Due to the bomb of revolutionary wuyue, the list of five ministers who inspected constitutionalism was slightly adjusted and divided into two ways: Zaize, Shang Qiheng and Li Shengduo went to Japan, Britain, France and Belgium; Dai Hongci and Duan went to America, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Italy. The political minister visited China for about half a year, during which he visited 14 countries.
This is a very sensational event in the political arena in the late Qing Dynasty. Constitutional movement? . But this is regarded by countless advanced elements as being able to save China? Innovative action? It ended in failure, which made many enlightened people very disappointed. However, the failure of this movement is a doomed result, because this constitutional movement is only a loud slogan, but the actual action is useless.
So the result of such a movement can be imagined.
First, participants:
As an experiment of the new political system in the late Qing Dynasty, the constitutional movement still played a positive role in promoting the reform of the old system of the Qing government. In this movement, several people played an important role and constituted the main participants in this constitutional movement.
When it comes to important members of this movement, Shang Jiheng and Dai Hongci cannot be mentioned. Shang Qiheng was one of the five courtiers in Qing Dynasty. His family background is prominent and he has a very high status and influence in the Qing court. At the same time, he is also a member of the overseas investigation team. Dai Hongci, a native of Guangdong, experienced four dynasties and was a high-ranking minister in the Qing court. At the same time, he was also the first chief justice in China's modern history. He has been an official for many years and has been committed to the implementation of the New Deal.
Although these two are not the direct promoters and promoters of the constitutional movement, because this movement concerns them? New Deal? The idea coincides with mine, so it has been recognized and supported by both of them, which has played a certain role in promoting the development of this movement.
Second, the failure reason:
The fundamental reason for the failure of the constitutional movement was that China was still in a very backward state of development. Both economy and people's ideology stayed in the traditional feudal social system stage, especially the small-scale peasant economy, which had become a common problem in society at that time. This irrelevant ideological criticism has poisoned the foundation of China's development at that time. It's like a rotten tree, even if you give it the best fertilizer, you can't change it.
The second reason for the failure of the constitutional movement lies in the deep-rooted feudal thought. The feudal rulers, headed by Cixi, were still stuck in the feudal monarchy, and they used to live in a privileged life, and the monopoly power could not be put down. Therefore, it is impossible for them to allow another force that poses a threat to the kingship to exist. On the surface, they support the constitutional movement, but in fact they only stay in words? Promise? However, when it really needs to touch the real power, it is unbearable.
The third reason for the failure of this movement is the obstruction of some anti-China forces. Because they can't give up China? Fat? , more don't want to see China become strong, so they tried to undermine the implementation of the constitutional movement, put pressure on many aspects, let the movement blocked.
Finally, the movement lacks a broad mass base, and only a few enlightened elements participate in it, and they only represent those royal aristocrats. Ordinary people don't even know what the constitutional movement is, let alone participate in it. This kind of movement that has not formed a broad joint force and universal recognition naturally has no medium for development, so the failure of the movement is inevitable.
Third, the main impact:
In this constitutional movement that took place in Guangxu period, the promoters advocated learning from the west and changing the feudal monarchy into a constitutional monarchy. At the same time, they suggested the establishment of parliament and the promulgation of constitution, which had a far-reaching impact on the political trend in the late Qing Dynasty.
This movement is a bold attempt to develop China's feudal monarchy into a democratic society, and a breakthrough development of China's feudal monarchy for thousands of years. It was under the impetus of this movement that the Qing government began to set up westernization schools, and sent overseas students to study abroad, actively absorbing various advanced technologies from the West.
In addition, the Qing government also began a series of new school reforms, such as encouraging the establishment of industries, breaking the old custom of women's foot binding and abolishing the imperial examination system. Although this movement failed in the end, its significance in the modern development of China is indelible.
Finally, historical evaluation:
Although the original intention of the constitutional movement was good, it happened at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and the rule of the Qing court was already crumbling, so the conditions for its occurrence were not sufficient. In addition, for the promoters of the movement, they tried to completely change the Qing Dynasty through this movement? National luck? The ruling class also regards it as a new ruling means, hoping to consolidate its power.
In addition, the Qing government agreed to this movement because they saw that Japan, as a tiny place, actually defeated powerful Russia, and people in the Qing court attributed this victory to the constitutional system implemented by Japan. At the same time, after the Sino-Japanese War and Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, imperialism accelerated its aggression against China. However, due to the outbreak of the Boxer Rebellion, their dreams were shattered.
So the invaders thought of another way to rule Greater China, that is, to use it to support a puppet emperor. Use China to control China? Methods for their own benefit, so they support the Qing court to carry out democratic constitutionalism. At that time, the Qing government was in the chaos after the Revolution of 1911, and the rulers of the Qing court were willing to try any method to save lives.
Moreover, the overseas students sent by the Qing Dynasty also supported the constitutional movement, believing that it was a good way to consolidate the rule and preserve the imperial power. However, some people think that this constitutional amendment movement is nothing more than a scam, but that five ministers who came back from studying abroad deliberately chose good reports in order to make a job. And those who praise the constitutional system are also written by Liang Qichao, so it is hard not to doubt.
Although, the Qing government did not really carry out reforms, it was just a cosmetic effort to maintain chaos. However, under the propaganda of the bourgeois revolutionary party, many new troops trained in the New Deal eventually became an important force to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and a large number of new intellectuals appeared in setting up schools and sending overseas students, which played an important role in the bourgeois democratic revolution and laid the foundation for the outbreak and success of the Revolution of 1911.