Chen huacheng (1776 ~ 1842.6+06)

The famous anti-British generals in the Opium War. The word industry chapter, number Lianfeng. Fujian Tongan (now Xiamen) people. He was born in the army, studied water, was good at martial arts, and was a company commander. 1830 (ten years of Qing Daoguang), Shanxi Fujian navy served as the prefect, stationed in Xiamen, and led navy warships for many times to arrest and expel opium armed smugglers from Britain and other countries. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/840, he was transferred to Jiangnan amphibious prefect. Soon, I heard that the British invaders invaded Dinghai and rushed to Wusong, the most important seaport in Jiangsu, to prepare for the war without entering Songjiang yamen. More than 4,000 Qing troops were mobilized, more than 250 guns of various types were deployed, and a defensive position "Tucheng" was built 5 kilometers along the west bank of the Huangpu River estuary, and an artillery bunker "Tu Niu" was built to reinforce the east and west forts. 1June, 842, British troops entered the Yangtze River estuary. 16, the battle of Wusong broke out. The British army attacked the Qing ships on the east and west mud ponds and rivers with 7 warships, 5 ships (more than 200 guns) and 2 legions (insufficient). Chen Huacheng, not afraid of strong enemies, ordered the shelling of British ships, injuring four British ships. When Xibao was attacked by the British land and water, and the defenders retreated one after another, he still led dozens of Qinbing to hold their ground, and was finally hit by shells and sacrificed heroically. Wusong fortress also fell.

1830, Fujian navy was promoted to prefect. At this time, there are often smuggling boats with the diameter of foreign opium along the southeast coast, and even armed smuggling will be carried out boldly tomorrow. Many officials of the Qing government not only dared not attack foreign ships, but some even sheltered traitors and enjoyed the benefits of sharing fertilizer. After Chen Huacheng arrived, he led the navy, patrolled carefully and sealed off tightly. 1839 after the national anti-smoking campaign began, under the leadership of Deng Tingzhen, a figure in the anti-Japanese war and governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, the British invaders were defeated many times. In June+10, 5438, three British armed ships docked in Fujian coastal waters, and Chen Huacheng immediately led the navy to expel them. British ships throw berths to demonstrate and don't leave. Chen Huacheng ordered the ships to get ready for fire, and the joint ship sailed in. After a series of bombing, the British ship fired back and fled.

Nanjing controls two main waterways, the Yangtze River and the Canal. It is an important town in the south of the Yangtze River, and Wusongkou is the gateway to the Yangtze River. 1After the Opium War broke out in June, 840, in order to strengthen the defense of Jiangnan, the Qing government appointed Chen as the prefect of Jiangnan. Five days after Chen Huacheng arrived, he personally led the soldiers to Wusongkou to inspect and step up the deployment of Wusongkou defense. The British invaders captured Dinghai and fled to the mouth of the Yangtze River. Seeing that Wusong was heavily guarded, they did not dare to attack rashly, but invaded Tianjin in the north. In Tianjin, he got various promises from Qishan, a representative of the capitulators, and returned to Guangdong. The capitulators spread the argument that "barbarians can be caressed and coastal defense can be withdrawn", but Chen Huacheng didn't believe it at all, thinking that "dogs and sheep have faith?" Please leave the soldiers in this town "and oppose the withdrawal.

Chen Huacheng served as the prefect of Jiangnan for two years, resting at sea and being alert day and night. Since the outbreak of the Opium War, the southeast coast has been invaded by British invaders from time to time, and soldiers are often in fear. Alone in Baoshan Wusong area, relying on Chen Huacheng to build Wusong fortress, the army is strong and the people are independent. Chen Huacheng built three strong fortifications between Wusongkou and Shanghai, each of which was equipped with powerful troops and more than 500 cannons. Wusong East-West Fort was chosen as a hazard, and 26 mud castles were built along the coastal pond. In addition, a gun casting bureau and a gunpowder bureau were set up in Shanghai, and people were sent to various places to buy "refined iron" to cast cannons and shells, and about 3,000 cannons ranging from 2,000 to 8,000 kilograms were successively cast. He is diligent in military affairs day and night, sharing weal and woe with the soldiers. /kloc-in the winter of 0/840, there was a heavy snow in the south of the Yangtze River, and the ground was covered with several feet of snow for several days and nights. He often visited the battalions in the snow and found that some soldiers were wearing thin clothes, so he immediately added cotton-padded clothes. Once, a hurricane, a rainstorm, and the tide flooded the pond. The Ministry will persuade him to move his account. He refused to say, "I retreated to a high and dry place, and the soldiers lived in a low and narrow place." How can I stand it? " He was called Chen Laofo in the army. He strictly observes military discipline. In order to defend Wusong and Baoshan, Xuzhou company commander Wang Zhiyuan was transferred to Chen Huacheng for command. Wang doesn't listen to the dispatch, his subordinates are lax in discipline and often go out to harass. He summoned Wang Zhiyuan and punished more than a dozen people who broke the law under his command. From then on, the king was in awe. Chen Huacheng always takes the lead in doing things, digging ditches to lead the way, patrolling the sea in winter and sailing to and from the seaside from time to time. I don't pay attention to my diet. I eat coarse food. Don't neglect patrol even if you are sick. You think "it's common in military camps." He simply goes in and out, without manners and followers. Honest, not personal, flattering. Once on his birthday, a priest made a gold flag as a birthday present. He was so angry that he ordered the gold flag to be torn up.

184 1 August, the British captured Xiamen, and in September, they captured Dinghai, Zhenhai and Ningbo. When Xiamen fell and Chen Huacheng's hometown was in trouble, he lamented: "It's not enough to worry about ruining your home, especially if you can't hold your ears quickly." When Dinghai fell, Ge, Wang Xipeng and Zheng died for their country, and Chen Huacheng's eyes filled with tears. He encouraged his subordinates to say, "Chen Wu defended his country and died on the battlefield. Fortunately, you are encouraged. "

1842, the British invaders further expanded the war situation and planned to commit crimes along the river and occupy Nanjing. In May, the British army first captured Zhapu, a defensive town in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and then attempted to use traitors to attack Shanghai. Seeing that Wusong was extremely heavily guarded, he dared not enter lightly. Chen Huacheng thought that the enemy would attack Wusong, but he further strengthened his defense, investigated traitors, affirmed discipline, encouraged his foot soldiers, and vowed to fight against Japan, declaring: "If you cross the sea for 50 years, you can die for your country, but you will die unharmed. If I am fearless of death, thieves cannot be eliminated. " The British invaders spread rumors: "I am not afraid of a million soldiers in the south of the Yangtze River, but I am afraid of one person, Chen Huacheng." Therefore, the invaders tried their best to attack Wusong fortress. They first sent spies to spy on Wusong Castle, and in June they sent reinforcements from India. The invaders first tested Wusong Castle and provoked it at will. Then the invaders floated the gauntlet with a raft, but Chen Huacheng didn't answer. He threw the gauntlet outside the seawall and gave orders to prepare for resistance. At that time, Niu Jian, the governor of the two rivers in the Qing Dynasty, was frightened by the enemy, and went to Chenhuacheng Barracks, saying that the enemy ship was hard to resist, so it was better to be kind to the invaders, ease the air, delay the date of the war and attempt to escape. Chen Huacheng said angrily, "A man who has been through many battles for more than 40 years is afraid of the enemy when he sees a thief disagreeing today. And some people have been ordered to suppress thieves, and there is no way out. " He said to the soldiers, "I tried my best to fight today. I want to die for my country." You are lucky to help me be loyal and frugal. " The soldiers were more excited. 16 In June, the British invaders attacked Wusong fortress with 100 ships and 10000 soldiers. Chen Huacheng, a 67-year-old soldier, led 5,000 officers and men to guard Wusong fortress and ordered them to open fire to resist. After several hours of fierce fighting, several enemy ships were injured. After the battle began, Niu Jian came to watch the battle according to the governor's etiquette. When he was found by enemy ships, he fired shells and landed nearby. Niu Jian was terrified out of her wits. She quickly took off her gauze cap and boots and fled among the soldiers. Niu Jian fled, Cui Jirui, guerrilla Dong Yongjing, and Xuzhou company commander Wang Zhiyuan, who was guarding the northwest of Baoshan City, also fled. The whole army was in chaos, and Xibao, which was guarded by Chen Huacheng, became alone. The enemy took advantage of the situation and stormed the west fort. Chen Huacheng led his foot soldiers to death, with seven serious injuries and bleeding tibia. The wanderer grabbed the flag to promote the war and shouted, "Don't be afraid! Gun ... "Chen Huacheng gradually weak, until the heroic sacrifice, to recover. After the enemy landed, after fierce hand-to-hand combat, Xibao was captured, and Shanghai and Baoshan were also lost. The Ministry will hide Chen Huacheng's body in the reeds. On the day when Chen Huacheng's coffin was sent home, people in Baoshan mourned on the incense burning road.

Guan Tianpei

Guan Tianpei (1781-1841) was born in Shanyang County, Huai 'an City, south of the Yangtze River (now Chuzhou District, Huai 'an City, Jiangsu Province), but he attached great importance to writing. He once said, "I can't learn ci fu, and sometimes I use it." He will personally cut the official documents he wrote on the monument. In the eighth year of Jiaqing (1803), he was admitted to Wu Yaosheng at the age of 23, and served as general manager, general manager, garrison, guerrilla, general and deputy general. Daoguang for six years (1826), served as deputy commander of Taihu Lake Water Division. In the same year, he took an oil tanker from Wusong to Tianjin. Although he encountered stormy waves on the way, he was able to arrive safely, so he won a special reward. The following year, he was promoted to the company commander of Susong Town in Jiangnan. In the 13th year of Daoguang (1833), he served as the prefect of Jiangnan, and in the 14th year, he was awarded the prefect of Guangdong Navy.

The year when Guan Tianpei was transferred to the Guangdong Navy as the prefect was just after the British commercial supervisor Pharaoh Bay led his troops into the river of Guangdong. In order to strengthen coastal defense, the Qing government transferred him to Guangzhou, which was the only port for China's foreign exchange and trade at that time. Guan Tianpei faces an arduous task. In order to concentrate on coastal defense, Schilling's wife returned to Guangzhou with her mother and held her post with three children. After taking office, he "experienced the ocean and visited Eritrea". According to the danger of Humen, he carried out strict fortification and set up three portals: Shajiao and Dajiaobao were the first portals; Three forts, Nanshan, Zhenyuan and Yokosaka, were taken as the second portals. The Nanshan Fort was rebuilt, and the weakness of the anti-aircraft gun position was changed by the stone foundation and platform, and it was renamed Weiyuan Fort. The Great Humen Fort at Shizikou is the third entrance. These triple portals, that is, three lines of defense, closely guard the south gate of the Pearl River Estuary. On the one hand, he set up large chains and rafts between the second line of defense and the third line of defense at appropriate positions such as Weiyuan, Zhenyuan and crosspieces to prevent the enemy from breaking into the inland sea; On the other hand, he personally supervised the casting of 40 cannons with 8,000 kilograms and 6,000 kilograms, and hundreds of cannons with less than 6,000 kilograms, and separated the batteries to strengthen the defense force. At the same time, he stepped up the training of naval forces, personally stationed in Humen to supervise the training, and prepared this standard at the end of February and the beginning of August every year, led more than 500 people, and went to Weiyuan, Zhenyuan, Hengban, Dashui, Yong 'an and other places to practice gun accuracy, as well as its Dajiao and Shajiao Fort, with 640 * * soldiers. Each drill can last for ten days. "He also compiled the experience of building the Humen fortress and collected relevant information into four volumes, and attached many detailed maps, training charts and tables for reference.

At this time, opium smoke permeated the whole country, opium barges from Britain and the United States kept coming from the east, and opium smuggling trade was extremely rampant. Guan Tianpei actively assisted Deng Tingzhen, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, in his investigation. In the 19th year of Daoguang (1839), after Chunlin Zexu arrived in Guangdong, Guan Tianpei strongly supported and cooperated with the anti-smoking movement, and achieved a great victory in forcing Yifa to hand over more than 20,000 boxes and bags of opium and destroy them all in Humen. Under the sponsorship of Lin Zexu, he built a new big battery between Weiyuan Battery and Zhenyuan Battery on Wushan Mountain, named Jingyuan, with 68 blastholes and 60 cannons. Its sturdy architecture and abundant firepower are the best among all the batteries in Humen. At that time, Guan Tianpei, with the strong support of Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen, bought more than 200 foreign guns from Macau and other places, and strictly trained a large number of recruited navy soldiers to be brave, reformed the establishment, changed Dapeng camp from camp to association, sent lieutenants to station, echoed Xiangshan Association from a distance, and hired a number of rice boats, red boats and tugboats to make use of favorable terrain and closely cooperate with the military and civilians at sea and on land to prepare for the battle. Lin Zexu spoke highly of Guan Tianpei's efforts to rectify national defense and praised him for "trying his best to sleep and eat".

Due to Guan Tianpei's tight defense along the coast of Guangdong, the provocation and attack of the British invaders failed during this period. On July 27th, Daoguang 19 (1September 4th, 839), two soldiers and three cargo ships led by Yi Law arrived at Jiulongshan Port in the name of begging, suddenly opened fire and carried out provocative activities. The navy, led by general Lai Enjue of Dapeng camp, fought back fiercely and fled in a panic. Two months later, on September 28th (165438+1October 3rd), the Italian-French law prevented British merchant ships from taking custody, which undermined the normal trade between China and Britain and started the battle of piercing the nose. This campaign can be said to have started the Sino-British Opium War, and in fact it was also the beginning of the Opium War launched by Britain. In this war, Guan Tianpei visited the capital town. Although the back of his hand was injured, he was still desperate. He stood straight with a knife. He ordered the soldiers to aim at the British ship and fired several shots, which caused it to be badly damaged and fled hastily. In the next ten days, the British ships launched six attacks on the garrison in succession, all of which were repelled by the garrison led by Zengcheng battalion commander Chen Liansheng and won a great victory. After the battle, Guan Tianpei was rewarded by the Qing government, and wrote in the imperial edict of Daoguang: "This time, the prefect Guan Tianpei went forward bravely and took the lead, which is commendable! He gave the name "Fafu ordered Abatulu" and ordered "the Ministry to discuss the best as a reward".

After the Opium War broke out, Guan Tianpei led the navy, held his ground, actively organized fishing boats and crab boats, and took advantage of various opportunities to attack the invading army. In November of the 20th year of Daoguang (1840 65438+ February), Qishan arrived in Guangzhou as an imperial envoy and governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. He rebelled against Lin Zexu's actions, dismissed soldiers and tried to quit coastal defense, destroying all the three defense lines and wooden chains in Humen, which Guan Tianpei had painstakingly worked for several years. Guan Tianpei felt very sad about this, and repeatedly asked Qishan to take active measures to resist, but they were all rejected. This year (184 1 year 1 year in July)1February 15, the British army suddenly attacked and captured the fortress in the suburbs and Shajiao, and the deputy commander Chen Liansheng died heroically. The situation in Humen is very critical. At that time, the company commanders Guan Tianpei and Li each had only a few hundred weak soldiers. Divided into Jingyuan and Weiyuanbao, Qishan was invited to send troops to support. Qishan only sent two hundred troops to elaborate. On February 6th, the 21st year of Daoguang (18465438+February 26th), the British army launched a large-scale attack on Humen Fort, with only a few hundred defenders. In the desperate situation of fighting alone, Guan Tianpei was determined to hold his ground and gave all his possessions to the soldiers, encouraging them to kill the enemy bravely. He and the guerrilla Mai Zhang Ting traveled day and night. After the enemy occupied Rong, Yong 'an and other fortresses, they concentrated their forces on attacking Jingyuan and Weiyuan fortresses. From ten o'clock in the morning to seven o'clock in the evening, Guan Tianpei personally had sex and fought fiercely with the enemy for ten hours. The enemy attacked from behind the battery, and Guan Tianpei was beaten black and blue. He fought with a knife and finally died heroically. Guerrilla Mai Zhang Ting and dozens of his soldiers also died heroically.

Before the sacrifice, Guan Tianpei specially assigned a servant to send away the official seal of his Guangdong Navy prefect. He is ready to die for his country. Before the war, he gave his family a box containing some teeth and some old clothes to show his determination to die. A servant found his body among the corpses, and half of his body was completely burned by gunfire. On the day of the funeral, "hundreds of literati greeted them with clothes, and all the onlookers wept."

Chen Liansheng

Chen Liansheng (? -1841year) He Feng is a native of Wuyang Pass. In the early years of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty, he joined the Qing army, enlisted the religions in Sichuan, Hubei and Shaanxi and the Yao Uprising in Hunan, and was promoted to general manager, general manager, general manager and vice president. In January of the 19th year of Daoguang (1839), Chen Liansheng went to Guangzhou to ban smoking with Lin Zexu, an imperial envoy. In July, after he led the defenders to sink a provocative British double-masted spaceship, he was promoted to the position of deputy commander of Sanjiang Guild, guarding the Shajiao Fort in Humen. After he entered Shajiao, he actively built fortifications, stepped up training, added guns, mines and strengthened patrols. In August of the 20th year of Daoguang (1840), British ships invaded Modaoyang. Chen Liansheng was ordered to lead five warships and three thousand marines, and fought a fierce naval battle with the British army, repelling the British attack. The following year 1 month 15, the British army attacked Shajiao Fort on a large scale. Facing the unfavorable war situation, Chen Liansheng was fearless, resolutely commanded 600 officers and men to bravely resist the enemy, and wiped out hundreds of people with mines and cannons. When the gunpowder was exhausted and there was no foreign aid, he first led the officers and men to shoot with bows and arrows, and then took out his own broadsword and rushed into the enemy line to fight to the death. Unfortunately, he was shot and died. In order to commemorate Chen Liansheng, the people of Guangzhou established the "Zhaolie Temple" for him, and gathered the remains at Shajiao Fort to build a righteous burial.

* Chen Liansheng (1778- 184 1), a native of Wuyangguan, Tujia nationality, military background, commander and garrison of the Qing army.

1939 65438+ 10, Governor Lin Zexu of Huguang was ordered by an imperial envoy to go to Guangdong to ban smoking, accompanied by Chen Liansheng and his son. After Chen Liansheng arrived in Guangdong, he joined the Jiulong Pipe Camp. In July, three China Navy patrol boats were cruising in Kowloon when they were suddenly attacked by the British fleet. Chen Liansheng saw through the telescope that the China navy fought back heroically, but gradually became tired, and immediately ordered artillery support. From dawn to dusk, the fierce fighting lasted for more than 10 hours. The British suffered heavy casualties. 1 The brig was sunk and the rest fled. When Daoguang Emperor heard the news, he issued a letter to reward the combatants. Chen Liansheng was promoted to deputy commander of Sanjiang Guild and was ordered to guard Shajiao Fort, the first pass in Humen. 1840 In August, the British ship invaded Modaoyang, and Chen Liansheng was ordered by Lin Zexu to lead five warships and 3,000 sailors to fight fiercely with the British ship and win again. From then on, the invading army dared not rashly invade Guangdong. In order to consolidate southern Xinjiang, Chen Liansheng reported to Guan Tianpei, the navy's prefect, asking him to send troops to strengthen defense, and at the same time, he bought his own artillery, laid mines and prepared to annihilate the invading enemy. Seeing that Guangdong's defense was tight and impeccable, the British army went north to capture Dinghai, Zhejiang, and harassed Tianjin. The Qing court panicked, dismissed Lin Zexu and sent the governor of Zhili, Qishan, south to make peace. After Qishan arrived in Guangzhou, he accused Chen Liansheng of "making trouble in the frontier" and wanted to punish foreigners to please them. This news aroused the indignation of the soldiers and civilians in Guangdong, and thousands of people spontaneously went to the poor drinking government to petition. Qishan was unable to make public anger and was forced to take it back. However, it was still ordered that the British army should not be fired without authorization. It also forcibly dismantled all rafts, reduced one-third of warships and dismissed boatmen, which weakened the combat effectiveness of Chen Liansheng's troops in all aspects. 184165438+1October 7, while Qishan was grovelling and repeatedly "negotiating" with the British, the British army, under the command of Army Major Belmai, commanded more than 20 warships and more than 2,000 marines, landed from Chuanbi Bay, and divided forces to attack Shajiao and the Great Reef Fort at Humen Gate. From morning to afternoon, * * * was released. Chen Liansheng directed the counterattack and repelled the enemy's attacks again and again. The British army failed in the frontal attack, leading the way with traitors and secretly crossing the back hill to attack. Although the Qing army was caught between Scylla and Charybdis, it was not afraid. Chen Liansheng led more than 600 battery defenders to fight bloody battles. Fierce fighting, heavy casualties. When the gunpowder ran out, the British army took advantage of it. Chen Liansheng pulled out his broadsword and rushed into the enemy line. The soldiers followed Chen in hand-to-hand combat with the enemy. In hand-to-hand combat, Chen Liansheng was unfortunately shot and died heroically. When Chen Changpeng saw his father killed, he was very angry and cried. He rushed into the enemy group and cut several enemies. 10 was injured in many places and finally died in the sea. The British hated Chen Liansheng's persistence, dismembered his body and took his Huangshan Sima to Hong Kong. Later, the horse was heartbroken and died of hunger strike far from the mainland. At that time, people called it "Ma Jie".

In order to commemorate Chen Liansheng, Guangdong people built a special hero hall, set up a "festival horse monument" and preserved the cannons used by Chen Liansheng's department. The people of Enshi also donated money automatically, and set up a merit monument several feet high for Chen. This monument was destroyed in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.