The Second World War brought profound changes to Africa's economy, politics and society, greatly developed Africa's economy, enhanced African people's national consciousness as never before, and deepened the idea of democracy and freedom. The pan-African movement with a history of more than 20 years has also developed rapidly.

Pan-africanism originated from African-American descendants at the end of 19. This is a black enlightenment thought. Later, it developed into a political movement of African blacks for national independence. Famous black scholar William? Edward? Berghard? Du bois (1868~ 1963) was one of his early leaders. Before the outbreak of World War II, there were four Pan-African congresses. They put forward the slogan "Africa is Africa for Africans". The development of the Pan-African Movement is conducive to the anti-imperialist struggle of the African people, prompting all countries in the world and progressive public opinion to pay attention to the colonial rule and oppression system of the African continent and sympathize with and support the struggle of the African people.

The 5th Pan-African Congress was held in Manchester, England on 1945 10. There were ***200 participants, among whom representatives from the African continent accounted for a large proportion. Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Gold Coast (now Ghana), Gambia, Liberia and Cameroon in West Africa; Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika and Zanzibar in East Africa; Representatives from southern African countries such as the Federated States of South Africa (now South Africa) and Nyasaland (now Malawi) attended the meeting. Representatives have a broad mass base, including not only young intellectuals, but also leaders from political groups, trade unions and farmers' organizations. The meeting was presided over by du bois. This meeting was different from the previous four meetings, and representatives from Africa played a major role. In the preparatory stage, the meeting received enthusiastic support from African colonial black mass organizations. Nkrumah, from West Africa, is responsible for the preparations and serves as the Secretary-General of the conference. Peter from South Africa? Abrahams undertakes the propaganda and agitation work, and Kenyatta from East Africa is in charge of the conference work.

The Congress adopted two programmatic documents drafted by nkrumah and others: Letter to Colonial Powers and Letter to Colonial Workers, Peasants and Intellectuals. The document clearly stated that "all colonial people have the right to control their own destiny, and all colonies must be liberated from the political or economic control of foreign imperialism" and pointed out that "the struggle for political rights in colonies is the first step and necessary condition for complete social, economic and political liberation". How to fight? The document calls for "the workers and peasants in the colonies to establish effective organizations", which is "an effective way of struggle". In the way of struggle, non-violent means such as strikes, petitions and demonstrations are emphasized.

After the Fifth Pan-African Congress, a working committee was set up to implement the program formulated by the Congress. Chairman of the Working Committee is du bois and Secretary-General is nkrumah. Soon, the Committee held a working meeting in London and decided to set up its headquarters there so that African colonies could exchange information and coordinate their struggles. Pan-African movement is closely linked with the anti-imperialist struggle on the African continent.

In order to promote the further development of the struggle, nkrumah and others actively promoted the program formulated by the Fifth Pan-African Conference in West Africa. To this end, they set up a vanguard abroad to train the backbone of leading national movements and prepare for the future struggle in West Africa. 1in March, 946, they founded the publication "New Africans" (monthly) to publicize and encourage the anti-colonial struggle. Later, nkrumah returned to Africa to carry out propaganda and organization work in some countries in West Africa, and then returned to the Gold Coast, where he led the struggle for independence. Kenyatta founded Africa magazine in London to carry out publicity activities for national independence. 1In the autumn of 946, he also returned to East Africa and led the national independence movement in Kenya.

The Fifth Pan-African Congress is a major turning point in the development of Pan-Africanism. It developed from the democratic rights movement of black people in enlightenment thought, the West Indies and the United States to the national liberation movement of African people. It has a broad mass and strong political nature, and has a distinct anti-imperialist and national independence nature. Under the influence of pan-Africanism, the African national independence movement has gradually developed. In the late 1950s, the struggle for national independence spread from North Africa to the vast areas of sub-Saharan Africa. 1957~ 1958 The successive independence of Ghana and Guinea marked the climax of the national independence movement.