World Heritage Committee assessment
Around 220 BC, Qin Shihuang, who dominated the world, connected some intermittent fortifications built earlier into a complete defense system to resist aggression from the north. In the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368 ~ 1644), construction continued, making the Great Wall the longest military facility in the world. Its cultural and artistic value is equal to its historical and strategic importance. Now the Badaling Great Wall in Yanqing County, Beijing is the best protected part and the steepest part, with the largest passenger flow.
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"Because of the terrain, it is risky to insert." It was an important experience in building the Great Wall, which was affirmed by Qin Shihuang, and then Sima Qian wrote it into the Great Wall.
In historical records, the Great Wall was built in accordance with this principle in every subsequent dynasty. All the passes in Guancheng are built between two high mountains and canyons, or at the bend of a river, or where they will pass through the plain, which can not only control the danger, but also save manpower and material resources, and achieve the effect of "one person guards it, and ten thousand people can't force it". Building castles or beacon towers in dangerous places is also an option. As for building city walls, we should make full use of the terrain. For example, Juyongguan, Badaling and other Great Walls are all built along the back of the mountain. Some sections are steep from the outside of the city wall, but very gentle inside, which has the effect of "easy to defend but difficult to attack". In Liaoning Province, the Great Wall of Liaodong Town in Ming Dynasty was called the mountain dangerous wall and the chopping wall, which was made by slightly chopping the steep cliff. Some places completely use cliffs, rivers and lakes as natural barriers, which can be said to be wonderful. As a great project, the Great Wall has become a precious heritage of the Chinese nation. On June 25th, 20001year, as an ancient building from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall was approved by the State Council to be included in the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units, and it was a national AAAA-level building.
The contribution of each dynasty
In the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the "outer" Great Wall, the "inner" Great Wall and the "inner three passes" Great Wall were also built. The "interior wall" starts from Pianguan at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi in the west, enters Hebei at Yanmenguan and Xing Ping in the east, then goes to the northeast, passes through Yuanyuan, Fangshan and Changping counties, reaches Juyongguan, and then reaches Huairou No.4 Pass from north to east, and is connected with the "Outer" Great Wall, with Zijingguan as the center, generally showing a north-south trend. The "Neisanguan" Great Wall is parallel to the "Inner" Great Wall in many places. In some places, the two cities are only tens of miles apart. In addition, a large number of "heavy cities" have been built. There are 24 "heavy cities" in Yanmenguan area! Wan Li Great Wall enters the sea (Shanhaiguan)
The Great Wall lies in the north of China. It starts from Hushan, Liaoning Province in the east and reaches Jiayuguan, Gansu Province in the inland area in the west. It runs through 9 provinces, cities and autonomous regions including Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu, with a total length of about 12600 miles. It is called the "Great Wall of Wan Li" in the world. It crisscrosses the vast land of our great motherland from east to west. It is like a dragon, crossing towering mountains, vast grasslands, vast deserts and heading for the vast sea. According to historical documents, more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties built the Great Wall. If you add up the Great Wall built in past dynasties, it is about 10 Wan Li. The length of the Great Wall in Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties exceeded 1 Wan Li. At present, Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions have the remains of the ancient Great Wall and beacon towers. The Great Wall is an indestructible symbol of China.
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According to historical documents, the Great Wall was built in three dynasties, with a total length of more than 5,000 kilometers. First, the Great Wall from Lintao to Badaling in the west was built by Qin Shihuang.
Wan Li Great Wall, in the east of Liaodong; Second, it was built to the west of the Han Dynasty, covering more than 50,000 kilometers. These Great Wall sites are located in Beijing, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Xinjiang, Tianjin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Shandong and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions/kloc-0. Among them, only Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has 1.5 million kilometers of sites. Followed by the Great Wall of Gansu. Because of its long history, most of the early Great Wall was incomplete, and now the Great Wall built in Ming Dynasty is relatively complete. So when people talk about the Great Wall, they mainly refer to the Ming Great Wall. The length of the Great Wall also indicates the length of the Great Wall, from Jiayuguan in the west to Yalu River in the east.
Edit this section of the Great Wall.
Jiayuguan, Shanhaiguan, Juyongguan, Yumenguan, Jingxingguan, Niangziguan, Yanmenguan, Piantouguan, Pingxingguan, Gubeikou, xifengkou, Yulin Sai, Huangyaguan, Waqiaoguan, Hushan Great Wall, crow stork pass, Niuzhuang City, fenshuiguan, Ningyuan City, Yangguan, Pingdingbao City, Ningyuan City. Mashikou, Yangfangbaoguan, Shuikouguan, Zijingguan, Xuanhua City, Santunying, Sandaoguan, damao mountain, Yiyuankou, Jielingkou, Chongyukou, Xuliukou, Lengkouguan, Baiyangyuguan, Qingshan Pass, tiemenguan, Panjiakou, Longjingguan, Hongshankou, Shangguan, Changyukou, Langwogoukou and so on. Lianhuachiguan, Huanghua Chengguan, Qiaodaokou, Jiukonglou, Sihai Yekou, Juyansai Old Town, Gill Sai, Gaoquesai, Datong, Shahukou, Weilubao, Jinsuokou, Huangzeguan, Huangyuguan, Beiloukou, Ning Wuguan, Liminbaokou, Shengshengkou, Zhenhongbao, Pingyuanbao and Xinpingbao, etc. Zhumabaokou, Bulubao, Baoan, Ninglubaokou, Pohubaokou, Canhubaokou, Mabaokou, Marubaokou, Shaojiabaokou, Dahebaokou, Baihubaokou, Yingenbaokou, Buhubaokou, Jiangjunhuibao, Yajiaoshan, Laoyingbao, Hongmenkou, Laoniuwanbao, Yangfangkou and Baicaobao.
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The other side of the Great Wall-Stone Great Wall Scienc Spot (Dajingmen)
In the long history of China, many feudal dynasties built the Great Wall many times in order to consolidate their rule. In ancient China, thousands of working people in Qian Qian contributed wisdom and blood to it, making it a wonder of the world. Whether it is a dragon-like city wall, or a production process and a more scientific brick burning workshop. Therefore, the output of brick products has greatly increased, and bricks are no longer precious building materials, so the inner and outer eaves of many places in the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty are built with giant bricks. Under the condition of manual construction and manual handling of building materials at that time, it was not only convenient to build the city wall with bricks with small weight and the same size, but also improved the construction rate and level. Secondly, the gates of many passes are long-span arches made of blue bricks. Some of these blue bricks have been severely weathered, but the whole gate is still magnificent, showing the superb skills of building arches at that time. Judging from the architectural decoration of the Guanta Tower, many stone carvings and brick carvings are extremely complicated and elaborate, reflecting the artistic talent of craftsmen at that time. The city wall is the main part of the city wall, with an average height of 7.8 meters, and some sections are as high as 14 meters. Where the mountain is steep, the building is low, and the flat place is high; The key places are higher, and the general places are lower. The wall body is the main part of defending the enemy, with a relatively wide total thickness, a foundation width of 6.5 meters and an average floor width of 5.8 meters on the wall, so as to ensure that the two wagons run in parallel. The wall is composed of an outer eave wall and an inner eave wall, filled with soil and gravel. The cornice wall refers to the side of the skin wall facing the city. There are obvious points when building, which are generally 125% of the wall height. The separation of the wall can increase the width of the lower part of the wall, enhance the stability of the wall, strengthen its defensive performance, and make the outer wall magnificent. The inner cornice wall refers to the inner side of the outer skin wall, which is generally constructed as a vertical wall without obvious points. As for the thickness of the outer cornice wall, it is generally based on the wall thickness at the "crib". The thickness here is generally one and a half bricks wide, and it gets thicker as it goes down. Bricklaying method is mainly flat masonry. The structural content of the wall depends on the local climate conditions. Generally speaking, the construction methods of Wan Li Great Wall are as follows: 1. Rammed earth wall;
The Great Wall (20 pieces) 2. Adobe masonry wall 3. Brick wall 4. Stone wall 5. Brick masonry 6. Strip stone 7. Clay connecting brick. Bricks, stones and masonry are used to build city walls. When the slope of the terrain is small, bricklaying or masonry is parallel to the terrain, and when the local potential slope is large, the wall is built by horizontal descent method.
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The Great Wall in northern China began in Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period.
Construction reason
Why did Qin Zhaoyan build the Great Wall in the north? This should start from the situation in the Warring States period. During the Warring States Period, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in China changed from a slave society to a feudal society, and the exchanges and integration with the cultures of Qin, Chu and Wu and Yue became increasingly strong. After the seven countries of Wei, Zhao, Han, Chu, Qi, Qin and Yan, which were carrying out feudal reforms at that time, became powerful, they waged a war of annexation and sought to unify the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River by force. At this time, the Juyongguan Great Wall, the world's first male pass on the grasslands of northern Shaanxi, northern Shaanxi, northern Hebei and Inner Mongolia, was established.
Ethnic minorities, mainly Huns, have also become powerful, constantly plundering the northern borders of Qin, Zhao and Yan. In the north of Qin, there are Yiqu and Xiongnu in the north; There are loufan in the northwest of Zhao, and Huan and Xiongnu in the north. There is East Lake in the northern boundary of Yan State. Since the mid-Warring States period, they have been plundering Qin, Zhao and Yan in the northern region. Because they are good at riding and shooting, are good at fighting, take sudden attacks, come and go freely, haunt, and show strong combat effectiveness. In the mid-Warring States period, the combat troops of Qin, Zhao and Yan were mainly infantry and chariots, wearing big sleeves that took off their coats and moving slowly for 30 to 50 miles a day. Naturally, they could not stop the Huns and Donghu people from attacking and plundering. This not only seriously threatened the lives and property of the people in the northern part of the three countries, but also seriously damaged their production and greatly affected the cause of reunification of the three countries. In response to this passive situation, the three countries successively carried out military reforms and built the Great Wall in the north. Starting from Shang Yang, the State of Qin began to reform and promote Qiang Bing to become a rich country. The army gradually changed into infantry and cavalry, and was rewarded and promoted with military merit, so the combat effectiveness of the army increased and it was invincible. In six years (the first 332 years) and ten years, King Huiwen defeated Wei and seized Weixi County (now Luohe Valley in Shaanxi Province) and Shangjun County (now northeast Shaanxi Province). In order to prevent the Huns from plundering the south, Zhao Haoqi ordered the Great Wall to be built on the northern border of Longxi, Beidi and Shang Jun, and sent troops to station it. Zhao Wuling began to reform the military system in the nineteenth year (the first 307 years) and was riding and shooting. Since then, the troops have become more powerful. In twenty years, King Wuling went west to Hu Lin and arrived in Yuzhong. King Hu Lin dismounted and went home. In the twenty-sixth year (the first three hundred years), Zhongshan was broken, and the prosperous place reached Yan and Dai in the north (now northwest of Shanxi), and then extended to Yunzhong and Jiuyuan in the northwest (now from Helinger County to Wujiahe in Inner Mongolia). So he ordered the construction of the Great Wall, merged with Yinshan Mountain (now Daqing Mountain and Wulate Mountain in Inner Mongolia), and went west to reach the Dahe River (now Wujiahe River in Inner Mongolia). At the same time, Daijun County, Yanmen County and Yunzhong County were set up to prevent the Huns from plundering south. In order to specialize in Northwest China, the following year, he gave way to his son, Wang Huiwen He, who was named the main father. In the second year of King Huiwen (297 BC), his father went to Xihe (the Yellow River between Shanxi and Inner Mongolia), and the ruined building angered the king and sent troops. Yan State is the weakest of the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period, bordering Qiangqi and the newly established Zhao State in the south and East Lake in the north. It was not until he ascended the throne (the first 3 1 1) that Yan became strong, recruited talents and carried out reforms. At that time, Donghu was powerful and often plundered the northern part of Yan. In order to maintain the peace in the north, the Yan army was forced to make peace with King Donghu and held the general hostage. Zhao Shi was born in East Lake. He is clever and brave, and King Donghu trusts him very much. Therefore, he is free to move, and he can understand the dangers and obstacles, protection and laws of military activities in the south of East Lake. After returning home, he led an army to attack East Lake, which was broken, but it was thousands of miles away. And "crossing Liaodong to attack Korea" was extended to Tanshui (now Qingchuan River in North Korea). So, "Yan also built the Great Wall to make Yang (now kangbao county, Hebei, Taibus Banner, Inner Mongolia) go to Xiangping; Put it in Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong counties to refuse Hu. " To sum up, the reason why Qin, Zhao and Yan built the Great Wall in the north during the Warring States period was to prevent the looting of Huns, Donghu and other ethnic groups.