At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a large number of powerful landlords annexed land, which led to a large number of peasants becoming slaves or apprentices (serfs), and class contradictions intensified unprecedentedly. Within the ruling class, consorts and eunuchs conflict with each other and alternately control state affairs. The autocratic power of consorts and eunuchs hindered the promotion of scholar-officials in the imperial court, resulting in fierce struggles between them, which led to two "party struggles" at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and deepened the political crisis within the ruling class. Because of political darkness, official corruption, high concentration of land, depression of rural economy, misery of farmers, uprisings are constantly held. In the first year of Zhong Ping, the yellow turban insurrectionary peasant uprising led by Zhang Jiao was a full-scale outbreak of peasant resistance. During the Guanghe period, Zhang Jiao served Huang Lao, preached Taiping Jing (also known as Taiping Jing), calling himself "Taiping Dao" and "Great Virtue Teacher". He treated his disciples with calligraphy and sent his disciple Zhou Xing to preach everywhere, which won the trust of farmers. During 10, there were hundreds of thousands of disciples all over Qing, Xu, You, Ji, Jing, Yang, Yan and Yu. The number of Taoist priests deployed in Kaijiao is 36 (Ministry), with more than 10,000 generous people and 6,700 small ones, each with a handsome leader. In the spring of the first year of Zhong Ping, Zhang Jiao called for an uprising with the political slogan "Heaven dies, Huang Tianli is born, Jia Zi is old and prosperous" ("The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Huangfusong"). Hundreds of thousands of rebels on the 36 th side revolted at the same time, with great momentum. Because the uprising was marked by the Yellow Scarf Uprising, it was called the "Yellow Scarf Uprising" in history. At the beginning of the uprising, the insurgents won successively: Hebei Yellow Scarf Army captured the royal family Wang Anping Liu Xu and Ganling Wang Liuzhong alive; Nanyang (now Nanyang City, Henan Province) The Yellow Scarf Army killed the prefect Gong Chu and besieged Wancheng; Runan (the county ruled Pingyu, now Pingyu North of Henan Province) and the Yellow Scarf Army defeated Zhao Qian in Zhaoling (now northeast of Luohe City, Henan Province); Yang Guang (county governs Jixian County, southwest of Beijing today) attacked and killed Guo Xun, the secretariat of Youzhou, and Liu Wei, the satrap. The main force of the rebel army soon formed three military centers: Zhang Jiao claimed to be a God-given general; His younger brother, Zhang Bao, is called the local general, and Sean is called the general of mankind. The main activities he led were in Jizhou (the state governs Yecheng, now south of Ye Zhen and southwest of Linzhang, Hebei). Opening Angle, Sean stationed in Guangzong (now southeast of Wei County, Hebei Province), and Zhang Bao stationed in Quyang (now northwest of Jinxian County, Hebei Province), becoming the center of leading the uprising; Zhang Mancheng claimed to be a "god and prophet" and led the Nanyang Yellow Scarf Army to station troops in Wancheng, becoming the main force of the South Yellow Scarf; The Yellow Scarf Army led by Cai Bo and Peng Tuo controlled the front lines of Yingchuan (the county ruled Yangzhai, now Yuzhou, Henan Province), Runan and Chen Guo (now Huaiyang, Henan Province) and became the main force of the Yellow Scarf Army in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In addition, there is the Yellow Scarf Uprising Team headed by Buji and others, which is active in Cangting, Dong Jun County (now northeast of Yanggu, Shandong Province). The embattled Yellow Scarf Army surrounded Luoyang, the capital of Beijing, from north, east and south.
In order to suppress the insurgents, Emperor Ling ordered an amnesty for party member and adjusted the contradictions within the ruling class. Militarily, the national army mobilized and suppressed respectively. Take blades consorts as generals, command around Yulin, station troops in Luoyang, and defend the capital; The soldiers were stationed in the suburbs of Hangu, Guangcheng, Yique, Otani and Luoyang. Eighth Army Pass: Yuanmen, Xuanmen, Jin Meng and Xiaopingjin, to strengthen the peripheral defense of the capital; Life left corps commander HuangFuSong, right corps commander Judy rate of more than 40000 people to attack the yellow turban insurrectionary army in Yingchuan; Lu Zhi, the commander of the Northern Army, led the teachers and local officials of the Fifth School of the Northern Army to attack the Yellow Scarf Army in Hebei. Nanyang Line is still defended by local loyalists. The focus of the loyalist attack first points to the Yingchuan Yellow Scarf Army of Cai Bo's department, that is, it matches the capital Luoyang. In April of the first year of Zhong Ping, he led the troops to defeat Zhu and marched in Huangfusong area of Changshe (now northeast of Changge, Henan). Later, due to lack of combat experience, the camp was built on the grass and the wind was very strong. Huang Fusong set fire to the wind at night, and the rebels were defeated. Huang Fusong joined forces with Zhu and Cao Cao, and tens of thousands of rebels were killed (see the battle of Changshe Society). Huang Fusong and Zhu Chengsheng attacked Runan and the Yellow Scarf Army, but Bo was only defeated in Yangzhai (now Yuzhou, Henan) and Bo was killed. He was defeated by Peng Tuo in Xihua (now southwest Henan). In August, he defeated Dong Jun again (governing Puyang, now southwest of Puyang City, Henan Province). The yellow turban insurrectionary army was stationed in Cangting, killing more than 7,000 rebels, and Bubu was also killed by prisoners. The yellow turban insurrectionary forces of Dong Jun, Runan and Yingchuan were eliminated. Zhang Mancheng commanded Nanyang Yellow Scarf to attack Nanyang, a strategic place in the Central Plains, but was resisted by Qin Jie, the satrap of Nanyang, and Zhang Mancheng died. Zhao Hongji, as commander in chief, conquered Wancheng, and the headquarters grew to more than 65,438+10,000 people. In June, after Zhu defeated the Yellow Scarf Army in Yingchuan, he turned to attack the Yellow Scarf Army in Nanyang, joined hands with Xu Miao, the secretariat of Jingzhou, and the magistrate of Nanyang, and besieged Wancheng with more than 65,438+8,000 people. The yellow turban insurrectionary army persisted for two months. Zhu saw that the city pool was strong and difficult to attack, so he retreated to lure the enemy and set an ambush in the dark. The yellow turban insurrectionary army did not know the truth, went out to pursue it, was ambushed by loyalists, suffered heavy losses and was forced to retreat to Wancheng. In the end, because the main force was annihilated, Cheng Wei did not keep it. In November, the rest, led by Sun Xia, moved to Jingshan (now northwest of Nanyang City, Henan Province) near Xi 'e (now northeast of Nanyang City, Henan Province). Zhu led the army in pursuit, and Sun Xia and other more than 10,000 people died, and the main force of Nanyang Yellow Scarf was destroyed. After Yingchuan and Nanyang suppressed the Yellow Scarf Army, the rulers focused their attention on Hebei. Because Lu Zhi led an army to besiege Guangzong in an all-round way in March, the emperor reassigned Dong Zhuo, commander-in-chief of the East Army, to replace Lu Zhi, which also led to the defeat of Zhang Jiao by Xiaquyang. In October, the Eastern Han Dynasty once again adjusted Huang Fusong to be handsome and attacked Guangzong. After the death of Zhang Jiao, the Yellow Scarf Army lost its coach and its morale was greatly reduced. Huang Fusong took advantage of the trend and suddenly launched a night attack. The rebels were moved by the wind, and more than 30,000 people, including Sean, died (see the Battle of Guangzong). 1 1 month, Huang Fusong invaded Quyang, and Zhang Bao died, killing more than 65,438+10,000 people in the city (see the battle of Quyang). At this point, the main forces of several yellow turban insurrectionary armies in the north and south of the Yellow River have been defeated successively by loyalists and powerful local armed forces. But the rest of the yellow turban insurrectionary army persisted in the struggle. In February of the fifth year of Zhong Ping, the northern part of the Yellow Scarf, led by Guo Tai (Guo Da), raised a banner of righteousness in Baibo Valley (now Xiangfen Gu Yong Town, Shanxi Province), numbered "Bai Bo Yellow Scarf", attacked Taiyuan, entered Hedong (the county security city, now Yuwangcheng in the northwest of Xiaxian County, Shanxi Province), and defeated the suppression of General Dong Zhuo Niu Fu; In May, Ma Xiang and Zhao Zuo, who were sealed as yellow turbans, revolted in Mianzhu, Sichuan (now southeast of Mianzhu, Sichuan), and even broke Yizhou (now Guanghanbei, Sichuan) and Qianwei (now Pumbaa, Sichuan).