Revolution is brewing:

At the beginning of the 20th century, the bourgeois democratic revolution spread rapidly, which shocked China's ideological circle and promoted the arrival of the democratic revolutionary movement. The first to wake up is the emerging group of intellectuals. Modern intellectuals took newspapers and periodicals as an important position to publicize the theory of democratic revolution, and founded more than 20 political journals such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang Tide, Su Bao and China Vernacular Newspaper. Chen Tianhua's Jing Shizhong, Looking Back, Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army and other pamphlets 130 have been published. Bourgeois and petty bourgeois intellectuals have also translated many social and political works of the western bourgeoisie, such as Cai Yuanpei's Philosophical Essentials, Yan Fu's Evolution, and Adam Smith's Original Wealth.

With the widespread spread of democratic ideas, many revolutionary groups have emerged at home and abroad. Zhong Xing Society, Huaxing Society, science tutorial school, Guangfu Society, etc. On August 20th, 1905, the China League was established. Sun Yat-sen put forward the platform of "expelling the Tatars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and sharing land rights equally". The establishment of China League indicates that the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China has entered a new stage.

As soon as the Qing government's policy of "state-owned railways" was announced, it immediately aroused opposition from people from all walks of life in Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guangdong provinces, and a wide-ranging railway protection movement appeared. Sichuan is the largest and most intense road protection movement. 1911June, Sichuan established the railway protection comrades' association and announced that "the purpose is to protect the railway and abolish the contract". In September, more than 60 counties in the province established road protection associations, and tens of millions of people participated in this movement. On the one hand, the Qing government transferred the Hubei New Army to Sichuan, on the other hand, it ordered the "strong suppression" of the railway protection movement, which became the direct fuse of the Wuchang Uprising.

When the trend of protecting roads rises in four provinces, the literary society and * * * in Wuchang, Hubei Province will actively prepare cameras and launch an armed uprising. On October 9th, 65438/KLOC-0, Sun Wu carelessly prepared explosives in Hankou, and the secret of the uprising was leaked, and Liu Fuji and Peng Chufan were arrested. 10 in the morning, Peng and Liu were killed, and the Qing army arrested revolutionaries everywhere. In the evening, the soldiers of Wuchang New Army killed the platoon leader who suppressed the revolutionary soldiers, captured the armory of Chu Wangtai, and started the fire of Wuchang Uprising. After a night of fighting, on June 5438+0 1 day, the insurgents occupied Wuchang city and established the Hubei military government. 12- 13, the insurgents captured Hanyang and Hankou. The success of Wuchang Shouyi inspired the revolutionary fighting spirit of the people all over the country, and the revolutionaries all over the country rose to respond. Hunan and Shaanxi took the lead in responding. Since then, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangxi, Anhui, Sichuan, Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces have successively declared their independence from the Qing government.

The Republic of China was founded in:

1911On February 29th, Sun Yat-sen was elected as the first provisional president of the Republic of China with an absolute majority of 16 votes. 19 12 On New Year's Day, Sun Yat-sen was sworn in and proclaimed the founding of the Republic of China. On the 3rd, the provisional government of the Republic of China was established; On the 28th, the provincial representative meeting was reorganized into the provisional Senate, becoming the highest legislative body of the provisional government.

Nanjing Provisional Government has promulgated a series of policies and decrees that are conducive to promoting democratic politics and developing capitalism. Such as: ordering provincial government agencies to burn instruments of torture and abolish torture; Abolish all kinds of "untouchables" in Qing laws and regulations; Protect overseas Chinese; Prohibited traders; Abolish the master-slave position; Cut braids in sequence; Gambling, foot binding and opium smoking are prohibited. Encourage the establishment of industry and commerce, revitalize the planting industry, and reward overseas Chinese for investing in China. Advocate universal education and delete feudal content from old textbooks. These policies and decrees have changed customs and traditions, and promoted the development of national capitalism and the spread of democratic ideas.

Under the auspices of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the Provisional Senate promulgated the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China in March of1/,and established a bourgeois republic with parliamentary system and responsibility cabinet system in China according to the democratic system of western bourgeoisie and the principle of "separation of three powers" in legislation, administration and judicature. The power of Nanjing Provisional Government was usurped by Yuan Shikai because of the usurpation of Nanjing Provisional Government and constitutionalists, old bureaucrats and politicians in provincial capitals, as well as the compromise and concession of some revolutionaries.

Yuan Shikai s usurpation of power and the failure of revolution;

19 12 In April, after stealing political power, Yuan Shikai used the internal division of the League to win over some revolutionaries to cooperate with it, and publicly attacked the bourgeois democratic system by force, forcing Tang to resign. 19 13 "the song case" and "the big loan from the aftermath" awakened the bourgeois revolutionaries from the fantasy of parliamentary politics, peaceful construction and industrial salvation. In July, Li Liejun was ordered by Sun Yat-sen to declare independence in Hukou, Jiangxi, and organized Yuan Jun, and the "Second Revolution" broke out. Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui, Hunan, Guangdong, Fujian and other places have become independent. Because the Kuomintang people scrambled to fight and lacked unified leadership, the "second revolution" was suppressed by the Beiyang warlords.

The failure of the "second revolution" marked the complete failure of the Revolution of 1911.

The rest of the revolution:

After Yuan Shikai suppressed the "Second Revolution", he began to restore the monarchy. In order to get the imperial robe as soon as possible, Yuan Shikai did not hesitate to sell his national sovereignty to gain the support of foreign powers. Yuan Shikai's perverse behavior aroused the resistance of China people, and people all over the country gathered to protest. 19 15 12.25, Cai E declared its independence in Yunnan, organized the National Defence Force to crusade against Yuan, and launched the Great Patriotic War. Subsequently, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shaanxi and other provinces successively declared independence. Yuan Shikai had to announce the abolition of the imperial system on March 22, 2006 under the attack of the National Defence Force and the nationwide crusade.

After Yuan Shikai's death, the northern warlords split into three factions: Anhui, Direct and Feng. With the support of the Japanese, the section of Anhui Province controlled Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong and Shaanxi provinces. Zhifeng, with the support of Britain and the United States, controls Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hubei and Zhili provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; Zhang, a member of Feng clan, is based in Japan and occupies three northeastern provinces. In addition, Yan Xishan, a warlord in Shanxi, Zhang Xunding's military forces around Xuzhou, Tang, a warlord in Yunnan in the southwest, and Lu Rongting, a warlord in Guangxi, were all under the control of foreign powers and swallowed me up and fought endlessly.

After Yuan Shikai's death, Li succeeded as president, contending for power and profit with Duan, who held the real power of the central government, and there was a "battle between the government and the court". 19 17 In July, Zhang Xun led 3,000 "braid troops" to Beijing to restore the monarchy at the invitation of Li's "mediation", which aroused the opposition of the people all over the country. Duan claimed to be a "hero" and assumed the responsibility of prime minister. After Duan came to power, he inherited Yuan Shikai's mantle and bowed to his knees in an attempt to establish the dictatorship of Anhui warlords. Duan's dictatorship and traitorous behavior aroused the opposition of bourgeois revolutionaries and southwest warlords. 1965438+In August 2007, Sun Yat-sen was appointed as the Grand Marshal of the military government of the Republic of China, and the first battle to protect the section immediately started. Under the suppression of Beiyang Army, the Northern Expeditionary Army was frustrated. Coupled with the contradictions within the military government, Sun Yat-sen resigned angrily in May 19 18, and the war to protect France failed. The failure of the law-protecting movement once again proved that the old democratic revolution led by the bourgeoisie had reached the brink of despair.

Evaluation of the Revolution of 1911;

Some people say that the Revolution of 1911 was a success; Some people say that the Revolution of 1911 failed. However, I think the Revolution of 1911 was both successful and unsuccessful. It is the success of 1/2 and the failure of 1/2.

First of all, the Revolution of 1911 was a successful revolution. The Revolution of 1911 was a more thorough democratic revolution led by China national bourgeoisie represented by Sun Yat-sen, and the people of China started this more thorough revolution "in order to establish an independent democratic society".

Due to the organization and leadership of the bourgeoisie and the alliance, a relatively complete revolutionary program was put forward. In the revolutionary anger of the broad masses of workers and peasants and other working people in various ways, the dog emperor was driven away, and the autocratic rule of the Qing Dynasty for more than 260 years was overthrown, thus ending the feudal autocratic monarchy system for more than 2,000 years and establishing the bourgeois Republic. This * * and the domestic produced a "Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China". Although this document was quickly abandoned by the northern warlords, after this revolution, the concept of a democratic country has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, which has dealt a political blow to feudal forces and the democratic trend of thought has become unstoppable. Because of this, after the Revolution of 1911, Yuan Shikai's Hongxian monarchy and Zhang Xun's restoration monarchy were all short-lived and ended in failure. The Revolution of 1911 also made ideological preparations for the transformation from democratic revolution to new-democratic revolution.

The Revolution of 1911 also dealt a heavy blow to imperialism. Although the bourgeoisie did not explicitly put forward an anti-imperialist political program, as Mao Zedong said, "The Revolution of 1911 is the life of imperialism, and the people of China want to change the life of the Qing Dynasty, because the Qing Dynasty is the running dog of imperialism". So Lenin regarded the Revolution of 1911 as "the awakening of Asia", but the imperialist dream of enslaving the people of China by using the reactionary Qing government went bankrupt. After the collapse of the Qing government, imperialism tried to foster new lackeys, but these "new lackeys" were short-lived and were overthrown by the people of China, which weakened the oppression of the Chinese and foreign reactionary forces on the people of China to some extent.

In a deeper sense, the Revolution of 1911 actually promoted the development of productive forces. Although the revolution failed, it promoted the development of national capitalism to some extent. After the founding of the Republic of China, domestic industrial groups were established one after another, and setting up factories and banks became a trend. The economic strength of state capitalism has been significantly enhanced in just a few years, and the ranks of the proletariat have also grown day by day.

The Revolution of 1911 also laid the first crown in Asia, which is of international significance. The Revolution of 1911 dealt a heavy blow to imperialism and overthrew the feudal monarchy for more than 2,000 years, which was a great encouragement to the national liberation movement of people all over the world, especially those in the East. Under the influence of the China Revolution, colonies such as Dutch Java in 19 13 carried out extensive democratic revolutionary movements. China people's revolution will bring liberation to Asia and destroy the bourgeois rule in Europe.

In a word, the great achievements of the Revolution of 1911 paved a golden road for the development trend of China.

However, the Revolution of 1911 was a hasty success, but it was an incomplete victory.

Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles have only completed the first item-nationalism, and other civil rights and people's livelihood have long been in arrears. Moreover, as far as nationalism is concerned, all that has been accomplished is "expelling the Tatars", and all imperialist forces have been preserved intact. After Yuan Shikai came to power, China was under the reactionary rule of the Northern Warlords, and the Three People's Principles became an armchair strategist. They sell dog meat by hanging sheep's heads. Although they have the name of the Republic of China, they have no reality of the Republic of China. From this point of view, although the success of the Revolution of 1911 is of great historical significance, it is a pot of raw rice.

The achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were finally stolen by Yuan Shikai, and China's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal task was not completed, so it failed again.

The League of Bourgeois Political Parties leading this revolution lacks a clear anti-imperialist program and concrete actions. Due to the limitations of bourgeois history, the bourgeois revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen have a vague understanding of the essence of imperialism. From the Allied League to the Nanjing Provisional Government, they all have illusions about imperialism. They think that the west will be in favor of establishing a bourgeois country. Sun Yat-sen not only failed to distinguish the so-called "neutrality" of imperialism, but maintained friendly relations with imperialism at the expense of recognizing all its rights and interests in China. With such a compromise by the bourgeoisie, it is really difficult for the revolution to continue.

The bourgeoisie limited its revolutionary goal to opposing the Qing emperor. They believe that "the abdication of the Qing emperor" means that autocracy has been eliminated and the revolution has been completed. Because of this, it just gives opportunist constitutionalists and old bureaucrats an opportunity. Later, Yuan Shikai stole political power in exchange for the abdication of the Qing emperor and destroyed the revolution. The revolutionaries not only failed to see through Yuan Shikai's counter-revolutionary tactics, but regarded Yuan Shikai as an ally, which shows that the revolutionary party.

The leaders of the Revolution of 1911 failed to mobilize the broad masses of the people, especially the peasants, to participate in the struggle. Although the slogan of "equal land rights" was put forward in the program of the League, it was not actually accepted by all revolutionaries, and no measures were found to solve the land problem, so "equal land rights" could not be implemented, thus losing the role of mobilizing farmers. As the Revolutionary Party lost the support of farmers, it turned its attention to the New Army and the Peace Party. It is precisely because we are divorced from the people that the revolutionary forces are weak. Mao Zedong once pointed out: "The national revolution needs a big rural reform, and the reason why the Revolution of 1911 failed was because there was no such reform. Therefore, under the collusion of imperialism and feudal forces, the failure of the revolution is inevitable. tph8u)~wd^n6vbg5b(&； %u

The revolutionaries did not establish and master the organized revolutionary armed forces, but the League launched a new army and held an uprising in communist party. After all, these two armed forces were not established by revolutionaries themselves. In addition, the members of the new army and communist party are complicated, and most of them have accepted the constitutionalists and the old bureaucrats. Therefore, they are often incited by the old forces to become forces that undermine the revolution, and revolutionaries lack strong armed forces, making it difficult to cope with the counter-attacks of reactionary forces.

China United League has not established a correct organizational line, so the organization is not consolidated. The alliance is complicated, with inconsistent political beliefs and serious ideological differences. Therefore, there has never been a unified leadership core, such a political party that lacks faith in thought, is disorganized and full of contradictions inside.

In a word, many problems appeared in the revolution, which fully exposed the weakness and compromise of the bourgeoisie. Of course, there were also many inevitable problems in the objective environment at that time, such as the joint destruction of the feudal class and foreign forces, which forced the revolutionaries to hand over the national government to Yuan Shikai; At that time, farmers were deeply influenced by feudal remnants and could not accept revolutionary ideas quickly; It is difficult for the revolutionary party to establish and master the economic, political and mass basis of an army.

Revolution also keeps pace with the times. The greatest achievement of the Revolution of 1911 should be its influence on later revolutions, and its success is also the cause of failure, which has always been used for reference by later revolutionaries. Boldly speaking, the Revolution of 1911 opened a historical precedent, which led to the establishment of new China and the victory of the democratic revolution.

Therefore, it is half success and half failure. However, judging from its guidance and influence on the later China Revolution, it is worthy of our praise, and it is not a failure or success as many people say. So I believe that the Revolution of 1911 is the cornerstone of China's modern revolution, which shows that as long as the revolution continues, victory will come one day!