Nowadays, such a long history of one-party rule is rare in the world. Thirty years since the 1940s.
Over the years, Mexico's economy has been growing at an average annual rate of 6%, while the political situation has remained high.
Degree of stability, known as the "Mexican miracle", "Mexico's stability mystery". Mexico
The political system, including the establishment of the Revolutionary Institutional Party, was once called Mexico's success.
An important factor in work. However, since 1970s, Mexico's economy has experienced a recession. eight
In the tenth century, political turmoil and social turmoil broke out one after another. In the 1990s, a financial crisis broke out.
Machines and peasant riots in Chiapas. In the face of this series of political and economic crises, some people have accused.
In the current political system, especially in the political party system led by the Revolutionary Institutional Party, it is considered as an obstacle.
It has hindered the modernization of Mexico's economy and become the main cause of various crises. This kind of "Cheng Xiao Yi"
"What's the evaluation of failure? What failed? " It reflects the history faced by many hegemonic political parties in the process of modernization.
Dilemma has a very typical significance. This paper aims to make a historical review of the formation and development of the revolutionary institutional party.
Simple investigation, explore its structural and functional characteristics and the reasons for its success and difficulty.
A formal political party came into being.
From 1867 to overthrow the monarchy and establish * * * peace, to the national revolution, the predecessor of the revolutionary institutional party.
The party was founded on 1929. Not only did Mexico not really enjoy freedom and democracy, but it suffered greatly.
More than 60 years of warlord melee. The whole country is called "Cordillo" and "Cassie"
Local warlords fought endless bloody wars for state power (note: only in Mexico.
In the first 30 years after its establishment, more than 50 governments were replaced by military riots. See Dan Coe.
Vergas et al. A Summary of Mexican History, China Social Sciences Press, 1983, p.
70 pages. ), the whole social economy is in a state of collapse. 1928, the famous Codilov
Regong was stabbed to death during his second presidential campaign, which became the fuse for the end of the "Codilo era".
Calles, a political strongman (the president of 1924- 1928), began to take an examination of places around 1800 in China.
He joined forces with political party groups to form a national political party to replace Codillo's forces.
In order to solve the problem of institutionalization of power transfer, this is the National Revolutionary Party established in March 1929.
. However, the newly established National Revolutionary Party is only an alliance between local Cordillo and local parties.
It excludes the participation of workers' and farmers' organizations. Under the background of the world economic crisis in 1930s, Mexican workers
With the rise of the agricultural movement, local Codillo took the opportunity to control workers' and farmers' organizations as his political funds.
Code. In this case, President Cá rdenas (1934-1940) began to consider workers and farmers.
Institutional political participation of organizations. 1938 In March, Cá rdenas dissolved the National Revolutionary Party.
On this basis, a new official political party, the Mexican Revolutionary Party, was established and developed with the reorganization of the party.
There are two main aspects of political reform: (1) bringing the broad masses of the people, including workers and peasants.
The masses were absorbed into the party and incorporated into the official system; (2) The official side of the regional structure established by Calles.
The official political party transformed into a professional group structure is divided into four parts: workers, peasants and soldiers.
Regional professional associations have divided the Party into four professional departments-Workers' Department, Farmers' Department, People's Department and People's Department.
The Ministry of Military Affairs consists of various trade unions, farmers' associations and federations. Since then, work
The people's Ministry, the farmers' Ministry and the trade unions, farmers' associations and federations under the people's Ministry have all gone from grassroots to grassroots.
The vertical organization system of the central government and the interests of professional groups in local departments are all attached to national posts.
A federal department, not a local state. The "strip" division replaced the "block" division. In the past,
The political space left by the National Revolutionary Party to Cordillo in the regional structure no longer exists, reflecting that
The collectivism system guided by populist policies (note: corporatism);
According to the Concise Encyclopedia of Great Britain, it is interpreted as: "Incorporate the whole society (totalitarianism) into it."
The theory and practice of various "societies" (or "professional groups") under the command of the state. "Professional collectivism
Structure is one of the remarkable characteristics of the Revolutionary Institutional Party, which is one of the most important organizational systems in Mexico's political system.
The most decisive power system. ) was originally established within the official party. Forty years
Generation, during the term of President Camacho (1940-1946), the official unity of the party and the post was once again formed.
Great changes have taken place. First, 1940, the military department was revoked by President Camacho (Note: Camacho
Joe himself was the last general in Mexican history to serve as president. Since then, stability.
Mexico has truly established a civilian government. ), marking the military intervention in Mexican history.
With the complete end of the era, the official political party has changed from four ministries to three ministries. Second, the Ministry of People's Land
The status has been significantly improved. Camacho government changed the populist line led by Cá rdenas government.
Implement development policies, improve relations with the bourgeoisie, and strengthen control over the workers and peasants' movement.
System. With the expansion of the power and influence of the middle class, the originally weak people's Ministry has made rapid progress.
Enough to compete with the Ministry of workers and the Ministry of farmers. In the parliamentary election of 1943, the Ministry of people
Although it is still a minority in the party in number, it has become the leading body of the party and the new parliament.
Won the majority. With the rise and fall of social class forces, the nature of the Mexican Revolutionary Party has gradually changed from its original appearance.
Relying mainly on the revolutionary class alliance of workers and peasants, it has become the core of the middle class.
An alliance with professional politicians as the backbone. (Note: Zeng: Political Stability and Modernization)
, Oriental Publishing House 1996, p. 54. ) Finally, with the above transformation, 1946.
In June+10, 5438, Camacho renamed the Mexican Revolutionary Party as the Revolutionary Institutional Party, clearly indicating Mexico's revolutionary position.
The task has changed from mass political struggle to maintaining and perfecting the existing system and corresponding ideological propaganda.
It has also changed from class struggle and social justice in the past to "national unity"
Desalinate class conflicts and emphasize national interests.
This reorganization, whether it is institutional reform or changing the party's program principles, is aimed at
In order to weaken the professional groups and departments of the official party and make them obey the centralized leadership of the CPC Central Committee, especially in
Elections are politically subject to the unified leadership of the party. Specifically, there are the following aspects: (1) Abolish the collective.
Join the party system, restore the system of individual joining the party, and whether an individual joins the party no longer depends on whether he joins a certain party.
The organization to which each job group department belongs. The purpose of this reform is to weaken the political influence of various organizations.
The strength of the party is based on the unity of free citizens. (2) Strengthening the CPC Central Committee
The centralization of leading institutions has replaced the standards of vocational colleges with regional standards and deprived three vocational colleges and departments.
The political function of nominating candidates for parliaments and governments at all levels weakens the relationship between vocational and technical departments and local authorities.
The influence of political party elections. (3) urge the three vocational colleges and departments to make a commitment to maintain consistency in the election competition.
Outside, there is no electoral struggle between them.
1946 the reorganization of the official party has aroused widespread dissatisfaction from all walks of life. Opposition from the Ministry of workers
The loudest thing is that some workers' leaders led the trade union to break away from the official political party and set up an independent new party.
. At the same time, within the party, although the power group structure has been abolished, the psychological group structure still exists.
Nothing has changed. People's loyalty to their organizations is far greater than their loyalty to the party. gathering
The designer originally hoped to avoid the conflict of interests between various professional groups and departments in the party from affecting the election.
Inter-party competition for posts, but the result of reorganization is to externalize part of the inner-party struggle into inter-party struggle.
Competition weakened the ruling party's electoral advantage. 1950, Ministry of Restoration of the Revolutionary Institutional Party.
Under the nomination system, the structure of professional groups has been recognized again. In order to satisfy the growing political consciousness
The demand of citizens and special interest groups to participate in politics is no longer to reform the structure of the party's professional groups.
Instead, expand the extension of this structure, create a special organization on the periphery of the political party, and put more politics
The ruling forces are integrated around the party. For example, in order to maintain unity with soldiers, the revolutionary system
The party established the "National Committee of Honor and Justice"; In order to encourage women and youth to join official political parties
The National Committee for Women's Political Participation and the National Youth Organization have been established.
After several repetitions, the organizational system and institutional framework of the Mexican Revolutionary Institutional Party have finally taken shape.
Become and stabilize, become the main pillar and source of strength of Mexico's political system, and become Moxi.
This is the cornerstone of social stability and economic development in Colombia.
70 years of glory and the road to success
As an official political party, the Revolutionary Institutional Party has been in power for 70 years and has made remarkable achievements.
Achievement is related to its historical mission, theoretical proposition, organizational structure characteristics and a series of correct associations.
Economic policy is inseparable.
First of all, the establishment of the Revolutionary Institutional Party and its historical mission have created conditions for its long-term governance.
Good domestic political environment. The revolutionary institutional party is not a party that resists foreign aggression and creates a nation.
The political party of the country is a tool for the government to realize political institutionalization in an improved way. At a formal party
Before it was established, almost every presidential election in Mexico triggered a military coup and a revolutionary system.
The establishment of the party and the formation of its professional collectivism organization system, the primary purpose is to eliminate Cody's situation.
Force and military intervention in state politics ensure the institutionalized and peaceful transfer of state power.
Put Mexican politics on the track of modernization. The establishment of the party first broke Codillo's military competitive politics.
The political pattern of power ended the situation of warlords' melee and provided the framework of party politics and people.
Legal procedures for major elections; The formation of the Party's vocational college structure has finally sounded the local politics in Cortilho.
The death knell of the machine deprived it of its social foundation, thus making the revolutionary institutional party long-term contact.
Let it not be disturbed by non-institutionalized violence; With the withdrawal of the party's military department, as the people
As an important symbol of politics, the literati government began to dominate national construction. All this is for the revolutionary institutional party.
In a peaceful and stable social environment, the smooth implementation of domestic and foreign policies and the control of national elections will lead to long-term
Ruling creates conditions.
Second, the Revolutionary Institutional Party attached great importance to ideological work and effectively safeguarded the thoughts of the domestic people.
Extensive world knowledge and official recognition. The revolutionary institutional party pays special attention to maintaining ideology.
Advantage and dominance. The party takes the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) as its program and populism as its guiding principle.
Nationalism is its guiding ideology, which mainly includes revolutionary nationalism, social equality and all-round development.
Three aspects of democratization. These contents are obviously different between modern western liberalism and social owners.
The characteristics of social democratic thought of combining righteousness with benefit. The revolutionary institutional party does not put its own consciousness
The form is labeled as left or right, but it only claims that it has inherited the Mexican revolution and history as a whole.
Tradition, whose ideology is "the ideology of Mexican revolution", is "Mexico.
Principles of revolution ". In this way, the theoretical proposition of the Revolutionary Institutional Party gained a Mexican revolution.
The unquestionable rationality and legitimacy endowed by life history. It is precisely because of the Revolutionary Institutional Party.
Ideology is not limited by political labels, and this flexibility makes the Revolutionary Institutional Party ideologically
The country has a strong tolerance, which is not aimed at various differences in the social process.
My thoughts were appeased or turned a blind eye, but the constructive content was adapted.
When adapting and transforming, I absorbed it into my own program and used it for me. In this way, the Revolutionary Institutional Party has adopted "
The identity representing all the values of the people occupies all the important political and ideological spaces.
At the same time, it also deprived other opposition parties of their ideological capital and theoretical positions, and suppressed the strength of the opposition parties.
Quantity, condensed the hearts of the whole country, formed in the Mexican people to the revolutionary institutional party theory.
The core's extensive understanding of major national issues has formed the support for the long-term governance of the Revolutionary Institutional Party.
Continue to agree
Third, the revolutionary system and the party's post-collectivism organizational system have united all classes in China to the maximum extent.
Official political parties have a broad social foundation. As early as 19 17, Mexico's constitution stipulated the anti-.
Four basic policies reflecting the interests of workers, peasants, the middle class and political and military bureaucrats;
Workers' rights, land reform, public education and elected positions cannot be re-elected. This makes Mexico
The government won the support and support of the above four classes, which is based on this interest-loyalty.
The structure of official political party alliance has played a very powerful role in social integration. On the one hand, the structure of professional groups can transform the uncontrolled struggle between social classes into procedural negotiations between departments within the party, avoiding
Divided into partisan disputes, so that the revolutionary institutional party transcends various specific classes and becomes
The core of the whole social interest coordination; On the other hand, the structure of professional groups makes the Revolutionary Institutional Party have a great influence on society.
Have strong control ability.
Four, the revolutionary institutional party has a highly flexible macro-political control ability, which can be based on the society.
Appropriate economic and social policies need to be formulated. Mexico's economy has chosen a free market economy.
The third way between complete nationalization is to implement a parallel mixed economy of the state, society and individuals.
System. Therefore, Mexican society not only has a public economy represented by the state and the people, but also
There is a private economy represented by the big bourgeoisie. From a practical point of view, Mexico's public ownership economy
The economy has effectively maintained social stability, but it is difficult to promote rapid economic development; Private economy has a strong
Vigorous, but easy to intensify social contradictions. From 1940s to 1980s, Mexico was in power.
The people represented by Cá rdenas seek a dynamic balance between political stability and economic development.
The socialist line represented by aleman and the capitalist line alternate in policy. while
When the rapid development of private capital leads to the high inequality of social wealth distribution and the intensification of class contradictions,
Government policy is left-leaning, relying on mass organizations to control private capital; When the state intervenes excessively in the economy
, causing serious capital outflow and economic recession, the government's policy turned right and fostered the private sector.
Capital controls people's movement through organizational means. The pendulum-like checks and balances of the government on society
Mechanism, for the balanced development of Mexico's political economy provides institutional guarantee. Plus Mexico
The development strategy of import substitution industry conforms to the international economic trend in 1950s and 1960s, and is rich in
Oil and minerals bring rich foreign exchange income, which are important factors to promote Mexico's economy to a sustainable level.
Continue the road of rapid development.
Challenges and crises in recent 20 years
The achievements made by the Revolutionary Institutional Party during its administration are impressive. From 1950 to 1985
Mexico's population has increased from 25 million to 77 million, and its per capita gross national product has increased from $362 per year to $10 million per year.
To $2,734; Life expectancy increased from 465,438+0.5 years to 64.2 years, and illiteracy rate decreased from 80%.
To 6%. Mexico has become the second largest economic power in Latin America after Brazil.
Under the leadership of the Revolutionary Institutional Party, Mexico has created a glorious history of nearly 50 years, starting from the 1980s.
Beginning to enter an eventful autumn: first, the foreign debt crisis of 1982, followed by a series of events.
Social unrest, its climax is 1994 southern chiapas peasant riots and serious gold.
Solve the crisis. 1997 mid-term elections, the left-wing democratic revolutionary party and the right-wing national action party rose suddenly.
Outstanding, the sum of the seats of the two parties in parliament has surpassed that of the Revolutionary Institutional Party; In the same year, for the first time by the people.
The Democratic Revolutionary Party defeated the official party in the chief executive election of the capital federal district. This shows that
With the end of the era when the Revolutionary Institutional Party dominated Mexico's political situation, Mexico's political situation has basically become a tripartite confrontation.
Potential. There are a series of reasons for the decline of the revolutionary institutional party in the past 20 years, and the economy
Policy mistakes, the change of the party's guiding ideology and the decline of the professional organization system are the most important.
Main factors.
First, the mistakes in the Party's economic policy and the changes in its economic development strategy in the revolutionary system have led to one
A series of economic and social crises. Mexico originally implemented the development strategy of import substitution industrialization, but later closed it down.
Introverted economy. Practice has proved that this policy was correct at that time. However, by the age of 70,
In the 1990s, Mexico discovered abundant oil minerals and began to use large-scale foreign debts to develop oil fields. the result is
In the world economic crisis, international oil prices plummeted, and Mexico has since shouldered a heavy debt burden.
1982 has a debt crisis. Mexico had to implement austerity policy and join GATT.
The agreement adopted an export-oriented neoliberal development model, with the aim of repaying foreign debts. exist
Under this model, the government reduced tariffs, opened the market prematurely and absorbed foreign capital without restrictions.
(Note: Mexico absorbed foreign investment during Salinas' administration (1988— 1994).
Ranked first in Latin America, with a total amount of 75 billion US dollars. Due to 1994 domestic political turmoil, the economy is not good.
Force, coupled with adverse factors such as rising interest rates in the United States, a large number of foreign speculative capital fled, resulting in financial
Market turbulence. ) and excessive dependence on foreign capital. The bad consequences appeared in 1994, because that year.
A large number of foreign capital fled, which directly aggravated the financial crisis in Mexico and brought a lot to this country.
70 billion dollars in losses. Since 1980s, in order to join the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
Under the strong influence of the United States, Mexico has privatized state-owned enterprises on a large scale.
The economic strength and political power of private entrepreneurs have greatly expanded, while the number of unemployed workers has increased.
The more so, the more serious the polarization between the rich and the poor. Land distribution in rural areas was stopped, and Mexico 1992 was revised.
The revision of the constitution abolished the principle of "land to the tiller" and completely ended the process of land reform.
A large number of farmers who can't get land either rise up or flood into big cities and become large labor reserves.
The army. Today, there are 45 million poor people in Mexico, of whom 25 million are in extreme poverty, and 20.
% of the poorest people only enjoy 4.4% of the country's wealth, while the richest 20% have it.
53. 5% of wealth. This shows the contradiction between economy and society.
Second, the revolutionary institutional party replaced "revolutionary nationalism" with "social liberalism" as its political party.
This guiding ideology weakens the social foundation of the party. President Salinas (1988— 1994 in office)
In order to meet the needs of the neo-liberal economic system, we put forward "new nationalism" and "social self"
The new theoretical proposition of "ism" The former abandoned its consistent anti-imperialist nationalism theory,
Anti-hegemony and anti-American slogans adapt to the trend of economic globalization and the needs of opening up; The latter is
Carry out liberalism under the principle of "social interests" This theory was adopted by the Revolutionary Institutional Party in 1993.
It was adopted at the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and was established as the party's guiding ideology. But in the neo-liberal reform,
In this process, the principle of social interest is only a modifier. Class power in Mexico
The contrast has changed fundamentally, and the bourgeois nature of the regime has become more and more obvious. The advantages are
Distribution is more and more inclined to management. In terms of party politics, 1994 After the new President Cedillo took office,
The first reform measure is to amend the electoral law and cancel the government's support for official political parties in elections.
This measure has dealt a blow to the confidence and cohesion of the Department of Workers and Peasants Vocational College of the Revolutionary Institutional Party.
It also increases the possibility that the party will be defeated by the right-wing party representing the big bourgeoisie and become an opposition party.
Make love.
Third, the revolutionary institutional party system is rigid, factional struggles are serious, and the official parties stand in unity and are based on the new
There is a danger of disintegration under the economic system. Due to the long-term ruling, the leaders of the official party and group departments
People are becoming more and more bureaucratic, because of their own political future and vested interests, they are usually more
Many people are responsible for the above, but they are perfunctory about the demands and voices from the lower ordinary people. same
At that time, the disintegration policy of the government and the official party to various professional groups and departments led to the organization and management of various professional groups.
The government's ability to negotiate and confront has been greatly weakened, and it has to rely heavily on the government. therefore
Departments of various professional groups do not faithfully reflect the demands and interests of their members.
It is very deep. When the government has no intention to take care of the interests of vocational colleges and departments, they have no right to cooperate with the state.
Effective negotiation ability. In the 1960s, this dangerous tendency of tissue centrifugation was exposed.
Head, because the national policy tilted to the right, about 35 thousand dissatisfied farmers left the Ministry of farmers and entered
The "Independent Farmers' Federation" was established. After Mexico implemented the neo-liberal economic policy in 1980s,
The centrifugal tendency of member organizations in three professional sectors is becoming more and more serious, and the relationship between Mexican state and labor
There is a dangerous trend of "non-institutionalization" again. For political turmoil and social danger
Machine, the official party's vocational college structure has become insufficient.
Policy adjustment in the new century
The neo-liberal reform promoted by the Revolutionary Institutional Party is gradually divorced from the working class that supports it.
Weaken the social and organizational foundation on which they live. With the decline of collectivism system
Political parties based on this system are also in danger of being shaken and disintegrated. This cannot but be quoted.
The profound reflection of the revolutionary institutional party itself. Since 1996, the party has implemented a series of major policies.
Policy adjustments mainly include:
1.1The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China resumed "revolutionary nationalism" in September 1996.
The guiding ideology, emphatically pointed out that the revolutionary institutional party belongs to Mexican workers, peasants and the people's class.
The party is a nationalist, democratic and popular political party. This shows that the party has redefined its own people.
The nature and political function of socialism is to inspire and condense the masses.
Second, the revolutionary institutional party began to straighten out the relationship between the party and the government and expand inner-party democracy. Due to long-term
Since then, we have not paid enough attention to inner-party democracy, and the revolutionary institutional party and grassroots organizations lack effective leadership.
Communication is also not subject to standardized democratic supervision. In view of this, the party stipulates the leadership position of the party.
And candidates for elected positions must have a party age of 10 or more; There are no future presidential candidates.
Then appointed by the former president, the National Political Committee of the political party was selected from six candidates.
Health; The candidate for governor is also produced in the same way.
Third, the government of the Revolutionary Institutional Party has carried out a series of political, economic and social policy adjustments.
The government will further deepen the reform of the national political system, especially the electoral system, and ensure that political parties
Fair, just and transparent elections. At the same time, the new party-government relationship between the revolutionary institutional party and the government
The system has also been gradually established, and the Revolutionary Institutional Party will no longer appear as an official political party, but will be an ordinary political party.
The face of a competitive political party is involved in political competition.
Fourth, in terms of economic policy, the government of the Revolutionary Institutional Party has strengthened macro-control and further tightened it.
Fiscal and financial discipline, adjustment of national economic structure, and formulation of medium-and long-term economic development plans.
Plans to strengthen opening up and cooperation.
Fifth, in terms of social policy, the government of the Revolutionary Institutional Party has re-increased public welfare undertakings.
1997 56% of the federal budget will be used for various social projects. New social security
The barrier law was also introduced to solve the imbalance in Mexico's social development, rural poverty alleviation and communication.
Handle various pressing issues such as social conflicts through peaceful dialogue.
Nowadays, the Revolutionary Institutional Party is changing from an official party to a bridge between the government and the people.
An ordinary political party in the competition of political party system. This role change is not only related to the survival and development of the revolutionary institutional party
The severe challenge of the exhibition is also a test of the vitality and adaptability of its league structure. For a supervisor,
As a big party that has been in power for 70 years, the Revolutionary Institutional Party has rich experience in political struggle and is extremely inclusive.
Therefore, ideology, flexible policy ability and huge organizational team
Although the opposition forces are aggressive, it is expected to change in a long time.
The Party of Life Department is still very competitive. Judging from the election situation in recent years, the Revolutionary Institutional Party
The support rate is stable at around 40%, and the two opposition parties, the Democratic Revolutionary Party and the National Action Party, are deadlocked.
30% of the votes.
Generally speaking, the political party system in Mexico has changed from a non-competitive state in which several political parties coexist and one party dominates.
The political party system of gender hegemony has been transformed into a competitive advantage political party system with one party in power and multi-party checks and balances. As for this kind
Will the system further develop and evolve in the future, and will the Mexican Revolutionary Institutional Party be in the new government in the future?
We will be invincible in the governance framework, and we will wait and see.
References:
[1] Zeng: Political Stability and Modernization, Oriental Publishing House, 1996.
[2] Dan Coe Vergas, etc. Summary of Mexican History (Chinese translation), China.
Social science press 1983.
[3] Zhou: "Latin American Party Politics at the Turn of the Century", "Latin American Studies",
The first issue 1999.
[4] Ronald. MacDonald and Mark Yule, Party Politics and
Elections in Latin America, Westview publishing house, 1989.