[Edit this paragraph] Agriculture and Topography in Western Europe
Most plains in western Europe are low, flat and open. At the same time, due to the fragmented coastline, few mountains, east-west trend, climate and marine characteristics are obvious.
Flat terrain, suitable for the development of animal husbandry and planting. Because the temperate maritime climate is warm and humid, and western Europe is suitable for the growth of juicy grass, the dairy industry is developed. Most places develop mixed agriculture, and develop dairy industry while planting wheat, which complement each other. France is a country with developed agriculture in western Europe.
Europeans mainly eat wheat and dairy products, which is also related to the agricultural structure. This sentence can answer the question on page 6 1 of the seventh grade geography book.
1. Western Europe's position in the world
In the northwest of the old hemisphere and the west of Eurasia. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea in the south.
2. Latitude: located between 40 degrees north latitude and the Arctic Circle, mainly located in the temperate zone.
This area is located in the western half of Europe, covering an area of about 5 million square kilometers, accounting for about half of Europe. Including northern Europe, southern Europe, western Europe and central Europe.
There are many peninsulas, islands, seas and bays in Western Europe.
Peninsula: 1, Scandinavian Lavia Peninsula 2, Iberian Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula, Balkan Peninsula.
Islands: 1, Great Britain, 2, Ireland, 3, Iceland.
Inland sea: 1, Baltic Sea 2, Mediterranean Sea 3, Black Sea.
Marginal sea: North Sea
Gulf: 1, Biscay 2, Botswana Bay.
Strait: English Channel, Gibraltar Strait, Danish Strait.
Plain: 1, Western Europe Plain 2 Bode Plain.
Mountain range: 1 Alps; Apennines; 3 Pyrenees Mountains
Major rivers: 1. Danube 2. Rhine.
Lakes: Most of them are distributed in the northwest and north and south sides of the Alps.
Western Europe is densely populated and has many countries, most of which are developed countries.
6. EU is the most integrated political and economic organization in the world today. It is a regional organization with 27 member countries. (Activity problem on page 58 of the textbook)
7. Role of the EU: The EU has established a customs union, realized foreign trade, agriculture and fishery policies, established a European monetary system and established a general budget system. The free circulation of goods, people, capital and services has basically been realized.
8. EU's economic position in the world: The world today is multipolar. The United States is a super economic power and Japan is an economic power. The European Union and the United States and Japan stand in a tripartite confrontation with alliance advantages. In western Europe's foreign trade, exports are greater than imports, and both exports and imports are greater than those of the United States, which plays an important role in the world economy.
9. Manufacturing oriented industries
Industrial status: Western Europe is the birthplace of the industrial revolution and one of the industrially developed regions in the world. The products produced here are exported to all parts of the world.
Industrial characteristics: manufacturing is the main industry in western Europe. Manufacturing refers to the department that processes raw materials into various products.
Characteristics of industrial distribution: There are many industrial centers in this area with dense distribution. From Britain to Poland, from southern Scandinavia to Italy, a world-famous "+"-shaped industrial intensive area has been formed.
Main industrial zone: Paris basin industrial zone, France; Ruhr-gebiet, Germany; Central England industrial zone; London area industrial zone.
10. climate: most of western Europe is located in the north temperate zone, with temperate maritime climate as the main climate. From west to east, the maritime nature is weakened and the continental nature is enhanced.
1 1. Terrain: The terrain is mainly plain and mountainous. Deeply influenced by glaciers: rolling hills, fjords, glacial lakes, moraine lakes and moraine plains.
12. Animal husbandry is developed, and people call pasture' green gold'. British animal husbandry accounts for 70% of the total agricultural output value. In the agricultural output value of France and Germany, the proportion of animal husbandry is also slightly higher than that of planting. The Netherlands, Denmark and other countries are world-famous dairy countries. Among them, Danish Ruchu products account for more than 30% of the total export, and ham, bacon, sausage and cheese are the main export products.
13. Prosperous tourism: Western Europe has diverse natural conditions. Countries along the southern Mediterranean have sunny summers and beautiful beaches. There is a winding and deep fjord in the north, which is fascinating; The towering Alps in the middle are good places for people to climb mountains and ski. Historically, European people have created splendid cultures. There are many ancient architectural sites, cultural and artistic cities and museums in this area, and the unique customs provide good conditions for the development of tourism. At present, tourism income has become one of the main sources of national income in many countries.
14. Tips:
1) There are more than 30 countries in Western Europe. There are many countries, but the area is not large. Among them, the Vatican, the smallest country in the world, covers an area of less than 0.5 square kilometers. There are also some small countries, such as San Marino, Liechtenstein, Andorra and Monaco, which are called "pocket countries". These countries are small in land area and difficult to develop agriculture, but they pay attention to the development of tourism and produce high-tech, cutting-edge and sophisticated products and handicrafts to increase national income. The per capita income of these countries is the highest in the world. Liechtenstein and San Marino, except for tourism, are both countries with civilized stamp industry in the world.
2) The residents in Western Europe are mainly white, which is the main distribution area of white people in the world. With a population of over 500 million, it is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. It is also the lowest natural population growth rate in the world, and some countries, such as Hungary, have also experienced negative growth.
country
France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Monaco, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Vatican, Switzerland, Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Austria, Poland, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, Macedonia, Greece, Romania.
The western end of Europe is criss-crossed by land and sea.
Surrounded by the sea on three sides, the coastline is long, and the place is not far from the sea, which is deeply influenced by the ocean.
Offshore sheds are rich in natural resources: fishing grounds, oil and natural gas.
Warm and humid maritime climate
1) is located in 43 N ~ 58 N and belongs to the westerly belt.
(2) It is cool in summer and warm in winter.
A. Maritime laws and regulations. B. the influence of warm current.
It is the most significant "positive deviation" region of global winter temperature.
(3) It rains all the year round: the west wind blows.
A it is especially rainy in autumn and winter because the warm and humid marine air mass along the coast of western Europe meets the continental cold air mass in this area, bringing rain.
B main factors affecting rainfall distribution: windward side and leeward side.
Relatively flat terrain
Scope: from east England, northwest France, Benelux to northern Germany in the west.
Topographic characteristics of each area
Be distributed
Main topography
comment
Northern plain
Low-humidity swamp, barren clay zone
Not conducive to agricultural development
Southern plain
Glacier washing plain
The soil is fertile and agriculture is developed.
Northwest of plain belt
A. gentle hills and highlands
B. Glacier valleys and fjords
Rich in coal mines, it is an important industrial and mining belt in Europe.
Southern plain belt
Hilly and alpine areas
Rich in coal mines, it is an important industrial and mining belt in Europe.
The Alps in the southeast
A. alpine glaciers
B.u-shaped valley, heaven and grass lake
A.u-shaped valley is the place where traffic tunnels and settlements are formed.
B. Important sightseeing belts
4. Water system extending in all directions
(1) River
Origin: rainy southeast mountainous area.
North-south trend, into the sea, Atlantic Ocean.
Important rivers: Thames, Elbe, Rhine, Seine, etc.
(2) The reasons for the development of water transport are:
The river is abundant and stable, and the water flow is gentle.
There are many rivers, and ships can go upstream.
East and west connect the canal.
Please find out the important ports of major rivers in western Europe. (Lianliankan)
Inland port
Times of Antwerp
Rotterdam, Elbe
Raine River London
Huddle and hamburger
Paris, Seine River
(4) Important trade centers, important industrial towns and important cities with convenient water transportation.
(5) The integration of inland waterways and ocean routes has expanded the market and professional division of labor in Western Europe, making Western Europe a "world factory".
The development of Atlantic civilization
Agricultural technology innovation
Comparison between light plow and heavy plow
tool
Distribution area
Farming method
climate
land
animal power
Light plow
Southern Europe
shallow ploughing
dry
Shallow soil
Two cows or donkeys
Heavy plough
Western Europe
Deep ploughing/farming/culture
damp
Soil viscosity
4 ~ 8 cows
With the emergence and spread of heavy plows in the fifth century, fertile plains in western Europe began to be reclaimed rapidly.
The use system of heavy plow appeared.
Characteristics of open-air system:
A long field.
* * * The same farmland system.
Two-year rotation (mainly farm animals) and three-year rotation (mainly farm animals).
plough
one
two
three
First year
Planting rye or winter wheat in autumn
Planting oats or peas in spring
Year-round fallow
Second year
Planting oats or peas in spring
Year-round fallow
Planting rye or winter wheat in autumn
Third year
Year-round fallow
Planting rye or winter wheat in autumn
Planting oats or peas in spring
Heavy tillage, open field system and three-year rotation system have developed mixed agriculture and become an important tradition in western Europe.
Cultivated land expansion and complex mixed agriculture have more grain surplus to support the non-agricultural population in cities and towns.
Development of maritime activities
The reason why the maritime activities in western Europe develop more slowly than those in the Mediterranean Sea is that the walruses in the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea are changeable.
Vikings' navigation skills in the ninth and eleventh centuries can be compared with those of the ancient Mediterranean.
/kloc-At the end of 0/5th century, due to the progress of ship design and navigation technology, and the appearance of heavy plows, Western Europe gradually gained a leading position in Europe.
At the end of the 15th century, Geography discovered the development of maritime activities and the prosperous maritime trade and colonial activities. India, Egypt, West Asia, the New World and other places have been incorporated into the cultural map of Western Europe and accumulated a lot of funds.
The introduction of new crops has changed the daily life of ordinary people.
Introduction of corn, potato and tobacco;
Improve people's diet.
Marginal land can be developed and utilized.
Sucrose and cocoa were introduced:
Chocolate, cake, etc. Become popular.
Drinking tea and coffee has become a new eating habit in Europe.
The freight rate is reduced, the supply of cheap goods is increased, and the quality of life in this area is improved.
The Influence of Developed Shipping on Agriculture in Western Europe
Specialization, intensification and scientificity
Agricultural management is more intensive, and more competitive crops, livestock and crops are selected.
No more fallow. Radish, alfalfa and other crops will be planted on fallow land as winter feed for livestock.
The field where wheat was planted was transformed into an enclosure for raising sheep. Reason: It can't compete with cheap wheat in North America.
In order to meet the growing demand of urban population, highly intensive agriculture, such as dairy farmers and animal husbandry, has been developed in the Benelux lowlands.
The biggest problem facing modern agriculture in western Europe
Small operation scale and high cost.
The core of modern civilization
Britain, the pioneer of the industrial revolution
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, it actively developed overseas trade and colonization, and with the government's profits, it became the most powerful country in Europe.
the Industrial Revolution
Make a fortune in the coal mine.
The early fuel mainly came from the development site of wood industry and was limited by the forest distribution area. For example, the steel industry is often close to the forest. The reason is that charcoal is bulky and inconvenient to transport. This location is a factor.
Britain is rich in coal mines, and the fuel problem has been solved.
Since19th century, steam engines powered by coal have been invented and applied in textile industry.
Coke steelmaking has made the iron and steel industry no longer accommodate forest timber producing areas.
With the improvement of textile and steel industry, British industry surpassed western European countries for the first time and became a leading position.
The industrial areas in Britain are mainly distributed around Benning Mountain and the port.
A. near the mining area.
B.most of the raw materials come from overseas colonies.
C. it is conducive to product output.
Since the late18th century, in order to reduce transportation costs, canals and railways have been built between ports and coalfields.
Industrial development has lost its advantages in the past because:
A maritime hegemony is no longer, and overseas colonies are independent.
B. become the main energy source in the twentieth century.
restart
In the middle of the 20th century, oil and natural gas were discovered in the ocean, which became a new source of wealth for Britain.
At the end of the 20th century, after the opening of the Anglo-French Cross-Harbour Tunnel, Britain fully integrated into the European economic circle, expanding the economic scale and market vitality of Britain and the European Union.
France, a rich cultural country.
Pluralistic local culture
Since the tenth century BC, Chinese (Gauls), Romans, Italians, Spaniards, etc. Have left their culture here.
A diverse environment.
Fertile land
The climate is warm and humid.
A vast plain
The ancient mountainous areas are rich in minerals, which laid the foundation for industry.
Multiculturalism and rich land have inspired the creation of many philosophers, writers and artists.
agriculture
A. The Paris Basin has the widest cultivated land and is the main producing area.
B. Brittany Peninsula, Central Mountains and Alps are prosperous.
C. the south is mainly planted. Because:
The climate is warm, and crops are earlier than those in the north.
The transportation system has been improved.
Grape planting has a long history.
It was originally planted by the Romans in the southeast of this area.
A long tradition of planting makes France a top wine producer.
Brewing has become a huge industry in France, which has promoted the prosperity of the local economy.
Besides food and wine, politics, literary thoughts and artistic schools often take the lead in leading the trend:
The slogan "freedom, equality and fraternity" of the French Revolution set an example for the modern democratic movement.
The Paris Tower symbolizing the arrival of the steel age.
Paris
The political, economic and transportation center of France.
Leading the world fashion.
The government has invested a lot of money and research and development of new technologies, such as automobiles, airplanes, energy and communications, which have developed rapidly.
Germany, a big country in science and technology.
Located in the heart of Europe:
The Alps in the south.
North to Scandinavia, it is the crossroads of Europe.
East to eastern Europe
Go west to sea
Every independent localization is integrated.
A complete transportation network integrates places with unique culture into a whole.
A.65438+large-scale railway construction in 1950s.
B./kloc-after the 0/9th and 20th centuries, a second transportation network was established: a canal connecting the original waterways.
Kiel Canal: Significantly shorten the voyage from the Baltic Sea to the North Sea.
Central Grand Canal: There are direct tunnels between Berlin and Ruhr.
C. 1930 s, in response to military needs, the first expressway in Europe was established and developed into a highway network extending in all directions.
It can be connected to the major industrial areas in China.
Connect international trunk lines.
Germany's economic miracle:
A.A. 1950 to 1964;
The gross national product of West Germany has tripled.
The number of mountaineering trips has increased fivefold.
B. reasons:
The serious and practical attitude of the Germans.
American aid.
The destruction of the war accelerated the renewal of machinery and equipment.
Within 20 years after the war, West Germany became the third largest economic power in the world, and East Germany became the tenth largest industrial country within 25 years.
industrial development
The basis of industrial development:
A. The central platform is rich in mineral deposits.
B successful technical and vocational education and Germans' pragmatic attitude are the keys to the success of high-quality teams.
Traditional industries: coal mining, steel manufacturing.
Modern industry: electronic optics, chemical industry, automobile industry and other high-tech industries.
The largest industrial belt: river basin.
Abundant coal production.
Waterway transportation is convenient.
1990 reunification of east and west Germany.
[Edit this paragraph] Characteristic industries in some European countries
1. Switzerland is a small country with a shortage of industrial raw materials. It mainly produces precision instruments with low consumption of raw materials such as clocks and watches and high technical requirements. It has long been a world-renowned "watch kingdom".
2. Sweden uses its own high-quality iron ore and cheap hydropower to smelt high-quality steel, and enjoys a high reputation in shipbuilding, automobile and machinery manufacturing.
3. Denmark has developed animal husbandry, and dairy products such as pork, beef, cheese, butter, ham and sausage are sold to the international market, which is known as "European pasture and food warehouse".
4. Norway's marine fishery is developed, and the per capita output of aquatic products ranks first in the world.
The Netherlands is famous for its flower planting industry and has the reputation of "Tulip Kingdom".
I believe you can find the answer you want here.