fields and make a fortune to alleviate the disaster."
Give happiness like you said. Then worship its platform, extend its threshold, walk its spring in the pool where the highest one falls, and make a sound. The Mid-Autumn Festival is especially suitable for enjoying the moon, and you can see that the sky is high and crisp. Who gave the pleasure of living in a foreign country and forgot his hometown? Isn't it a pond?
Tan Li Xishan drilling record
Eight days after arriving in Xishan, you can find 200 steps northwest of the mountain pass and drill a water pool. Twenty-five steps west of Tanxi, when it is turbulent and deep, is a fish beam. There is a hill on the top of the dam with bamboo and trees growing on it. The stones on the mountain stand out, and then the earth breaks through the ground, competing for competition, and their number is almost unknown. People who are tired of each other are like cows and horses drinking streams; The man who rushes to the corner is like a bear climbing on the mountain. The hill is very small, less than an acre, and can be put into a cage for your own. Asked who the owner was, he said, "This is what the Tang family doesn't want. I want to sell it, but I can't sell it." . Asked the price, he said, "Only 400 Wen." "."I like it. I'll take it. Li Shenyuan and Yuan Ke traveled together, and they were both very happy. It started with an accident. Then take turns to pick up tools, shovel weeds, cut down trees and light a fire to burn them. Jia Muli, Mei Zhulu. Stone show. Looking around, the mountains are high and the clouds are light, the streams are gurgling, and the birds and animals are wandering, so you can return your skills to the hills. Lying on the pillow is cold, with eyes, ears and ears. God has thoughts for the carefree people, and he has thoughts for the deep people. The second person who gets to a different place without walking for ten days, although the ancient people are good, may not be able to arrive.
Hey! With the beautiful scenery of this mountain, give it to Feng, pickaxe, Hu and Du. People who like to go shopping every day will buy more and add thousands of dollars, but buy less. Nowadays, this country is abandoned, and farmers and fishermen live a humble life. Jia 400 can't even be sold at the age of four. I enjoyed it alone with Shen Yuan and Keke, but the result was terrible! Write this article on a stone and congratulate the hill.
Go to Xiaoqiu West Xiaoshitang
120 steps west of the mountain, across the bamboo forest, smelling the sound of water, like singing, I am happy. Cut bamboo and walk along the road, and see the small pool below, the water is particularly clear. The whole stone is at the bottom, close to the shore, and the bottom of the rolling stone comes out, which is a mountain, an island, a mountain and a rock. Green trees and vines, covered and twisted, staggered and brushed.
There are hundreds of fish in the pond. They are all swimming in the air. The sun is shining, the shadow is on the stone, motionless; When you are far away, communication is sudden, like enjoying tourists.
Looking from the southwest of the pool, you can see that it is zigzag. Their shore potentials are different from each other and their sources are unknown.
Sitting by the pool, surrounded by bamboo forests, lonely and empty, sad and cold, quiet and quiet. It is too clear to live for a long time, but remember.
Travelers: Wu Wuling, Gong Gu, Yu Dizong Xuan. The second son Cui Shi said, "Forgive yourself and serve me." .
Yuanjiakeji
Walking ten miles southwest of Ran Xi, the scenery is desirable, and there is no way to drill a pool. From Xikou to the west, on land, you can take eight or nine, such as Xishan. From the southeast of Chaoyangyan to Wujiang River, it is desirable to be three, thirstier than Yuan Jia. It's always beautiful and strange
In Chuyue dialect, the reverse flow of water is called "thirst". I am thirsty to get along with Nanting, and I am eager to get along with a hundred schools of thought. Among them, the stream is heavy, the pool is shallow, the toilet is tortuous, the ink is flat and deep, and the boiling white is steep. There is no end to being poor.
There are hills above the water, all beautiful stones, and green bushes on top, which are common in winter and summer. There are many rocks beside it, and there are many pebbles below. There are many trees in it, such as heather, grapefruit and orchid. There are also exotic flowers and grasses, like acacia, like creeping, like swaying water stones.
Every wind descended from the four mountains, shaking the trees, covering the grass, blushing scary, fragrant, rushing into the waves, retreating into the valley, shaking and growing, with the passage of time. Most of them are like this, and the rest are inexhaustible.
Eternal people have never traveled, and they are afraid to enjoy it alone and spread it all over the world. Its landlord, Yuan. Therefore, it is famous far and near.
Shiquji
When I was thirsty, I couldn't walk a hundred paces to the southwest, so I arrived at Shiqu and Ren Minqiao. There is a faint spring, and its voice is loud and thin. The width of this canal is only a stone's throw, or 10 step long. It flowed to the big stone and fell out of it. After passing the stone, there is Hong Shi, and the calamus is surrounded by it, and the green is all around. It turned to the west again, sank under the rocks and fell into a small pool in the north. The pool has shrunk 100 foot, the water is deeper and there are more fish. In the Northern Song Dynasty, I was tired. If I didn't stop, I would die of thirst. Its two sides are covered with strange stones, trees, flowers and beautiful arrows, so you can sit in a row. The wind shakes its peak and moves the cliff valley. See its stillness, but listen to its distance.
Give it to the state shepherd. Get rid of decay, never spare earth and stone, respect and burn, flourish and benefit. I cherish those who pass on their stories before they start, so I'm tired of remembering what they belong to. Keeping their people and learning from them will make it easier for those who do good deeds later.
On the eighth day of the first month of the seventh year of Yuanhe, the stork reached Dashi. 10 19, when the stone ended, Hong Shi Tan Xiao was discovered, and the beauty of the canal began to become poor.
Shi Jian set
The stone canal is poor, from the northwest of the bridge to the shadow of Tushan, and the people's bridge is full. Its water is one third as big as the stone canal, at the bottom of the stone canal, reaching both ends. If the bed is in the lobby, if it is full, if it is limited to the Olympic Games. Spread horizontally, flow like weaving, and ring like playing the piano. Open it and go, break the bamboo and sweep the old leaves, and drain the rotten wood. 189 will be able to live in Luohu bed. The flow of sexual intercourse and the sound of touching are under the bed; The water of jade feather and the stone of Long Lin are all hidden on it. Ancient people had fun, didn't they? Can latecomers follow suit? The day I got it, it was the same as the stone canal.
Those who are thirsty come first from the stone canal and then from the stone stream; From Baise, first from Shixi, then from Shiqu. The poor people in the stream are all from the southeast of Shicheng village, during which there were many coke people. The deep mountains and secluded forests above are steep and narrow, and you can't be poor.
Xiaoshicheng pheasant
From Xishan Road to Huangmaoling in the north, there are two roads: one is to the west, and nothing is found; One is less in the north and east, but 40 feet, the soil is broken and two rivers are divided, and there are piles of stones across its vast land. It is the shape of a beam; Next to the castle pier, if there is a door, you can see that it is black, throwing pebbles, and there is water in the hole, which has been ringing for a long time. The ring can be seen far up. Without soil, a beautiful arrow is born, which is strange and firm, and the strangeness is suppressed, which is also applied by the wise.
Hey! I have doubted the existence of the creator for a long time, and the more I think it is sincere. I also blame it for not being listed as a barbarian in Zhongzhou, and it is useless to sell its poems for thousands of years. If it is not suitable for the gods, it will be fruitless. Or: comfort your husband and feel ashamed of this person. Or: its spirit of qi is not for great men, but for things, so there are few people and many stones in southern Chu. I don't trust them.
Liu Zongyuan (773 -8 19) was born in Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi). Less delicate and sensitive, but refined by the text, admired by the times. Zhenyuan nine years (793) Jinshi. In addition, he has achieved success in his studies and given lectures well, and was awarded the Hall of Jixian. Captain Lantian, thanks to the supervision of this suggestion. He, Liu Yuxi and others participated in the political innovation activities of Wang Group. During the Shunzong period, the official etiquette was the foreign minister. After Wang failed, he was demoted to Yongzhou Sima, and ten years later he was transferred to Liuzhou Secretariat and died here. The world is called Liuliuzhou or Liu Hedong. There are complete works of Liu Hedong.
Liu Zongyuan was an outstanding poet in the middle Tang Dynasty. His poems are deep and clear, "hair is thicker than simple and ancient, and it has a different taste when sent to the lake." (Su Shi's After the Collection of Poems by Huang Zisi) Prose is as famous as Han Yu, and is listed as the Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, and is an advocate of the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty. Han Yu called Liu "dignified and elegant, like Sima Zi Chang". ? In the 21st year of Zhenyuan (805), with the support of Fang Zhen and eunuchs, Xianzong succeeded to the throne as emperor, Shunzong, who presided over the political reform, was jailed, and Yongzhen Innovation Group failed. Wang and Wang were demoted and killed, and key figures such as Han Ye, Han Tai, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, Ling Zhun, Cheng Yi and Wei Zhiyi were demoted to border state Sima. This is the famous "Two Kings and Eight Horses Sima Incident" in history. Liu Zongyuan was first demoted to Shaozhou secretariat, but he didn't become a monk halfway, and later he was demoted to Yongzhou Sima. Ten years later, Fang moved to Liuzhou as a secretariat.
Yongzhou, now Lingling, Hunan Province, was still an underdeveloped area in the Tang Dynasty, remote and desolate. State Sima is only a nominally placed position for exiled officials. As an innovator with great political aspirations, Liu Zongyuan is always worried about being persecuted more seriously under such circumstances, and his depression and anguish can be imagined. The ten years in Yongzhou can be said to be the most difficult, difficult and lonely years in Liu Zongyuan's life, but as the saying goes, misfortune is a blessing, and misfortune is a blessing. This decade's poverty has really created the peerless demeanor of ancient Chinese writers. In this environment, in this mood, Liu Zongyuan's melancholy talent was strongly inspired. He spoke as a text, so he was sad. Eight Records of Yongzhou, The Story of Snake Catcher, Three Commandments and Anecdotes of Duan Taiwei ... these represent the highest achievements of Liu Zongyuan, and the famous articles in the history of prose are all written in this remote and lonely Yongzhou. Fortunately and unfortunately, I can say it!
"Who knew there was a snake in the poison!" -"The Snake Catcher said"
During the sixty years from the Anshi Rebellion to the first year of Xianzong, the Li and Tang Dynasties experienced a historical change from prosperity to decline. In order to squander pleasure and cope with various crises, the ruling class did not hesitate to extort and plunder, which led to the shrinking of people's livelihood and was on the verge of despair. That is to say, in Yongzhou, there were more than 27,000 households in the Tianbao period of Xuanzong,170,000 people. By the time Su Zonggan Yuan arrived, the number of households had dropped to more than 6,000, with a population of 27,000.
This paper describes a unique social phenomenon in Yongzhou: local farmers compete to catch poisonous snakes in order to avoid taxes. Taking the experience of the third world described by Jiang, a snake catcher in Yongzhou, as a contrast, this paper sharply reveals the poison of snakes and taxes, and reveals the fierceness of exorbitant taxes and levies and the severity of the people since Tianbao. Three generations of Jiang would rather risk their lives to catch poisonous snakes than pay complicated taxes. They would rather be killed by poisonous snakes than be bullied by tax collectors, which profoundly and widely reflected the harsh social reality at that time from a unique perspective. In a word, the author calls this reality "the poison collected is very snake"
From beginning to end, the article links the poisonous snake with Fu, using contrast and contrast, advancing layer by layer and highlighting the theme. For example, at the beginning of the article, the great poison of different snakes was explained, which highlighted the danger and misfortune of catching snakes in the three generations of Jiang; When the author, out of sympathy, offered to help him get rid of the drudgery of catching snakes and resume paying taxes, Jiang was not happy, but "shed tears" and lamented the misfortune of catching snakes, and the Bidiu tax was still miserable. This paper compares the misfortune of ginger catching snakes with the misfortune of neighbors suffering from expropriation and destruction; Compare the situation of harassing neighbors day by day with the situation of "bustling and happy" after Jiang offered snakes. In this way, the article not only shows the difference of snake venom, but also further reveals that gathering is more terrible than poisonous snakes, and ordinary farmers are worse than snake catchers. The last paragraph focuses on the discussion and summarizes the whole text logically. The whole idea is novel and natural, compact and full of waves.
"Lonely and empty, sad and cold!" -"Eight Records of Yongzhou"
Yongzhou mountains and rivers are strange and dangerous, and many places are still little known. During the long and boring waiting period, Liu Zongyuan traveled around looking for strange things to win, so as to broaden his mind and gain spiritual comfort. The famous Eight Chapters of Yongzhou is the crystallization of traveling under this mentality.
Eight Notes on Yongzhou include Travel Notes of Xide Xishan Banquet, Travel Notes of Jintan, Travel Notes of Xishan in Jintan, Travel Notes of Xixiaochi to Xiaoqiu, Travel Notes of Yuan Jiake, Travel Notes of Shiqu, Travel Notes of Shi Jian and Travel Notes of Xiaoyanshan in turn. The eight notes are independent and interrelated, and they are connected when they are broken. On the one hand, Eight Chapters accurately reproduces the beautiful scenery, giving readers a sense of being there; On the other hand, they weave their own frustrations and troubles into it, and their own figures emerge everywhere, truly blending the scenes, so that Yongzhou is shrouded in rich melancholy.
Travel notes of Xide Xishan banquet This article vividly described it in concise and vivid language from the beginning, and enthusiastically praised the strangeness of Xishan through the description of what I saw and felt when I climbed to the top of Xishan Mountain, showing the author's noble character of standing upright in nature and getting spiritual relief.
At the beginning, the article reveals his situation and state of mind from his fear and roaming after being relegated, which makes the natural scenery in his works closely combined with the author's life experience and forms a strong contrast with the noisy and ugly social reality. The author has traveled all over Yongzhou, thinking that I have all the wonders in the state, but "I don't know the wonders of the Western Hills".
Next, I wrote the discovery of Xishan and the experience of going to Xishan for the first time, focusing on what I saw and felt at the top of the mountain. Climbing high and overlooking, its competitive potential is like a cave, thousands of miles in size, many a mickle makes a mickle, invisible and dazzling, and shaped like a sky. Then know that it is the uniqueness of the mountain, not the same as training. You are enthusiastic, but you can't get it; Travel with the creator without knowing his poverty.
The author's description does not directly focus on the scenery of the western hills, but uses the perspective principle to describe the prospect obtained from the distant view. Through their mutual contrast and vivid rendering, a colorful landscape picture is formed. The author has great political ambition and noble character, and has no power. His repeated contrast, deliberate exaggeration and warm praise of the peculiar features of Xishan Mountain are the self-expression of his noble character of standing upright and standing out from the crowd in adversity. In the face of such beautiful scenery, the author "was drunk when he was drunk, and he didn't know how to enter the day" until "the twilight came from afar, and he didn't want to return without seeing anything." The mind is condensed and released, blending with everything. "At that time, the author was often worried and full of resentment. However, the feeling of being integrated with nature and detached from things gained by climbing the top of the Western Hills swept away the author's troubles and indignation, and he was temporarily relieved mentally.
The Story of Kumta is the second chapter of Eight Chapters of Yongzhou. Cobham Pool is shaped like an iron pool. At the beginning, "Copomb Lake is in the west of Shanxi", only seven words are used to point out the topic, indicating the location of the lake, which is the same as the first article "Starting in the west"