There are many kinds of educational research topics, different research methods and different research schemes, but the structure is similar. It basically includes the following aspects.
Expression of (1) subject
A research topic must have a name to express its research content. This seems like a small problem, but in fact, when many people write a topic, they often write it inaccurately and inappropriately, which affects the image and quality of the whole topic. A good topic should meet the requirements of accuracy, standardization, conciseness and striking.
Accuracy means that the topic should explain clearly what the problem (research content) of the topic is and what the object is. Whether the title of the topic is clearly expressed and whether it can cover the content and methods to be studied is a sign to test and measure the understanding and level of researchers in a certain sense. The title of the subject must be consistent with the research content, not too big, with a suitable incision, which can accurately summarize the research objects and problems. Normalization means using words and sentence patterns to standardize science. Some specious words can't be used, and slogans and conclusion sentences can't be used. For example, "Cultivating students' autonomous learning ability and improving classroom teaching efficiency" is a good topic as an experience summary paper, but it is not good as a topic, because the topic is the problem we want to solve, and we are discussing and preparing for research, so there can be no final tone. In addition, questions should be used with caution when determining the title of the topic. Because interrogative sentences express a question, not an argument or hypothesis. The theme should be expressed in declarative sentences. For example, the question "What is the influence of family pressure on primary school students' academic performance" is generally not suitable for project topics. If we want to study it as a topic, we should change it to "Study on the influence of family pressure on primary school students' academic performance" or "Study on the relationship between family pressure and primary school students' academic performance". Concise, that is, the name should not be too long, and words that can or cannot be used should not be used as much as possible, generally no more than 20 words. Eye-catching means that the incision of the subject research is appropriate and novel, which makes people leave a deep impression on the subject at first sight.
⑵ The purpose and significance of the study.
As a project plan, we should first explain the research background and the research purpose we need to achieve, and answer the question "Why do we need to conduct research?". In the scheme, the background of the research project is usually described in the form of "project proposal" or "project background", which mainly introduces the purpose and significance of the research project, that is, why to study and study its value. This can generally be based on the actual needs, pointing out that there is this problem in reality, which needs to be studied and solved, and what practical role the research of this topic has, and then writing out the theoretical and academic value of the topic. These should be written more specifically and pertinently, and we should not shout slogans aimlessly.
⑶ Research status, level and development trend at home and abroad.
In view of the research content of the subject, it is necessary to explain whether anyone has studied it within the scope of the subject and what aspects have been studied? What achievements have you made? Are the views expressed in these achievements consistent? If there are differences, what are their differences? What are the shortcomings and in what direction. On the one hand, the analysis of these contents can explain the status and value of this research, on the other hand, it also shows whether the researchers have a good grasp of this research and whether they have a certain research foundation. Because we conduct scientific research on a certain problem, we must have a clear understanding of the research status of this problem.
⑷ Theoretical basis of research.
The research that our primary and secondary school teachers are doing is basically applied research, which requires that our research must have some basic theoretical foundations to ensure the scientific nature of the research. For example, if we want to carry out experimental research on activity classes, we must take curriculum theory, learning psychology theory and educational psychology theory as the theoretical basis of the experiment. The experimental study of educational model innovation must be based on teaching theory and educational experimental theory.
5] research hypothesis
After selecting a topic, one or several possible answers and conclusions are conceived for the research topic according to the facts and existing data, which is called "hypothesis". Hypothesis is a speculative judgment and hypothetical explanation of the law or reason of the studied problem according to certain scientific knowledge and new scientific facts. Before the study, it was conceived and attempted in advance. There are some variables involved in the research hypothesis, which can be divided into independent variables, dependent variables and controlled variables according to their relationship. Independent variables are variables manipulated and changed by researchers, and they are conditions, factors or combinations of conditions that can change independently and cause changes in dependent variables. Such as the reform measures taken by researchers in learning content, teaching methods and learning methods. Dependent variable is a variable that causes the corresponding response of subjects' behavior or related factors and characteristics, and it is an index that needs to be observed in the study. Control variables are non-research variables that have nothing to do with a specific research goal, also called irrelevant variables. Because they will have an impact on the research results, they need to be controlled during the research process.
[6] Research object and scope
Educational research always points to certain objects. These objects are often people, groups and organizations composed of people and their behaviors and characteristics. Because of the extreme complexity of people, people's behavior and people's characteristics, we must define them clearly when studying to avoid the confusion caused by different people's understanding from different angles.
① Defining the fuzzy concept of the research object.
Some research objects are ambiguous, such as "weak schools" and "students with bad moral character" We can define a school according to a certain standard (authoritative standard is the best). For example, according to the evaluation criteria of the education administrative department, a "weak school" is a school with an evaluation score below.
(2) Define the overall scope of the research object.
Population is a statistical concept, which refers to the total number of research objects. The scope of the research object must be considered according to the research objectives. Its scope includes source scope and feature scope. The source range includes regions, schools and classes; The range of characteristics includes gender, age and psychological characteristics. For example, the investigation of students' mental health, whether the scope of students is a certain region or a certain school, what kind of school, what grade or age group, these should be clearly defined. Different scope, the final research results will be very different.
③ Define some key concepts.
In the research of educational science, there are many schools and different viewpoints, so there are many nouns and terms that often appear the phenomenon that "different people have different opinions". In order to avoid the ambiguity of some key terms, which leads to the inconsistency of understanding and concepts between scientific research managers and researchers in the process of evaluation and research, and avoid the difference in understanding and acceptance of research results caused by these ambiguities, it is necessary to make clear definitions of important concepts and terms involved in research when making research plans.
(7) The content of the study.
The research content is the main body of the research plan, answering what questions to study and what aspects to study. It further refines the research questions raised by the subject into several small questions. The amount of research content is related to the size of the topic, and the bigger the topic, the more content. However, when determining the research content, many teachers often do not consider it very specifically. The research content written is particularly general and vague, and it is very unfavorable for the whole research to regard the purpose and significance of the research as the research content. Therefore, we should learn to decompose and refine the questions and do them bit by bit.
(8) Research methods.
Research method mainly refers to educational research method, which answers the question of how to study. There are various methods of educational research, including literature research, investigation research, experimental research, comparative research, action research and experience summary. According to the different functions of various research methods, they can be roughly divided into two categories. The first is the method of collecting research data, such as investigation, observation, measurement, literature and so on. These methods aim at obtaining objective data of objects without any influence on them. The other kind of methods are methods aimed at changing and influencing variables, such as experiments and action research. These methods achieve some desired results by applying some interventions. Some studies may adopt a single research method, while others may adopt multiple methods. For example, if the method of experiment or action research is adopted, the first data collection method must be adopted to understand the final result of the experiment.
(9) Steps of research
The step of project research is the arrangement of project research in time and order. The steps of research should fully consider the relationship and difficulty of research content. Generally, we should start with the basic problems and proceed in stages. What requirements should be met at each stage, how much time should be used, when to start and when to end, should be stipulated. It enables researchers to know from the beginning and carry out all the work in an orderly way in the implementation of the research, thus ensuring that the research can be completed on schedule. The steps basically include the plan preparation stage; Program implementation stage; Expert argumentation and evaluation, summary and acceptance, conclusion.
⑽ The expected result form of the research.
The form of results refers to the form in which the final research results appear. Educational research results can include research papers and reports, monographs and teaching materials, teaching AIDS and teaching instruments, teaching software (including audio-visual products, computer software) and so on. For a project with a long research cycle, there should also be phased results and final results respectively. Stage grades can be listed by semester. The content and form of research results are different with different topics, but no matter what form, the research of the topic must have results, otherwise, the topic will not be completed.
⑾ Members of the research group and their division of labor.
The members of the research group should be determined according to the research needs. The more members of the research group, the better. All members of the research group must undertake some research tasks. No one should be just a puppet. The nature of the task undertaken by each member of the research group should adapt to the knowledge and ability of the undertaker. In the plan, the names and division of labor of the responsible persons and members of the research group shall be stated. If necessary, it is necessary to list everyone's specialties, abilities and specialties, as well as previous research experiences and achievements, so that the project manager can understand the research strength of the research group.
⑿, budget and installation requirements
Funds and equipment are the material conditions for carrying out educational research. We should plan realistically on the principle of doing great things with less money.
The basic contents of the project research plan
There are many kinds of educational research topics, different research methods and different research schemes, but the structure is similar. It basically includes the following aspects.
Expression of (1) subject
A research topic must have a name to express its research content. This seems like a small problem, but in fact, when many people write a topic, they often write it inaccurately and inappropriately, which affects the image and quality of the whole topic. A good topic should meet the requirements of accuracy, standardization, conciseness and striking.
Accuracy means that the topic should explain clearly what the problem (research content) of the topic is and what the object is. Whether the title of the topic is clearly expressed and whether it can cover the content and methods to be studied is a sign to test and measure the understanding and level of researchers in a certain sense. The title of the subject must be consistent with the research content, not too big, with a suitable incision, which can accurately summarize the research objects and problems. Normalization means using words and sentence patterns to standardize science. Some specious words can't be used, and slogans and conclusion sentences can't be used. For example, "Cultivating students' autonomous learning ability and improving classroom teaching efficiency" is a good topic as an experience summary paper, but it is not good as a topic, because the topic is the problem we want to solve, and we are discussing and preparing for research, so there can be no final tone. In addition, questions should be used with caution when determining the title of the topic. Because interrogative sentences express a question, not an argument or hypothesis. The theme should be expressed in declarative sentences. For example, the question "What is the influence of family pressure on primary school students' academic performance" is generally not suitable for project topics. If we want to study it as a topic, we should change it to "Study on the influence of family pressure on primary school students' academic performance" or "Study on the relationship between family pressure and primary school students' academic performance". Concise, that is, the name should not be too long, and words that can or cannot be used should not be used as much as possible, generally no more than 20 words. Eye-catching means that the incision of the subject research is appropriate and novel, which makes people leave a deep impression on the subject at first sight.
⑵ The purpose and significance of the study.
As a project plan, we should first explain the research background and the research purpose we need to achieve, and answer the question "Why do we need to conduct research?". In the scheme, the background of the research project is usually described in the form of "project proposal" or "project background", which mainly introduces the purpose and significance of the research project, that is, why to study and study its value. This can generally be based on the actual needs, pointing out that there is this problem in reality, which needs to be studied and solved, and what practical role the research of this topic has, and then writing out the theoretical and academic value of the topic. These should be written more specifically and pertinently, and we should not shout slogans aimlessly.
⑶ Research status, level and development trend at home and abroad.
In view of the research content of the subject, it is necessary to explain whether anyone has studied it within the scope of the subject and what aspects have been studied? What achievements have you made? Are the views expressed in these achievements consistent? If there are differences, what are their differences? What are the shortcomings and in what direction. On the one hand, the analysis of these contents can explain the status and value of this research, on the other hand, it also shows whether the researchers have a good grasp of this research and whether they have a certain research foundation. Because we conduct scientific research on a certain problem, we must have a clear understanding of the research status of this problem.
⑷ Theoretical basis of research.
The research that our primary and secondary school teachers are doing is basically applied research, which requires that our research must have some basic theoretical foundations to ensure the scientific nature of the research. For example, if we want to carry out experimental research on activity classes, we must take curriculum theory, learning psychology theory and educational psychology theory as the theoretical basis of the experiment. The experimental study of educational model innovation must be based on teaching theory and educational experimental theory.
5] research hypothesis
After selecting a topic, one or several possible answers and conclusions are conceived for the research topic according to the facts and existing data, which is called "hypothesis". Hypothesis is a speculative judgment and hypothetical explanation of the law or reason of the studied problem according to certain scientific knowledge and new scientific facts. Before the study, it was conceived and attempted in advance. There are some variables involved in the research hypothesis, which can be divided into independent variables, dependent variables and controlled variables according to their relationship. Independent variables are variables manipulated and changed by researchers, and they are conditions, factors or combinations of conditions that can change independently and cause changes in dependent variables. Such as the reform measures taken by researchers in learning content, teaching methods and learning methods. Dependent variable is a variable that causes the corresponding response of subjects' behavior or related factors and characteristics, and it is an index that needs to be observed in the study. Control variables are non-research variables that have nothing to do with a specific research goal, also called irrelevant variables. Because they will have an impact on the research results, they need to be controlled during the research process.
[6] Research object and scope
Educational research always points to certain objects. These objects are often people, groups and organizations composed of people and their behaviors and characteristics. Because of the extreme complexity of people, people's behavior and people's characteristics, we must define them clearly when studying to avoid the confusion caused by different people's understanding from different angles.
What is the clinical significance of epigenetic research? In biology, the term epigenetics refers to various changes in gene expression. This change is stable during cell division and sometimes even in atavistic diseases, but it does not involve changes in basic DNA. This concept means that even if environmental factors lead to different gene expressions in organisms, the genes themselves will not change. The changes of epigenetics in eukaryotes are mainly reflected in the process of differentiation of stem cells into various cells related to embryos. This process is stabilized by some mechanisms, which may include silencing some genes, eliminating silencing markers of some genes and permanently inactivating others.
Epigenetics, a rapidly developing discipline, reveals complex clinical phenomena at the molecular level and brings hope for solving the mystery of life and conquering diseases. In the past few years, people have gained a new understanding of the mechanism of epigenetic diseases, which are related to four epigenetic processes: chromatin remodeling, genomic imprinting, X chromosome inactivation and non-coding RNA regulation. The discussion of these diseases provides a good model for the study of epigenetic mechanism, and then contributes to biomedical research.
Is there a professor who studies epigenetics in Sun Yat-sen University? There are professors and experts who study genetics in the School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, but it is not clear whether there are professors who specialize in epigenetics, because in the direction of postgraduate enrollment, the smallest division will be genetics, and it will not go deep into epigenetics.
What's the difference between epigenetics and classical genetics? Epigenetics is a branch of genetics, which studies the heritable changes of gene expression without changing the nucleotide sequence of genes. There are many epigenetic phenomena, such as DNA methylation, genome imprinting, maternal effect, gene silencing, nucleolar dominance, dormant transposon activation and RNA editing.
According to classical genetics, a gene is the smallest unit and inseparable. It is both a structural unit and a functional unit. It is believed that genes determine the shape of genes.
In short, epigenetics sees other factors besides genes, such as environment, while classical genetics thinks that genes determine shape.
What is the main research content of epigenetics? Epigenetics refers to the heritable changes in gene expression caused by non-DNA sequence changes. The main mechanisms of epigenetics are DNA methylation, histone modification, non-coding RNA and so on. These aspects are the main contents of epigenetics research, and they are also the research hotspots at present.
Differences among Epigenetics, Reverse Genetics and Forward Genetics Epigenetics studies the heritable factors that regulate biological traits at the non-gene expression level, such as the influence of protein modification on traits. Reverse genetics studies the biological characteristics of genes after deletion or overexpression, thus inferring the function of genes. Forward genetics is to clone and control genes that change traits from traits displayed by organisms.
The Principle and Biological Significance of Epigenetics
English name: epidemiology
Subject classification: genetics
Injection and release: a branch of genetics that studies the heritable changes in gene expression without changing the nucleotide sequence of genes. There are many epigenetic phenomena such as DNA methylation, genomic imprinting and RNA editing.
Epigenetics is a concept corresponding to genetics (geic). Genetics refers to the change of gene expression level based on gene sequence changes, such as gene mutation, loss of heterozygosity, microsatellite instability and so on. Epigenetics refers to the changes of gene expression level based on non-gene sequence changes, such as DNA methylation and chromatin conformation changes. Epigenomics is the study of epigenetic changes at the genome level. The so-called DNA methylation means that under the action of DNA methyltransferase, a methyl group in the 5' carbon position of CpG dinucleotide in the genome binds to cytosine. Under normal circumstances, CpG dinucleotides in the "junk" sequence of human genome are rare and always methylated. On the contrary, CpG islands with a size of about 100- 1000 BP and rich in CpG dinucleotides are always unmethylated, which is related to 56% of the coding genes in the human genome. The results of the draft human genome sequence analysis show that there are about 28,890 CpG islands in the human genome, and most chromosomes have 5- 15 CpG islands per 1 Mb, with an average of 10.5 CpG islands per Mb. There is a good correspondence between the number of CpG islands and gene density [9]. Because of the close relationship between DNA methylation and human development and tumor diseases, especially the transcriptional inactivation of tumor suppressor genes caused by CpG island methylation, DNA methylation has become an important research content in epigenetics and epigenomics.
What is epigenetics and why is genetics epigenetics? Epigenetics is a branch of genetics, which studies the heritable changes of gene expression without changing the nucleotide sequence of genes. There are many epigenetic phenomena, such as DNA methylation, genome imprinting, maternal effect, gene silencing, nucleolar dominance, dormant transposon activation and RNA editing. Epigenetics is a concept corresponding to genetics (geic). Genetics refers to the change of gene expression level based on gene sequence changes, such as gene mutation, loss of heterozygosity, microsatellite instability and so on. Epigenetics refers to the changes of gene expression level based on non-gene sequence changes, such as DNA methylation and chromatin conformation changes. Epigenomics is the study of epigenetic changes at the genome level.
Epigenetics, also known as pseudogenetics, epigenetics, epigenetics and post-genetics, is the basic object of epigenetics research, and it is a biological discipline that studies the reversible and heritable changes of gene function without changing the nuclear DNA sequence. These changes include DNA modification (such as methylation modification) and histone modification.
Epigenetic phenomena include DNA methylation, RNA interference and tissue protein modification. Compared with classical genetics, epigenetics mainly studies the establishment and maintenance mechanism of these "apparent phenomena". Its main research contents include two aspects. One is the regulation of gene selective transcription and expression, including DNA methylation, gene imprinting, histone valence modification and chromatin remodeling. The other is the post-transcriptional regulation of genes, including non-coding RNA, microRNA, antisense RNA, intron and riboswitch in genome.
What are the methods and means commonly used in ecological genetics research? Hybridization is one of the most commonly used means of gene research, so the length of life cycle and the size of body shape are often considered when selecting gene research materials. Drosophila in insects, mice in mammals and Arabidopsis thaliana in seed plants are often used as materials for genetic research because of their short life cycle and small size. Escherichia coli and its phage are commonly used materials in molecular genetics research.
Biochemical methods are widely used in almost all branches of genetics, which is more necessary for molecular genetics. Recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering technology in molecular genetics has gradually become a powerful tool for genetic research.
Systems genetics's research methods are system theory, omics biotechnology, computational biology and synthetic biology.