Japan at this time, both at home and abroad. Externally, it is unable to cope with the strong ships and guns of the great powers; Internally, the seeds of capitalism are ready to move and shake the backward feudal system all the time. It is in this context that Japan set off a vigorous "Meiji Restoration" movement. Today we will look at how the Meiji Restoration created a brand-new Japan.
At the end of the centralized shogunate era, in the face of fierce foreign powers, innovative forces began to appear in Japan. They put forward the slogan of "respecting the monarch and benefiting the foreign countries", that is, "respecting the emperor and driving away foreign invaders." However, the reformists at that time did not have a clear reform idea. Many people still had illusions about the shogunate, which was severely suppressed by the shogunate army and western powers and ended in failure.
After the failure of the movement of honoring Wang Xiangyi, people realized the disadvantages of the shogunate. In order to change the current situation in Japan, we must shake the existing political system and overthrow the rule of the shogunate, so as to make Qiang Bing a rich country. The "anti-curtain faction" turned their guns and United with all available forces, even the western powers that were eyeing up.
Japan's "anti-curtain movement" was led by the Emperor, with four governors, Chang, Sa, Tu and Fei, as the main forces, and defeated the shogunate army in the battle of Fujian's birds and feathers. Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the last general, returned to power as Emperor Meiji, marking the end of the shogunate era. The Meiji government's policy of "restoring official titles and abolishing vassals and establishing counties" marked the end of Japan's long-term separatist regime and the unification of rights, and Japan made full preparations for the political reform and reform.
Qiang Bing, a rich country, and Qiang Bing, a rich country, are actually reforming the military and police system, establishing the arms industry, implementing the conscription system and establishing a new military and police system.
The starting point of military reform is the military system. Japan sent a large number of envoys to visit European countries to learn their military systems. The Japanese army refers to the training methods of the German army, and the navy refers to the establishment of a powerful British navy. 1872, Japan also issued the latest draft order, which strictly ordered adult males over the age of 20 to perform military service and controlled the number of Japanese combat troops at around 400,000.
In addition, the Japanese government has continuously sent overseas students, actively introduced advanced western science and technology, vigorously developed the economy, carried out large-scale primitive accumulation in the form of high taxes, and established a large number of state-owned enterprises focusing on military industry, railways, mineral deposits and shipping. In the middle and late Meiji period, Japan's military budget once reached 45% of the total government budget, which was absolutely crazy.
The most admirable thing about the civilized Meiji Restoration is the indomitable spirit of the Japanese. He dares to face up to contradictions and solve them in the most direct way. Because the old system has fallen behind the times, he accepted the advanced western culture in an all-round way.
In society, Meiji government actively introduced modern western industrial technology, set up specialized industrial and commercial institutions according to the western system, actively broke the market monopoly phenomenon and abolished the guild system of industrial and commercial circles. Reform the land system, allow land to be sold and implement a new land policy; Establish a national central bank to unify the currency.
In education, the Ministry of Education was established and a new education law was promulgated, which divided Japan into eight university districts. Each school district has 1 universities and 32 middle schools, and each middle school district has 2 10 primary schools, so as to carry out bourgeois compulsory education and instill bushido and patriotism. In addition, the Meiji government also actively sent overseas students to study in advanced countries.
Politically, in order to maintain the rule of the emperor, the Meiji government vigorously advocated Shinto, publicized the idea of loyalty to the emperor, lifted the ban and allowed other religions to exist. In judicature, the Meiji government completely imitated the western system, 1882 customized criminal law, 1898 customized law and German mixed civil law, 1899 formulated American commercial law, which laid a legal foundation for the smooth implementation of Meiji Restoration.