Deuterium is called "the natural fuel of the future"
dāo
ㄉㄠˉ
Deuterium is a stable isotope of hydrogen, also known as heavy hydrogen, and its element symbol is generally d or 2H. Its nucleus consists of a proton and a neutron. The content in nature is about 7000 times that of ordinary hydrogen, which is used for thermonuclear reaction.
Number of strokes: 6, radical: Qi, number of strokes: 3 1 1532.
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nature
heavy hydrogen
1. Alias and English name
Deuterium [1]; Deuterium, heavy hydrogen.
use
Nuclear research, bombardment particles of deuterium accelerator, tracer.
Enact laws
(1) is electrolyzed by heavy water.
(2) Liquid hydrogen is used for low-temperature refining.
4. Physical and chemical properties
Molecular weight: 4.032
Triple point: -254.4℃
Liquid density (equilibrium state, -252.8℃): 169 kg/m3.
Gas density (101.325kpa, 0℃): 0.180kg/m3.
Specific volume (10 1.325kPa, 2 1.2℃): 5.987m3/kg.
Gas-liquid volume ratio (15℃,100 kpa): 974 l/l.
Compression coefficient:
Pressure kPa
100
1000
5000
10000
Temperature℃
15
50
1.0087
1.0008
1.0060
1.0057
1.0296
1.0296
1.0600
1.0555
Critical temperature: -234.8℃
Critical pressure:1664.8kpa.
Critical density: 66.8kg/m3.
Heat of fusion (-254.5℃) (equilibrium state): 48.84kJ/kg.
Gasification heat △ HV (-249.5℃): 305kJ/kg.
Specific heat (10 1.335kPa, 25℃, gas): CP = 7.243kJ/(kg k).
cv = 5. 178 kj/(kK·K)
Specific heat ratio (10 1.325kPa, 25℃, gas): Cp/Cv= 1.40.
Steam pressure (normal state,17.703):10.67kpa.
(Normal state, 2 1.62 1): 53.33 kPa
(Normal state, 24.249K):119.99kPa.
Viscosity (gas, normal state, 10 1.325kPa, 0℃): 0.010mpa s.
(liquid, equilibrium state, -252.8℃): 0.040 MPa sec.
Surface tension (equilibrium state,--252.8℃): 3.72 Mn/m/m.
Thermal conductivity (gas 10 1.325kPa, 0℃): 0.1289w/(m k)
(liquid,-252.8℃):'1264 w/(m k)
Refractive coefficient nv( 10 1.325kPa, 25℃): 1.000 1265.
Combustion limit in air: 5% ~ 75% (volume ratio)
Flammability grade: 4
Toxicity grade: 0
Explosion grade: 1
Heavy hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nontoxic and flammable gas at normal temperature and pressure, and it is a stable isotope of common hydrogen. It contains 0.0 139% ~ 0.0 157% hydrogen in water. Its chemical properties are exactly the same as ordinary hydrogen. However, due to the large mass, the reaction speed is small.
5. Toxicity and safety protection
Heavy hydrogen is non-toxic and suffocating.
Heavy hydrogen is flammable and explosive, so we should pay enough attention to it. Others see hydrogen.
history
193 1 At the end of the year, American scientist harold clayton urey discovered heavy hydrogen by spectral detection after evaporating a large amount of liquid hydrogen. Yuri therefore won the 1934 Nobel Prize in chemistry.
According to Yuri's suggestion, heavy hydrogen was named deuterium, which means "second" in Greek.
Antideuterium
The antimatter corresponding to deuterium is anti-deuterium, and its nucleus contains an antiproton and an antineutron. 1965 The European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) and Bookhaven National Laboratory made anti-deuterium atoms for the first time, but so far they have not successfully made complete anti-deuterium atoms with positrons.
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Yuri, the scientist who discovered deuterium.
Isotope, the western word isotope, was first used by Soddy (F. Soddy, 1877- 1956) in 19 1 1 year. Later, another Englishman Aston (1877- 1945) made a mass spectrometer in 19 19, which can be used to separate particles with different masses and determine their mass. This greatly improved the method of studying isotopes. Aston discovered isotopes of many elements by mass spectrometer. Among the 7 1 elements, he discovered 202 isotopes one after another, which helped us understand isotopes and began to accumulate a lot of data.
The most interesting thing is whether hydrogen has isotopes. In order to find hydrogen isotopes, people have spent more than ten years before and after, but no definite results have been obtained. 193 1, theoretically inferring that there should be a hydrogen isotope with a mass number of 2, and estimating the ratio of 2H: 1H= 1:4500. At the end of 193 1, Professor Yuri of Columbia University and his assistants slowly evaporated four liters of liquid hydrogen at the triple point of 14 K, and finally only a few cubic millimeters of liquid hydrogen remained, and then the spectrum was analyzed. Results Among the spectral lines of hydrogen atoms, some new spectral lines were obtained, and their positions coincided with the expected hydrogen spectral lines with mass 2, thus heavy hydrogen was found. Yuri gave it a special name, deuterium, which is translated into deuterium in Chinese with symbol D. Later, British and American scientists discovered tritium with mass 3, which was translated into tritium in Chinese with symbol T, which is another important radioactive hydrogen isotope.
The discovery of neon was a great event in the scientific community in the early 1930s. Yuri therefore won the 1934 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Since then, his fame has soared, but he has not stopped. Later, he continued to complete a lot of important constitutional research work. Deuterium oxide (also known as heavy water) is the most common one. Its main characteristics are: the maximum density temperature of deuterium oxide is 1 1.22℃ (4.08℃ for ordinary water), the melting point is 3.82℃, and the boiling point is10/.42℃, which is quite different from ordinary water. Heavy water can be easily obtained by electrolysis, so northern Europe with low electricity charges can produce it in large quantities. Later, heavy water became one of the important materials for making hydrogen bombs.
Deuterium and heavy water are briefly introduced above in order to attract people's attention to this chemist Yuri. He died at the age of 86 on October 6th last year. The following (this article was published in1982-editor's note) briefly introduces his life and achievements to show our respect for him. Harold clayton urey was born on April 29th, 1993 in/kloc-0, a farmer's family in Indiana, in the northwest of the United States. After graduating from middle school, he first taught in a rural primary school for three years. Later, he entered Montana State University. At that time, his major was biology and his minor was chemistry. However, the main achievement of his life is based on the chemistry of the second department. After graduation, he got a scholarship from 192 1 to 1923, and he studied at the University of California. Excellent grades, received a doctorate at the age of 30. 1923 won a scholarship to study abroad and went to Denmark to study atomic structure theory with Professor Bohr. After Yuri returned to China, he first worked as a lecturer at Johns Hopkins University. From 65438 to 0929, he became an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry of Columbia University, where he collaborated with others to write a monograph entitled Atoms, Molecules and Quantum. This is one of the masterpieces about quantum mechanics written in English. This shows that Yuri's achievements in quantum mechanics and thermodynamics, as well as nuclear structure, have reached a fairly high level. During this period, he discovered deuterium, one of the amazing hydrogen isotopes, through spectroscopy. Since then, Yuri has become a recognized authority in the field of isotope chemistry. After his research, the separation of isotopes began to have a chemical method. Due to the success of this method, many isotopes have become tracers in chemistry, biology and geology. During World War II, he used his rich knowledge of isotope chemistry to play an important role in defeating Japan. In the past, isotope separation was only carried out in a small range and on a laboratory scale. During World War II, Yuri led a group of assistants to realize the large-scale separation of heavy water and uranium isotopes. The success of this technology made it possible to make the first atomic bomb. After the war, Yuri accepted the appointment of a professor at the University of Chicago. Here, he published an extremely important paper entitled Thermodynamic Properties of Isotopic Substances. Since then, Yuri has used a high-precision mass spectrometer to test the percentage of oxygen isotopes in geology and oceans. Thanks to the success of this technology, he can calculate the temperature of the ocean 70 million years ago quite accurately.
He published the data of element abundance in the universe in 1952, and developed the theory of element origin and cosmology. In the book Planets: Their Origin and Development, the author discusses the theory of the evolution of the solar system from the chemical process, and points out that planets are formed by dust gathered around the primitive sun. The primitive atmosphere of the earth should be similar to that of Jupiter now, mainly composed of methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The present atmosphere of the earth has been formed through several long-term changes. 1953, Yuri and student Stanley L. Miller designed a set of instruments to simulate the composition and conditions of the primitive earth's atmosphere. After a week of continuous spark discharge in the mixture of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapor, more than ten kinds of amino acids were formed. This shows that the primitive atmosphere may produce protein. This is an important way to study the origin of life. 1968 at the age of 65, he was hired as a senior researcher at the Institute of Oceanography by the University of California. He also put forward the theory that the solar system was formed by meteorites, and thought that life could also be produced on other planets. Yuri is also an expert on the surface of the moon. Yuri took part in the research when Apollo landed on the moon to retrieve lunar rock samples. Yuri also served as an important consultant during the Viking rocket's exploration of Mars. Yuri 4 1 year-old won the nobel prize in chemistry, and has been awarded more than 30 medals and prizes by governments, academic groups and scientific organizations all over the world. Some universities in the United States awarded him 16 honorary doctorates, and universities in other countries also awarded him 9 honorary degrees. This shows that the world academic circles attach importance to his scientific achievements. In the last ten years of Yuri's life, he devoted a lot of energy to opposing the destructive effects of atomic weapons. He always believed that the United States could not monopolize nuclear weapons, and he advocated that both the United States and the Soviet Union should reduce atomic weapons in order to achieve long-term world peace. Before his death, he repeatedly stressed that atomic energy can only be used for peaceful purposes. Over the years, he made a lot of public speeches and written appeals, which won the sympathy of many American intellectuals. Although some people disagree with some of Yuri's views, no one doubts that his ideas are sincere and heartfelt. Harold urey's achievements will go down in the history of chemistry forever.
Harm of deuterium to human body;
Scientific research shows that deuterium (D) is harmful to the survival, development and reproduction of life. Deuterium (D) replacing hydrogen atoms can generate extra stress in the helical structure of DNA, which leads to the phase shift, breakage and replacement of the double helix, which makes the arrangement of RNA chaotic, even re-synthesis and mutation. The organism has no resistance to deuterium (D), once it enters the organism, it is difficult to metabolize, and it has cumulative effect in the body, so high content of deuterium (D) has adverse effects on human heredity, metabolism and enzyme system. The higher the deuterium (D) content, the greater the toxicity to life. Therefore, all kinds of animal and plant life, including human beings, are always poisoned by deuterium (D) to varying degrees, but they have now adapted to the natural deuterium (D) content of 150ppm.
Deuterium (D) has the most direct influence on life through water. Research shows that no matter how much deuterium (D) is in water! It is toxic to all living things. If the D/H in natural water exceeds the normal value 150ppm, it will be even more harmful to life. The lower the concentration of deuterium (D) in drinking water, the less harm it does to human body.
Light water test shows that snow water with low deuterium (D) content has anti-aging effect. Scientists also pointed out that whales grow very big and live near the melting edge of icebergs, but not in the equatorial region, because there is less deuterium (D) in the water near the cold polar regions, and fish and plankton are easy to breed. Pygmy people and pygmy animals mainly live in western equatorial Africa, where deuterium (D) content is rich, while large African animals such as elephants and hippos live in eastern Africa, where deuterium (D) content is lower than normal. Long-lived people also live in northern and mountainous areas with low deuterium (D) content.
Therefore, oxygen light water is the "holy water" of the "water of life", and deuterium oxygen heavy water is a disaster that harms and destroys life. The amount of deuterium (D) in water plays a decisive role in the survival and development of life. In view of the potential threat of deuterium (D) to life, modern scientists are trying to create a kind of drinking water with low deuterium (D) content to improve the quality of human life. At present, Japanese, European and American scientists have carried out relevant research, and China scientists are also systematically studying low deuterium water (DDW), which I believe will provide people with real "good water" soon.