Yu Hongjun: The current socialist process in the world has experienced the impact of drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and the test of changing international situations. Basically, it passed the most profound crisis moment in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and initially formed a new situation of bold innovation in difficulties, firm development in all-round innovation, and welcoming the future in innovation and development.
Reporter: So, what achievements have socialist countries made in seeking, innovating and developing, and what positive effects have they had on the world socialist process and the progress and development of human society?
Yu Hongjun: First of all, after the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, our party unswervingly adhered to reform and opening up, led the people of the whole country to continue to promote modernization, and created a new situation of political peace, economic development, cultural prosperity, scientific and technological progress, social harmony and national unity. Socialism with Chinese characteristics has made universally recognized achievements. At present, China's GDP ranks sixth in the world. Although the per capita level is very low, such a large economic scale cannot be ignored. With the rapid growth of China's comprehensive national strength, China's influence in international affairs is growing. Anyone who talks about the trend of the world economy and the international strategic pattern has to consider the China factor.
Secondly, Vietnam and Laos have also taken great measures in socialist theory, practice and system construction. The Vietnamese Production Party takes Ho Chi Minh Thought and Marxism–Leninism as its guiding ideology, confirms that the country is in the primary stage of transition to socialism, takes "the people are rich, the country is strong, the society is fair, democratic and civilized" as its founding goal, and takes building a country ruled by law and a socialist market economy as its long-term task. The Lao People's Revolutionary Party takes Kaysone Phomvihane Thought and Marxism-Leninism as its guiding ideology, confirms that Laos is in the preparatory stage of socialist transition, and regards accelerating economic development, solving the problem of people's food and clothing, and getting rid of underdevelopment as soon as possible as its primary task in the coming period. These two countries have withstood the impact of the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, adhered to the leadership of the * * * production party and the socialist direction, and the international situation has obviously improved.
Finally, North Korea and Cuba have also made their own achievements in exploring socialism with their own characteristics. The Workers' Party of Korea regards "subject thought" as the basic theory guiding its own socialist construction and "military politics first" as the highest concept of governing and rejuvenating the country. Cuba's * * * production party believes that the theoretical basis of ancient * * * includes both Marxism-Leninism and Jose Marti's thought. At present, Cuba is in a "special stage of peaceful development", and the party's main task is to wage an "ideological war" with imperialism. In June 2002, Cuba amended its Constitution by referendum, confirming that Cuba's socialist system cannot be changed. At present, both North Korea and Cuba are facing serious internal difficulties and external pressures. The Workers' Party of Korea has not held a party congress for more than 20 years, and the party congress of the Cuban Production Party has been postponed for nearly two years. However, the * * * production parties in these two countries firmly hold the political power, unswervingly follow the socialist road, and always maintain internal unity and stability.
Reporter: What about the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe? Are the producers there still capable? Are the theoretical activities and social practices related to socialism still going on?
Yu Hongjun: In the former Soviet Union, the Russian Federation's * * * Production Party had the greatest power and influence. 199 1 year, this party was banned by the Yeltsin regime. 1992 Struggle hard to regain legitimate rights and interests. Since then, Russia has not only actively participated in previous State Duma elections, but also elected leaders to participate in two presidential elections, all of which have achieved remarkable results. In recent years, the contrast of Russian political power has changed, the Russian revival momentum has been blocked, internal divisions have been repeated, and it has been frustrated in the recent general election. At present, Russia's ideological and theoretical basis and domestic and foreign policy propositions have been greatly adjusted. It accepted the reality of political pluralism and ideological pluralism, introduced some social democratic values, and even allowed its own party member to join other political parties of the same nature. He also changed the party's logo into a sickle, a hammer and a book, with the slogan "Russia, labor, people's political power and socialism". In short, today Russia is a very pragmatic political party. However, under the circumstance that Russian society is still shrouded in strong anti-emotion, Russia will still bear the historical burden of the former Soviet Union for a long time, and its survival and development will still face many problems.
Reporter: What about the socialist movements in other countries of the former Soviet Union? Is this the state of the * * * production parties in various countries?
Yu Hongjun: In Ukraine, after reconstruction, the situation in Ukraine is very similar to that in Russia. Ukraine is now one of the largest political parties in China. A few years ago, Ukrainian leaders participated in the final round of the presidential election, just like Russian leaders. However, at present, Ukraine is facing similar problems as Russia, such as how to adjust its ideological and theoretical basis, how to update its internal and external policy propositions, how to formulate its own code of conduct and strategic guidelines, how to consolidate and expand its own ranks, how to deal with its relations with rulers and other political forces, and so on. In Belarus, the former Soviet Union * * * party member adopted different ways in the process of re-establishing the Party, resulting in the coexistence of the Belarusian Producer Party and the Belarusian Producer Party. 1993 Spring * * * Producer joined * * * Producer. Three and a half years later, the two parties parted ways because of their different attitudes towards the authorities. Judging from the theoretical basis and the goal of struggle, the two production parties have no fundamental differences, but they still have differences with each other. Belarus * * * production party conditionally supports the current regime, while Belarus * * * production party becomes an uncompromising opposition. In the Caucasus, Armenia's * * * Production Party has experienced a tortuous course of reconstruction, revival, steady development, internal division, and being in trouble again, and the present situation is not good. The * * * production parties in Georgia and Azerbaijan have never really recovered, and their influence is even less. In Central Asia, the Tajik Production Party currently holds many seats in the parliament, which can have a certain impact on the government's activities. The Kyrgyz production party has some seats in parliament, but it is not enough to influence the country's internal and foreign affairs. Kazakhstan's * * * production party had several seats in parliament a few years ago. In recent years, due to the rapid development of pro-presidential forces, their living space has been squeezed and they have not won a seat in this parliament. After the independence of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, it is absolutely not allowed to rebuild the * * * production party. In the Baltic region, the * * * production party has never gained legal status, let alone organized socialism and the * * * production movement.
Reporter: Didn't Moldova's Producer Party regain its ruling position? Does this mean that the former Soviet Union partially restored the socialist system?
Yu Hongjun: Moldova's Producers' Party won the parliamentary majority through elections a few years ago, and its chairman was elected as the president of the country. It is still in the ruling position and has achieved good ruling results. But today's Mozambique is different from the former Soviet Union. It carries out its activities within the social system formed after the drastic changes and within the framework of the non-socialist constitution and legal system. Therefore, Moldova's winning the ruling position does not mean that Moldova has restored the socialist system. On the premise of acknowledging the multi-party system and privatization and accepting the social reality after the drastic changes, Mo * * realized the ruling idea according to his campaign promise. The challenges, pressures and difficulties it faces are considerable, and it is difficult to estimate the result of the next general election and whether it can continue to be in power.
Reporter: What is the situation in Eastern Europe? Is there an organized, large-scale and influential * * * production party and socialist movement there?
Yu Hongjun: The drastic changes in the late 1980s and early 1990s obliterated the socialist achievements in Eastern Europe, and the * * * production party suffered a devastating blow. In some countries, such as Poland, Romania and the independent Balkan countries after the disintegration of Yugoslavia, there is almost no news of party member, and some countries absolutely prohibit the establishment of productive political parties. Those who still believe in capitalism can only establish the party in other names or carry out activities in other social organizations. However, in some countries, such as Bulgaria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Albania, members of the * * * Party have rebuilt their own organizations, but their names, strength and influence are different. Some countries even have several producers at the same time. The difference between the two is that some have been actively participating in various political activities, while others have never been able to obtain legal status; Some are more traditional, others are closer to the socialist party. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, * * * producers have recovered well, and their ideological theories, policy propositions and action strategies are more in line with their own reality. Although these two * * * production parties are also in opposition, and the internal and external environment is under pressure, their influence in the country's political life cannot be underestimated. In particular, the Czech and Moravian * * * production parties have a great voice in parliament, and there is still room for improvement in their political influence. In view of these circumstances, it cannot be said that there are no organized production parties and socialist movements in Eastern Europe.
Reporter: Since the organizational reconstruction and political revival of producers in Eastern Europe are struggling, can it be said that the socialist process there has completely turned to the track of social democracy?
Yu Hongjun: When it comes to socialism in Eastern Europe, it inevitably involves the socialist parties in this region. In this regard, I would like to remind you of two situations. First, the Socialist Party existed in Eastern Europe as early as World War II, but the overall level of social democratic movement lags behind that of Western Europe and North America. Second, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and East Germany all have the history of the merger of the production party and the socialist party. Influenced by the international environment at that time, especially when the Soviet Union sent troops to Eastern Europe, the * * * production party gained an advantage in the merged new party, but the idea of social democracy accumulated in these countries for a long time. After the drastic changes, some socialists in exile in the west made a comeback to rebuild the socialist party and the social democratic movement, but the development situation was not as expected. The socialist parties reorganized from the original * * * production party, such as the Polish Social Democratic Party and the socialist parties in Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania and other countries, are in a slightly better situation. But we can't generalize about these parties. In the mid-1990s, the Social Democratic Party rebuilt after the dissolution of the Polish United Workers' Party won the general election and gained the ruling status. Socialist parties in Hungary, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, the Czech Republic, Croatia and Romania also won the general election and obtained the right to form a cabinet. However, most of these socialist parties have only been in power for one term, while the socialist parties in Czech Republic, Albania and Romania have been in power for two consecutive terms. After entering the new century, the socialist parties in Poland, Hungary and Macedonia regained their ruling status, and half of the governments in Eastern European countries were controlled by the Social Democratic Party.
At present, the pattern of the left-wing Social Democratic Party and the right-wing Liberal Party or Conservative Party taking turns to sit in the village has basically taken shape. However, the situation of socialist parties in various countries is very complicated, and many political parties are still in the process of differentiation and merger. The Polish Social Democratic Party mentioned above, after several changes, has now evolved into the Democratic Left Alliance Party. Other socialist parties have also changed far beyond people's imagination. Most of them have now joined the Socialist International and become part of the international social democratic movement. However, compared with their own liberal or conservative parties, these political parties do not have much difference in policy propositions. Their socialist theory, ideal and practice are not the same concept as the world socialism we are discussing.
Reporter: What is the situation in developed countries? Are the * * * production party and socialist party there still influential political forces?
Yu Hongjun: Since the birth of the world socialist movement, developed countries have been the most active areas of socialist forces. But after the end of the cold war, the situation has changed a lot. Let's talk about the * * * production party and the socialist party respectively.
At present, producers' parties still exist in most developed countries, and producers' factions are still struggling for their ideals and beliefs. However, except for Greece and other countries, the power of the * * * production party has developed slightly, and most political parties have not yet got rid of the predicament of political chaos, disorganization, scattered behavior and weak influence. First, the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe have dealt a far greater blow to them than Khrushchev exposed Stalin's personal superstition in the 1950s. A sad example is that the Italian * * * production party, which had a great influence in the west, was dissolved, along with some * * * production party organizations in the Netherlands, Britain and other countries. Those * * * producers' political parties that persist in the predicament have fallen into the predicament of party member's massive loss, the disintegration of grass-roots organizations, the shrinking of voters, the damage of the party's moral image and the sudden drop of political influence. Second, because the anti-* * ideology has dominated for a long time, those * * * production parties with a long history, rich experience and stable cadre team and organizational system have never been able to develop greatly over the years. In the United States, the * * * production party has been unable to grow, and it is estimated that there are no more than 30,000 people in party member. Some people say that there are only a few thousand people. In Japan, the * * * production party struggled tenaciously. After the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, it still maintained a unified organizational system and a distinct political tradition. However, the number of people in party member has been hovering around 400,000, and its influence has dropped significantly recently. Third, in order to adapt to the new situation, some political parties began to change their guiding ideology and values, and revised their political lines, organizational lines and policy propositions, including established political parties such as France, Japan and the United States. However, from the current situation, theoretical innovation and policy adjustment have not brought new opportunities to these political parties, and it is still difficult for them to achieve great development in a short time. Fourth, the process of differentiation and combination of producers in developed countries is far from over. In Italy, the reconstructed * * * Producer Party originally formed by party member split again, and now there is another * * * Producer Party. Britain, the Netherlands and other countries have also seen too many hills during the reconstruction of the * * * production party.
The socialist party in developed countries has long been regarded as a bourgeois reformist party and a political tool to maintain capitalist rule. Today, people's perspective on problems has changed a lot. Generally speaking, social democracy and scientific socialism are in the same strain, and their theory and practice are worthy of serious study and reference. This view has some truth, and it can even be said that it is a progress of our socialist concept. But after all, we can't equate social democracy with scientific socialism, and think that they are not only interrelated, but also complementary. In recent years, the overall situation of the socialist party in developed countries is indeed better than that of the * * * production party. In the middle and late 1990s, the 14 Socialist Party took control of the government in Europe, and the German Social Democratic Party remained in power. However, the socialist parties in developed countries have also encountered some problems, such as the aging of party member's ranks, the decrease of party member's population, outdated ideology and theory, and the decline of social support rate. At present, the Japanese Socialist Party has reached an unsustainable level. In order to solve these problems, the socialist parties in various countries have begun to turn right not only in policies and strategies, but also in basic values. In recent years, social democracy has been grafted with liberalism and conservatism, and the slogans of socialist party, social democratic party, liberal party and conservative party have converged. Even the political division between the * * * production party and the socialist party is not as clear as before. Where socialism in western countries will go and how various socialist forces will develop will ultimately be answered by history and practice.
Reporter: How many production parties and socialist parties are there in third world countries? Is the socialist development road still the ideal and choice of developing countries? What other countries are engaged in national socialism?
Yu Hongjun: The drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe have had an equally intense, profound and extensive impact on the third world, but not many of the third world * * * production parties disintegrated on their own. On the contrary, in South Asia, South Africa, Latin America and other places, many producers of * * * have not only maintained the original team, but also expanded it. In India, the Indian Production Party (Malaysia) has been in power for 27 years in West Bengal, and has been in power with other democratic parties in two other states for many years. At present, the number of people in party member has reached 830,000, far exceeding the level in the early 1990s. The situation of India's * * * production party is also good, the team is basically stable, and its influence is rising steadily. Not long ago, these two major production parties joined forces with other forces to stand for election and achieved good results. In Nepal, after decades of opposition, various factions of the * * * Production Party merged to form the Nepal * * * Production Party (United Marxism-Leninism). In the late 1990s, Nepal won a great victory in the general election, was appointed to form a cabinet, and experienced several months of ruling practice. At present, Nepali United is still one of the most important political parties in China. In South Africa, the * * * Production Party actively participated in the construction of the new regime after the independence of the country, and it is an important political party in the three-party ruling alliance in South Africa. The population of party member is increasing. Production parties in other developing countries, such as Cyprus Labor Progressive Party, Morocco Progressive Socialist Party and Brazil Production Party, also play an important role in their political life. The production party, one of the two major factions in Syria, has long held the position of minister in the government, and is actually a political party participating in the ruling. Similar to this situation, Bangladesh and so on. This shows that in many developing countries, the * * * production party still exists, and the spread of socialism and * * * production theory continues.
Of course, after the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the influence of socialism and * * * productism in developing countries is not as good as before. Some "socialist-oriented" countries abandoned the "non-capitalist road" designed by the Soviet Union, accepted the western reform "prescription", established a multi-party system politically, privatized economically and liberalized the ideological field. Generally speaking, there are fewer "socialist experiments" with nationalism in third world countries, and more political parties and organizations believe in socialist democracy and join the Socialist International. For example, in Asia, the Singapore People's Action Party, the Indian National Congress Party with rich political experience, the Nepalese National Congress Party and the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party are all members of the Socialist International. Socialist International has more new members in Latin America, and the number of member political parties in Africa has also increased significantly in recent years. Although the internal and external environments of these political parties are quite different, and their guiding ideology and basic values are also different, they are all interested in social democracy. In recent years, with the success of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, some developing countries turned their attention to China and began to study the development path, model and experience of China. In short, in the third world, people's interest in socialism has not completely disappeared, but has changed the direction and goal of concern. In those economically and socially underdeveloped countries, socialist slogans still have great appeal. At this point, it cannot be said that the socialist process in the third world has been interrupted.
Reporter: Today is an era of globalization, and new social movements are surging. What is the relationship between the process of world socialism and these new social movements, and what is the overall prospect of world socialism?
Yu Hongjun: At the beginning of the end of the Cold War, the western world was full of joy. Some people claim that human history ends with the unification of capitalism. Now it seems that these prophets are too happy. The collapse of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Group is only the bankruptcy of a socialist model, not the complete collapse of the socialist ideal itself as a beautiful pursuit of human society. Nowadays, globalization is accelerating. In this process, on the one hand, the integrity of human society is prominent, and the increase of common interests leads to the accelerated pace of integration. Therefore, different civilizations learn from each other's strengths and seek common ground while reserving differences has become the general trend. On the other hand, various social, cultural and political trends of thought are stirring each other, and endless contradictions and conflicts are intertwined. Colorful political forces are constantly reorganizing, and new social movements are surging. The continuous occurrence and development of this situation has provided an inexhaustible source of power for various historical processes including socialism. What we see today is such a magnificent landscape: capitalism seeks development through self-adjustment and overcomes the conditions and possibilities of regeneration after repeated crises; Through comprehensive reform and innovation, socialism has eliminated its own drawbacks, absorbed all the achievements of civilization accumulated by human society, and is showing unprecedented vitality and vigor. In the long run, the ultimate goal of socialism in the new century is not only to surpass capitalism and build a fairer, more developed and progressive society, but also to mobilize, strive for, unite and unite all progressive social movements, create new achievements for realizing its lofty ideals and make greater contributions to the new and more Gao Wenming stage of mankind.
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